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Revivals
- large meetings and gatherings where preachers preached the message
- tens of thousands of people converted and joined evangelical denominations
Evangelicalism
- spreading the message of universal salvation
- given choice to accept salvation and Christ
Charles Finney
- Presbyterian minister who preached "God has made man a moral free agent" and could choose salvation
- God would accept anyone if they submitted to the Holy Spirit regardless of their sins

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Horace Mann
- secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, 1837-1848
- made school year longer and set teaching standards; hired well-educated women to be teachers
Dorthea Dix
- got Massachusetts lawmakers to make hospitals bigger to house mental patients
- started movement to make asylums for mentally ill

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Seneca Falls
- convention for women's rights activists in Seneca Falls, New York, 1848
- attended by 70 women and 30 men and Declaration of Sentiments written there
Declaration of Sentiments
- "all men and women are created equal"
- used the ideas from Declaration of Independence and extended it to women
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- well-educated daughter of New York judge and was an early-abolitionist
- organized the Seneca Falls Convention and wrote the Declaration of Sentiments
Lucrecia Mott
- organized the Seneca Falls Convention
- refused to accept female inferiority and believed in equality for women

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Know Nothing Party
- immigrants were restricted from working even the most lacking jobs
- called for immigration to stop and discriminated against foreign residents
German/Irish Immigrants
- German food and customs became part of city culture and shop signs filled neighborhoods
- American Catholic Church sided with Irish and Democratic Party gave them political holding
NY anti-immigrant gangs
- B'hoys attacked Irish people and workers were restricted
- German drinking was denounced by temperance movement

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Minstrelsy
- white actors put on blackface, sang and danced, Jim Crow
- shows that had social criticism and racist caricature began around 1830s
Female Moral Reform Society
- founded in 1834 in New York by middle-class women
- tried to control prostitution and protect single women while also demanding good behavior from men
Temperance Movement
- denounced immigrants such as Germans for their excessive drinking
- refrained from using tobacco and alcohol
Commercialized Sex
- a lot of men thought that unlawful sex was a right
- prostitutes openly advertised themselves on Broadway

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Brigham Young
- led Mormons fleeing from the US into Mexican Territory
- named governor of Utah Territory in 1850 by Congress and ruled with authoritarian power
Mormon Trail
- Mormons were persecuted in New York, Missouri and Illinois so Brigham Young led polygamist to Mexican territory
- followed Oregon Trail and went southwest then settled in basin of Great Salt Lake
Religious Persecution
- constantly persecuted for their beliefs such as the practice of polygamy
- forced out of Missouri and settled in Illinois and eventually Joseph Smith and his brother were arrested and murdered
1st Amendment - freedom of religion
- although the practice of polygamy was banned, Mormons were able to keep their other practices
- Mormonism continues to this day and has members all over the world

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Shakers
- United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing called shakers for lively dances in worship
- common property ownership; strict church oversight; stayed away from alcohol, tobacco, politics, war, marriage and sex
Oneida
- perfectionism, Christ already came back to earth an people could try to become perfect (sinless) on earth
- men and women had equal rights and status and they practiced complex marriage

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Transcendentalism
- wanted to know more about human existence and advocated for human emotion and drive
- believed they could find a way to be eternal/infinite
Ralph Waldo Emerson
- argued that family customs and institutions held people back
- believed that people could find their true selves if they went back to their origins in nature
Henry David Thoreau
- followed Emerson's words and lived alone in nature for 2 years
- encouraged people to be independent of others and to think for themselves outside of societal norms
Leaves of Grass
- Whitman wrote that the individual was the most important
-efforts to surpass invisible boundaries between things in life

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The United States became a truly Christian society through the Second Great Awakening with its new religious principles and revivals. Evangelists spread the word to seacoast cities and the backcountry of New England.

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States hospitals were enlarged to house mental patients and asylums were established. Elementary schooling was improved and increased and the school year was made longer.

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As women started to become abolitionists and joined religious revivals and reform movements, they began to play bigger roles in society. This caused much debate that led to the fight for women's rights and full equality to men.

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In the Northeast, there was a prominent population of immigrants by 1850 with their customs becoming a part of the city culture. Natives were alarmed by this and discriminated against foreign residents while also calling for immigration to stop.

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American cities grew as more people migrated to them and this created a new urban culture that attracted many young men and women. Many only found hard lives with young men making little money and many young women turning to prostitution.

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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were very conservative with their tight communities and patriarchal power. They were more hostile than other utopian communities with their authoritarian leadership and unity in numbers

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Ideal communities were created so that people could live differently and reach their spiritual potential. They advocated social protest and experimentation by challenging traditional rights and gender roles.

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Art and literature began to change in the mid-1800s as art began to portray people as the best versions of themselves through facial expressions and their overall aura. Literature changed as it began to advocate for individualism and breaking past societal norms that held people back from becoming their best selves.