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Second Great Awakening (Spread of religion)

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The Second Great Awakening was a period of time in which religious and social reform took place, shifting to a genuinely Christian society. These changes to society led to a variety of movements fighting for equality, especially abolitionism and temperance, due to the idea of equality that was encouraged by religion.

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- A religious revival that took place from 1790 to 1840 and made the United States a genuinely Christian Society.

- The Second Great Awakening set the stage for social reform movements, especially abolitionism, as people rediscovered their values and decided that everyone should be equal.

- Both blacks and women began to participate in religious reforms and quickly became part of movements that fought for equality, for slaves and women.

- The Second Great Awakening completely changed how society worked from a perspective of everyone for themselves in a competitive market to a period of unity over religion and a start of movements for equality.

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Mental asylum (created to separate criminals from the mentally ill)

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Many educational advances and prison reforms took place during the mid 1800s, such as the creation of mental asylums, charity schools, and improved quality of instruction in schools, from the movements started and carried out by women. These advancements would change the way education was carried out and how the prison system worked, as well as further proving that women are just as capable as men.

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- Dorothea Dix started the movement for improving prisons, creating asylums, expanding education, and starting charity schools to rescue miserable children.

- In 1841, Dorothea Dix started a movement to establish state asylums for the mentally ill after discovering that insane women were jailed with male criminals when they just needed help with their mental illnesses.

- Horace Mann started a movement to increase elementary schooling and improve the quality of instruction, which led to schools being taught by well educated women supporting the movement.

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Seneca Falls Convention (First women's rights convention)

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During this time period, women's right movement took a complete shift from nothing at all to a variety of movements, such as the Seneca Falls Convention. Other movements similar to this one sparked more and more movements for women's rights and encouraged women to join the fight for their rights.

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- Women entered public life as many of them joined religious revivals and reform movements which were a very big thing that completely contradicted society at the time, calling a lot of attention to themselves.

- Their activism in these movements caused many gender issues that needed to be addressed and led to the start of the Women's Rights Movement.

- The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention which addressed the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman.

- The Declaration of Sentiments, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, demonstrated the inequalities between men and women along with the restriction of natural rights for women, which sparked a new stream of movements for women's rights.

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Nativism political cartoon (representing the movement to get rid of foreign influences)

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Throughout the mid 1800s immigrants went from highly influential in many cities as their food and traditions flooded the streets, to hated and pushed out of the city. Nativism movements took place with the intention of getting rid of any foreign influence and encourage the revival of American traditions.

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- In the mid 1830s, native born New Yorkers noticed change in the dynamic of the city as Irish and German immigrants began to spread their culture throughout the city and begin to take over, and organized a nativist movement to stop the spread.

- Gangs began assaulting Irish people in the streets and employers began restricting Irish workers from doing any jobs, almost trying to run them out of their city.

- The Know Nothing Party was formed during this time period with the intention of killing any foreign influence on the city and promote traditional American ways.

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Blackface (an example of minstrelsy and the birth of an American stereotype)

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During the mid 1800s, values and urban pop culture took a massive shift to sex work and racial entertainment. Many women resulted to prostitution after realizing that they were working too much and getting payed too little, and the idea of being white is best is stressed through new forms of entertainment such as minstrelsy.

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- As cities expanded and populations grew, more and more people started flooding in, searching for adventure and fortune, but only found hard work and little pay.

- Many women that came to these advancing cities served as domestic servants or needlewomen with minimal wages and because of this, many young girls turned to prostitution.

- Commercialized sex and sex, in general, grew during this time, as women started working as prostitutes and men engaged freely in sexual conquest until they found an ideal mate.

- During this time, Minstrelsy (racist theatrical entertainment) grew and stressed the importance of being white in society, as well as viewing racism as a joke and making it entertaining.

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Utopian communities served as places for people who wanted to create their own perfect society, away from all of the change and advancements happening on the outside. Many of these Utopias consisted of religious awakening, avoiding market competition, redefining sexuality, and completely changing gender roles.

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Mormonism was a highly targeted and prosecuted religion during the mid-1800s that was considered a religious Utopia for anyone who wanted to express their religious identity without any societal opposition. This Utopian wasn't very successful when it started, as it was constantly prosecuted and didn't really take any effect until much later.

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- Places where you could live life the way you wanted, free from gender roles, sexual expectations, and market competition found in society at the time.

- An example of a Utopian community is the Shakers, a group of people who built religious communities without market competition or having any kids.

- Oneida was another Utopian community that lived free from gender norms and marriage and welcomed others to join and live their own way, escaping the expectations of society.

- Utopian communities didn't have a very long effect, as many of them excluded marriage and having kids, making it very difficult to maintain these communities.

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- Mormons were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and were considered a religious utopia.

- Mormonism was often harassed by anti-Mormons and was seen as enemies of mankind, which led to short-term struggles for this new religion, as they faced more religious persecution than anyone else before.

- Brigham Young led a group of Mormons on the Mormon trail through the Great Plains into Mexican territory and finally settled in the Great Salt Lake Valley where they were able to expand without having to face as much religious persecution.

- When the first amendment passed in 1791, Mormonism was able to expand and thrive but was still attacked for many years.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson (leading voice of transcendentalism)

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During the mid 1800's, art and literature took a big change from simple European styles to meaningful pieces of art that represented a time of confusion, hope, and change. This shift in American literature and art would change the way that people think and view the changes resulting from the Market Revolution.

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- Art and Literature took a change from modeling European styles to styles that reflected American optimism at the time.

- Ralph Waldo Emerson saw individualism as a liberation of the individual and used literature to share the word and change people's mindsets on the changes seen during this time period.

- Emerson, an advocate for transcendentalism, sent out the message of individual self-realization through his literature to many middle and lower-class citizens who were struggling during the Market Revolution taking place during this time.