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The Second Great Awakening was not similar to the first one, because it increased activity in religion and gave rise to more religious diversity. However, the vast majority of Americans were still Christians (Baptists, Methodists, Catholics, Presbyterians).

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When Finney moved his revivals from small towns to Rochester, NY, he convinced many of the people there to go along with his values. For example, businessmen created a Free Presbyterian Church as well as a bank to encourage thriftiness.

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Evangelicalism held that God made man a "moral free agent," free to chose right or wrong. As such, it is entirely up to a person whether they achieve salvation or not. This is what Finney believed.

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Charles Finney was a Presbyterian minister, but of a new kind. He was of the middle class, and he led revival meetings that emphasized conversation over doctrine, something never done before.

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During this time period, prisons became safer for women because they were kept in separate places in public hospitals. Women also became more involved in education, forming the majority of primary-school teachers in the eastern parts of the US.

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Horace Mann advocated for the expansion of elementary schooling. He established standards for reading, writing, and mathematics, and increased the amount of women who were teachers.

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Dorothea Dix discovered that mentally ill women were kept in the same prisons as men, which led her to advocate for mental illness awareness in almost eighteen state penitentiaries. She convinced states to improve their public hospitals and prisons.

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The women's rights movement took almost seventy years from the Seneca Falls convention to the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, and it started mainly by giving rights to upper-class women.

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The Seneca Falls convention did not try to change women's place in marriage, but instead tried to increase their legal status. These policies were supported by men, who wanted financial stability for both themselves and their daughters.

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The Declaration of Sentiments sharply critiqued gender inequality in the US. It also voiced upper-class women's desire for full citizenship, but for middle- and lower-class women it did not say much.

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Along with Lucretia Mott and Abby Kelley, Stanton formed the American Anti-Slavery Society. She, like Lucretia Mott, was both an abolitionist and a women's rights advocate.

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Lucretia Mott was both an abolitionist and an advocate for women's rights. She along with Abby Kelley and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the American Anti-Slavery Association, which not only fought for abolition but for women's rights.

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By 1850, there were many immigrants, both men and women mainly of Irish and German descent. They brought their customs with them, and large areas of urban cities were devoted to a single group.

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The Know-Nothing Party was a Nativist party who tried to keep immigrants out of society. While they did not like the Irish and German immigrants, they apparently were fine with Jewish people because "they didn't allow religion to interfere with their politics."

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Many of the Germans and Irish immigrants were Catholic, which caused tensions between them and the Protestant majority. These immigrants were treated badly by the rest of society.

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The nativist movement sparked many anti-immigrant groups. The Bowery Boys often assaulted Irish immigrants, and the temperance movement admonished the Germans for their fondness of beer.

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Many major cities experienced a burst in population in the 1800s, like New York, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. As such, new activities sprung up in order to entertain the new people.

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This was a racist form of entertainment depicting people who were African-American. It showed caricatures and stereotypes of them, increasing general racism in the country.

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The Female Moral Reform Society was an organization that promoted values like temperance and legal reform. They were led by the wife of revivalist Charles Finney.

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This was a movement to ban not just hard liquor, but all alcoholic beverages in the US. When enacted, however, it proved more successful in southern and western states and harder to enforce in urban areas.

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Prostitution was common in this time period, especially in New York (Bowery Boys) and other urban areas.

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The Mormons were members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints. They created a utopian society to promote closely tied communities and patriarchy. However, this authoritarian leadership caused them to have more resentment than other utopians.

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The Mormon trail was the route from modern-day Illinois to Utah that the LDS Church members traveled through. They were escaping religious persecution from the US Government, and were led by Brigham Young.

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As quick economic growth and the size of the United States increased, old institutions held less power. This allowed (or forced) citizens to fend for themselves. The philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville coined the term "individualism" to describe this effect.

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departure from traditional 18th-century Enlightenment ideas (to know the "infinite and eternal," one has to explore human passion and seek out the mysteries of existence); the leading voice for this movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Emerson was the main person behind transcendentalism. He said that people were trapped in tradition, and that they needed to enter into a union with Nature.

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Thoreau championed individualism. "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." He urged his followers to peacefully resist unjust laws.

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The utopianists were mainly rural farmers and artisans taking refuge from the current economic downturn. They advocated for public property ownership, which later evolved into socialism. They also broke ground with new forms of marriage and life in the family.

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After the Mormons were thrown out of the US for their secret rituals and polygamy, Brigham Young and 6500 other Mormons fled the country. They went to Mexico, where they introduced communal farming with irrigation.

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Mormon leaders vowed to nullify laws passed by the federal and state governments, leading to tensions. Eventually, the stress became bloody in the "Mormon War," which ended when Andrew Jackson feared that doing away with the practice would set a precedent for slavery's abolition.

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The Shakers were the first American utopianist movement. They were led by Ann Lee Stanley (Mother Ann) who had a religious vision four years prior. The Shakers had committees of both men and women, founding 20 communities.

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The Mormon episode tested the limits of the First Amendment. While the First Amendment protects the citizens' right to worship how they please, it does not cover polygamy as practiced by the Mormons.

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Inspired by the Shakers' societies, John Humphrey Noyes created his own "utopia." His society did not have marriage. After Noyes left for Canada for prosecution for adultery, the Oneidians did away with their "marriage" system but stayed cooperative.

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In this poem by Walt Whitman, the author tried to bridge the gap between "solitude and community," "verse and prose," and even a little bit of the distance between the "living and the dead."