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George Orwell is the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair which is the author of the book 1984. The book was written in 1949 in England and published during the same year.

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the book is set in 1984, London ( in the province of "Airstrip One" in the book's alternative universe)

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The main character of the book is Winston. He has a pessimistic and fatalistic way of thinking. (insert example here). He is described as a thin, frail and intelectiual individual.
Winston is against the totaliterian government, and the repression that comes with it. He remembers a time before this all happened and is hoping for a future similaur to the one we previously experienced.
He works in the Records Department of the Ministry of Truth, his work consists of rewriting history so that it will match the current party line which is consistantly changing. - this way the government gets full controll over the history and makes sure that people do not know that there ever was a sociaty different from the one they have.

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O'brian is described as being very mysterious throughout the book, in the beginning, winston notices that something is not quite right with him. He thinks that O'brian might also be against the Party.
He says he is a part of the Brotherhood, something which Winston and Julia both become a part of. Where they have to do whatever they tell them to, no matter what. little did they know, this was all a disgiuce so as to get them caught and taken by the thought police, where they where later brought into the Ministry of Love. Where O'brians job is to "re-edjucate" the people that have wronged the system and try to make them see what they did wrong and try to further mind controll them. O'brian works especially through shock therapy where he will shock you untill you truly believe in party and its beliefs.

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Julia works in the Fiction Department in the Ministry of Truth. she is twenty six years old and is described as having short dark hair, light brown eyes, freckles and always wearing her anti-sex sash.
She loves sex and enjoys having affairs with many Party members, or at least so she claims.
She contradists herself by being a member of the Junior Anti-Sex Leguae.
her rebellion against the party is mostly personal and for her own enjoyment (as opposed to Winston's ideological motivation).

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His father is described as: dark, thin, dressed always in neat dark clothes and wearing spectacles.

His mother is described as a tall, statuesque, rather silent woman with slow movements and magneficent hair.
After waking up from a dream Winston tells Julia that all his life he had thought that he was the reasoning behind his mothers death, while still not being sure wether or not she is alive.
And although his mother never appears in the book as an actual character, he uses this character to advance the action of the plot.

Neither of his parents take part in his current life throughout the book. While he does not actually have a father, he might look at O'brian as a fatherly figure and having an admiration for him, due to him being a bigger person than himself and him "providing" Winston physiological therapy and edjucation. Winston makes this clear when he says that when O'brian "[...]spoke his voice was gentle and patient. He had the air of a doctor a teacher or when a preist, anxious to explain and persuade rather than to punish"(Orwell, 250.) here he is comparring O'brian to a doctor, teacher and priest, all of which tend to resemble parental characteristics and to give you the type of attention and care that you need. This also seems alarming, due to Winston not thinking of O'brians job as torture rather him trying to help Winston, which is what O'brian himself also thinks.

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He works to form the language of Newspeak, which he thinks is brilliant. He also thinks that it will be used to controll people, and limit their thoughts. the goal is to make the language consisting of as little words as possible, in the end though police would not be a thing because people would not have the mind to think so far.

Winstons thoughts about Syme is that he is brilliant, but that this is the reason he is going to get vaporised in the end and become an "unperson". Due to the fact that they dont appreciate smart people. this turns out to be true when one day he doesn't show up for work and never comes back.

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Widower aged 63. And had inhabited his shop for thirty years (the shop from which winston bought his diary) when Julia and Winston ask to rent the room on top of his shop, he is more than happy to help them out. they feel like they can talk about anything and do anything here due to the room not having telescreens. although this turns out to be false and both Winston and Julia gets taken away. Mr. Charrington ended up being a member of the thought police and had set them up from the start.

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Winston: focused on the past, making a better society, against the party as a consept, pesimistic - fataliistic (thinks he knows he is going to die), need for love and desire.

Julia: focused on the present, focused on getting a better life for herself, rebels against the rules of the party, self centered, optimistic + light hearted, just very into sex - for herself and as a form of rebellion.

Similarities: rebellion, breaking the rules, sex, joining the Brotherhood

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Stalin; as a dictator - secret police/ totaliterianism/ prison camps/ battle against facism

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WW 2 - Hitler's Nazi party/ concentration camps/ jewish 'non-persons'/ censorship

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Orwell was a supporter of socialism and ani-totaliterian. He beilieved in "ethical socialism". 1984 is an anti totaliterian novel, not an anti-sicialist one.

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Olfactory images: "The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats."
Autitory images: "the clocks were striking thirteen."
Tactile images: "It was a bright cold day", "[...] varicose ulcer above his right ankle", "his skin roughened by coarse soap and blunt razor blades and the cold of the winter that had just ended."(it is not just the world but also his body is in an uncomfortable place).

What is the effect of Orwell's use of sensory imagery?...
This all creates the sense of an ampty and uncomfortable place in which to live. Orwell's use of tactile imagery makes the reader really feel the pain that winston feels i.e the varicose ulcer above his right ancle, his body aching, and when he is being tortured.
We also get a clear picture of the dystopian and depressing world in which he lives: being powerless, always being watched and listened to, and not being able to express an opinion which differs from the government's.

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list of adjectives:
"Bright", "cold" day
"vile" wind
"harsh" blue
"fruity" voice
the sky and everything above humans is bright etc. but then in the human world everything is negative, gloomy etc.

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Colour: harsh blue, heavy black
Texture:cold, gritty, vile
Movement: slipped quickly
Dirt: vile, gritty, old, dust
Grayness/lack of colour:black, metal, dulled, dimmed, no colour, dark
Fragmentation: dust, cut off, torn paper
Positivity: bright, handsome, victory

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The government is wanting to control people and their thoughts, therefore they limit the language as much as possible. so that people will not be able to know feelings or thoughts. at least not have an explanation for them.
limiting language limits thought, this makes the government remain as the power.
"to have a second language is to have a second soul"
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - language does influence thought and the way you percive the world around you. language creates thought.

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Language as a means to control thought 2

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Language as a means to control thought 2

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Language and power:
the connection between language, thought and knowledge is so pofound that it also leads to a connection between language and power.
through power you can influence shape thought. you may subconsciously... Powerpoint
newspeak vocabulary:
a vocabylary - blunt words from daily functions (eating, working, sleeping)
b vocabulary - compound words that blend a noun and verb (Goodthink, crimethink)
c vocabulary - scientific and technical jargon (phospholpid, electroencephalography)

An example of the differences of newspeak and oldspeak (standared English) could be: "times 3.12.83 reportion bb dayorder doubleplusungood refs unpersons rewrite fullwise upsub antefling." and in oldspeak this would be written as: "The reporting og Big Brother's Order for the Day in 'The Times' of December 3rd 1983 is extremely unsatisfactory and makes references to non-existent persons. Rewrite it in full and submit your draft to higher authority before filing." - this shows us how increadibly different the two 'languages' are, and especially how much shorter it is to say in newspeak as opposed to oldspeak, that is of course the entire meaning behind newspeak.

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Drinking victory gin is a thing that the governemnt actually endores, but this is yet another form of controll by the government, and not an act of rebellion by the people, as one might first think. The gin contains connontations of addiction and government suppression, and it is symbolic of the way the government brainwashes people. Another thing mentioned in this book is Victory Cigarretes and Victory Coffee, although non of these things are like they used to be, they taste completly different - for the worse.

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The effects of this level of surveillance and control includes people loosing their individuality and becoming very easy to control etc. They’re in a state of constant surveillance and thus experiencing a constant lack of privacy.

I think orwell wanted to draw attention to the theme by showing what having too much surveillance can do to our society and how important things such as privacy and self expression can be.

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political and psychological manipulation 

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political and psychological manipulation 

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In this book the government of Ociania uses a veriety of tactics to manipulate its citizens both politically and psychologically. Some of which being:
- Constant surveillance: The government uses telescreens and Thought Police to monitor citizens' every move and thought, creating a sense of constant paranoia and fear.
- Newspeak: The government alters the English language in order to limit citizens' ability to think critically and express dissenting ideas.
- Propaganda: The government uses slogans, posters, and other forms of media to control the narrative and shape citizens' perceptions of reality.
- Rewriting of history: The government alters records and alters historical events in order to support its own agenda and make citizens feel as though they are living in a utopian society.
- Torture and brainwashing: The government uses torture and other forms of psychological manipulation to force citizens to conform to its ideology and betray their own beliefs.
- The cult of personality of the leader, Big Brother: He is constantly present in the society and the people are encouraged to love him, this creates a sense of loyalty and obedience.

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Totalierianism is a form of government in which a single party or individual holds complete control over all aspects of society thus taking away individuals freedom or rights. There are many dangers assosiated with totaliterianism, some of which include:
- The loss of individual rights and freedoms: Totaliterian governments often supress basic human rights such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and individuals may even be arrested, imprissoned or killed for speaking up for themselves against the government.
- The lack of political opposition: totaliterian governments do not tolerate any form of political opposition and they supress any form of disagreement.
- Human rights abuses: totaliterian governments will often engage in human rights abuses, such as, torture, imprisonment and even murder.
- Unsustainability: due to the society becoming more and more opresseded the totaliterian governments cant sustain for long-term because this would eventually lead to rebellion, civil war or foregn intervention.

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A type of government which controls almost every aspect of peoples lives. in 1984 this is the government we are dealing with.

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This is a type of government which wants everyone to share everything and that everything should be equal. extreme high taxtes so that everyone is equal.

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by means of democracy you establish a sosialist state, where there is a higher level of free public survices. and this is achieved by democratic sosialism.

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the oppisite of a eutopia. A terrible place, unimagianably terrible, corrupt and backwards society. of which 1984 takes place.

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controlling what can and cannot be said. and what can be published. (alice in wonderland, lolita: these are both books that have been banned/censored due to the contexts of the books).

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"And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed - if all records told the same tale - then the lie passed into history and became truth." - 1984

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"WAR IS PEACE
FREEDOM IS SLAVERY
IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH" - 1984 (p. 4)

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"Oranges and Lemons" is a nursery rhyme repeated throughout this book. The rhyme could be representative of the succsessful eradictation of shared English culture by The Party.

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In this novel the rats represent fear and corruption while also being symbolic of people's, or more spesifically Winston's, greatest fear and being used as punishment in room 101.

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Big Brother is the dictator of Ociana and he is representative of the totaliterian government. And he is also head of the ruling party. He is constatly watching over the citizens through the use of surveillance technology. There are posters everywhere saying "BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU" so as to remind people that the government is always watching your every move.
It is also implied in the book that Big Brother might not be a real human being, more so a device used by the Party to maintain control over the population through the use of fear and propaganda. This is shown in the book when Winston asks wether or not Big Brother exists in the same way he does.

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The Junior Spies are a youth organisation that is similaur to the Hitler Youth or the Young Pioneers. The Young Pioneers was a youth organisation in the Soviet Union whose members where obliged to "build communism, labor for the welfare of the motherland, and prepare to be its defender". Like the Junior Spies, they where also told to spy on and report on their older adults activities. The connection between the Junior Spies and the Young Pioneers in 1984 is that both organisations where used as a tool by the government thus maintaining control over society by promoting suspicion and mistrust among the population.

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The Thought Police are the secret police of Ociania and their job is to "eliminate" anybody who commits a Thought Crime. Which includes thinking about something which is illegal or even dreaming about it. Winston commits thought crime when he is writing in his diary, and writes things such as "down with big brother". If you go through with the crime, that is not what will get you arrested. The reasoning behind you getting arrested is thinking about doing it.

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Telescreens are tv's placed in everybodys rooms/houses and even outside almost everywhere you go. these are to never be turned off and can both see and hear you. this is to make sure people never get privacy and that they can not de illeagal things whitout the government noticing. they also "hear" your thoughts so you have to be carefull about what you are thinking at all times.

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This book is set in a dystopian society in the year 1984, in a totaliterian regime called Oceania. The story takes place in London, which is the capital city of Airstrip One. The setting of the book feels rather gloomy and eerie, and even from the first page of the book we get the sence that something is not quite right (insert examlpe)

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https://cfa.gmu.edu/news/2019-10/big-brother-and-other-terms-1984 : George Mason University (2019)
Orwell.G (1949) 1984
https://www.rferl.org/a/young-pioneers-communism-russian-children-red-square/31863340.html: RFE/RL(2022)
https://fs.blog/hannah-arendt-totalitarianism/: Farnam Street Media Inc (2023)

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Goldstein plays the role of the enemy of the state and the leader of the rebellion against the ruling party. He is the figurehead of "Brotherhood" which is an underground organisation that opposes the Party. Even so, he is a figure used by the Party to create an enemy to the people and create fear among them so at to gain control over them.

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1984 was pulished in 1949, years after the end of World War II and is set during the rise of Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe. The book was written as a warning agains the dagers of a totaliterian society.

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This book includes several symbols and motifs some of the most prominant include:
- Big Brother: The leader of the Party and the face of the government. He is a symbol of the all-powerful and all-seeing state, and his image is constantly present in the novel as a reminder of the government's constant surveillance.

- The telescreen: The telescreen is a symbol of the government's surveillance, as it is used to monitor the actions and thoughts of citizens.

- The Party slogans: "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength" are slogans of the Party that demonstrate the manipulation of language and thought control used by the government.

- The prole woman: The prole woman symbolizes the hope for the future and the possibility of rebellion. Winston sees her as a symbol of the life he could have had if he had not been a part of the Party.

- The Glass Paperweight: The paperweight is a symbol of the past, a reminder of the world before the revolution, and of Winston's longing for a different life.

- The Room 101: The room is a representation of the ultimate form of mind control, representing the most feared thing of the individual.

- The Maze: The maze is a motif that recurs throughout the novel, representing the confusion and disorientation that the government creates in its citizens' minds, as well as Winston's own struggles to make sense of his world and find the truth.
- The diary: The diary is a symbol of Winston's rebellion, his own way of expressing his thoughts and feelings.
- The St. Clement's Church: The church is a symbol of the past and of Winston's longing for a different life, before the revolution and the rise of the Party.

These are some of the symbols and motifs that are important in "1984". They are used to represent the themes of surveillance, control, manipulation and totalitarianism, and they help to convey the novel's critique of the dangers of government power.