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Cadbury nowadays is known for its sale of chocolate bars and being the other chocolate company to use purple packaging next to Milka, though both are at this point owned by industry juggernaut Mondelez.

Its beginnings date back to the 19th century, to 1824 when John Cadbury opened a small store selling cocoa. He grew his business, opened a factory, but Cadbury only began to stand out after his sons, Richard and George, took over the business. To save their company from going under, they introduced a new press in 1866 that allowed them to produce higher purity cocoa powder, extracting more of the cocoa butter from the beans. This product, “Cadbury Cocoa Essence” made Cadbury the premier domestic manufacturer of chocolate products in Britain by 1910. Using the excess cocoa butter, they expanded their product range. In 1875, the first of the Cadbury chocolate eggs were introduced, made of dark chocolate and 1897 saw them introduce their first milk chocolate bar, which could not compete in quality to Swiss products, though through efforts in product development and marketing, by the beginning of the First World War, their ‘Diary Milk’ chocolate bars became the successful product it remains to this day.

Company politics under the Cadbury brothers were noteworthy insofar that with their success, they moved their factory away from Birmingham’s centre and did their best to enhance working conditions, giving workers social security and constructed a model housing estate for their workers featuring large gardens. In 1900 this became the Bournville Village Trust, open to other people than just the workers of Cadbury’s. After the death of his brother, George Cadbury put a larger focus on his charity work, becoming politically active to support the liberal party.

Whereas Cadbury’s domestic conduct with their workforce was quite advanced and benevolent for its time, cocoa beans in the 19th century were mainly sourced from Portuguese colonies in Africa, increasingly replacing slave plantations in South America. Either location relied on forced labour and exploitative practices. To this day, much of the world’s chocolate is sourced from these regions.

References:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Cadbury
https://www.cadbury.co.uk/our-story
https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/George-Cadbury/18485
https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32232?rskey=HXcIJI&result=2
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/easter/the-history-of-chocolate/

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1889 Dunlop patented pneumatic tires for both racing bikes, push bikes and later, cars.
first plant opened in Dublin before moving to Germany and its head office and production in Coventry and later Birmingham. it also opened a production plant in Japan and so still operated on three continents today.
dunlop also established a 50k acres rubber plantation in Malaya.
they claim on their website to be the first multinational corporation.
after the Second World War they also began making; golf balls, tennis balls and rackets, wellies and other rubber products.
acquired by goodyear in 1999 after it lost lots of money.
they also sell equipment for the playing of 4 racket sports.

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Beechams was the family business of Thomas Beecham. As a boy, he worked as a shepherd, selling herbal remedies as a sideline.

The pills themselves were a combination of aloe, ginger, and soap. They were initially advertised like other patent medicine as a cure-all, but they actually did benefit the digestive process. This effectiveness made them stand out from other remedies for sale in the mid-19th century.

Beecham described himself as a medicine vendor in 1848 and in 1850 Beecham was a chemist, druggist and tea dealer.

Thomas Beecham went into business in 1842. The first product was Beecham's Pills, a laxative. Thomas became a travelling salesman, offering his pills in different parts of the country.

In 1847 business success allowed him to open a shop in Wigan town.

His shop failed and he moved to St. Helens in 1859 and his first factory opened for rapid production of medicines in the same year.

Beecham was exporting his remedies to Africa and Australia in 1875.

The company's new factory in St Helens becomes the first in the area to have electricity in 1887.

Thomas Beecham died in 1907, and his sons Joseph and William took over the running of the business.

Under Sir Joseph Beecham, 1st Baronet (1848-1916) the business expanded but the company remained focussed on patent medicines and engaged little in research.

Production of Beecham's Pills laxative reached one million a day by 1913.

In 1914 Sir Joseph Beecham was induced to underwrite the purchase for £2 million of the Covent Garden estate and market in London. The deal went awry when the outbreak of the First World War prevented the flotation of a company to sell off the properties.

Beecham's Powders were launched in 1926.

Beechams bought companies for a variety products in 1938, adding the Lucozade glucose drink, Enos Fruit Salts, and Macleans toothpaste to its product chain.

It added hair products for men to its product chain in 1939 by buying County Perfumery Co Ltd, manufacturers of Brylcreem.

It decided to focus more on improving its research and built Beecham Research Laboratories in 1943.

The company was named Beecham Group Ltd in 1944.

Company bought C. L. Bencard, which specialized in allergy vaccines, the company's first acquisition in the field of prescription medicine in 1949 or 1953.

Acquired H. W. Carter and Co, manufacturers of Ribena blackcurrant drink in 1955. Formation of Beecham Foods.

In the 1950s to 1960s the 2 groups together developed penicillin derivatives including pheneticillin, then the more potent methicillin (Celbenin). Later these were followed by Ampiclox and others as the group focussed on pharmaceutical development.

By the mid 1950s the group comprised some 100 smaller companies, including a large wholesale grocery business which was sold off later.

Acquired Pure Lemon Juice Co. A new toiletries factory was opened at Maidenhead, reflecting the increased business in shampoos, deodorants and hair sprays. They also acquired Thomas and Evans, makers of Corona Soft Drinks in 1958.

Penbritin (ampicillin) hit the market in 1961, and soon Beecham's facilities were inadequate for the worldwide demand. They employ 14,450 people in the same year.

1969 Acquired Horlicks Malted Milk Co in 1969. The company’s business at this time was:

Pharmaceutical and veterinary - 30 percent

Consumer Products - 65 percent

Animal feedstuff concentrates and health products - 5 percent

Beecham launched Amoxil (amoxicillin), which went on to become one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics in 1972.

General Occidentale sold Bovril, Marmite and Ambrosia to Beecham Group in 1980.

Beecham introduced Augmentin in 1981, an antibiotic used to treat an array of bacterial infections.

1989 Production of "Beecham's Pills" ceased in 1989.

In 2001 SmithKline Beecham and Glaxo Wellcome merged to form GlaxoSmithKline.

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Brunner Mond now TATA Chemicals Europe is a chemical producer company primarily based in Northwich (NW England) as well as in the Netherlands and in Kenya as it's subsidiary now TATA chemicals Magadi.

It was founded in 1874 by John Brunner and Dr Ludwig Mond and aimed to use a new production process to make sodium commercially viable.

It produced Soda Ash and bicarbonate (sodium) this is used as:
- A cleansing agent for domestic purposes like washing clothes and was a component in many washing powders.
- Water softening
- Used in the manufacturing of glass, soap and paper.
- Food additive for cooking (used in sherbet)
- Also used by other chemical factories to create more complex chemical compounds.
- Used in the brick industry as a wetting agent.

It's primary market was other large companies as sodium was primarily used as a resource in other production processes.

Later in the companies history it would aquire different businesses including several soap companies and a TNT factory.

During WW1 it focused on the production of ammonium nitrate for the munitions industry and purified TNT for the military (this TNT factory would later explode due to a fire)

After its founding Brunner Mond became the biggest and wealthiest chemical company in Britain and by the time it merged to form the Imperial Chemical Industries it had a market cap of £18 Million (around £1billion today).

BM & Co. Operated all over the world throughout the empire and in the Chinese and American Markets.

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The company was founded by John William Bell and five other local men in 1826 under the name St. Helens Crown Glass Company. In the early seventeenth century the introduction of coal-fired furnaces in glass-making had caused most glass-production to be in the North East of England where most of the coal mines were located. The first glass-making furnace in St Helens was built by 1700, so by the time St Helens Crown Glass Company. The company continued to expand into the 1800, however the St Helens Crown Glass Company fell into decline and original owners withdrew leaving with William and Richard Pilkington and Peter Greenall as the remaining shareholders, so they renamed the company “Greenall & Pilkington” in 1829. After the withdrawal of Peter Greenall in the early 1840s, William and Richard Pilkington acquired the company. In 1849, it was officially renamed to Pilkington Brothers.
The company still exists today producing glass products both traditional windows and vehicle windscreens as well as glass oriments and structural glass elements (cups an that), the company have moved to Japan but still produce in Latham Lancshire.
Plinkington Brothers contributed greatly to the British empire as they were one of the major glass exporters across the empire and supplied material for the building of crystal palace and the great British exhibition in 1851.

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What kind of industry is it ( what does it sell)?

Sugar (cubes), Golden syrup

Who founded it and when (any key changes in long 19 th Century)?

1859 - Henry Tate enters the sugar business

1872 – Tate and Sons open a new refinery in Liverpool

1874 – Sugar taxation removed

1875 – Tate bought the rights to the technology for the Sugar cube, and introduced it to the UK.

1878 – Tate and Sons open Thames Refinery, they specialised in Sugar cubes. This refinery was located by the docks of East London which helped importing it’s supply of raw sugar.
1882 – A large continental sugar crop produced significantly decreased the price of sugar, meaning the sugar being produced was no longer as valuable as it once was. This impacted Lyle’s as they were mid construction of their refinery, meaning the profits they were making were not meeting his needs. The estimate for the construction also increased during this time.

1883 – Lyle and son began melting sugar at Plaistow refinery, this made Lyle’s golden syrup which was ‘an instant hit’.

1887- Tate institute was set up, which was a community club for the workers

1921 – Tate's and Lyle’s company merge

1939 – Thames refinery becomes the largest cane sugar refinery in the world.

Where were the raw materials sourced from?
Sugar was cultivated on a large scale in places such as South America and the Caribbean islands. The Caribbean colonies grew roughly 90% of European sugar consumed.

Where was the finished product manufactured?
Tate and Lyle’s individual and joint refineries such as: Thames refinery and Plaistow refinery.

What was the relationship between the company and the British empire?
Tate and Sons were amongst competition from 74 refineries in the UK, this shows how the product that they made was in high demand.
Sugar was seen as a luxury in Victorian Britain. It became more affordable after the government removed the heavy taxation of sugar in 1874.
Sugar consumption reached high consumption rates often due to the culture that had been cultivated in the British Empire. Products that had been brought Britain such as tea, coffee and cocoa were then mixed with sugar to make it sweeter. Sugar was also increasingly used in new products such as: jams, sweets, pickles, chutneys, biscuits and cakes.

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The company focused from its beginning on the production of locomotives. When it appeared it produced many steam locomotives and sold them to the many railways in England and abroad for example in India. During the second world war, the company also started making tanks. After war it started producing new types of trains like diesel and electric trains.

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UK steel producer, later diversifying into bridge building 

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The company was founded by Arthur Dorman and Albert de Lande Long when they West Marsh Iron Work in 1875. In the 1920s Dorman Long took over the concern of Bell Brothers and Bolckow and Vaughan and diversified into the construction of bridges. In 1938 Ellis Hunter took over as Managing Director and he continued to lead the business until 1961.

In 1837, the first Cleveland ironstone mine open, at Grosmont, for the Losh, Wilson and bell ironworks. In 1841, Bolckow and Vaughan open the first Ironworks in Middlesbrough. 8th June 1850, the discovery of the Cleveland Main Seam of Ironstone at Eston by Ironmaster (really cool nickname) John Vaughan and mining engineer (less cool) John Marley both of Bolckow and Vaughan. The Cleveland Iron rush begins.
In 1865, 30 blast furnaces operate within six miles of Middlesbrough and one million tonnes per annum of iron are produced to make the area one of the world's major centres of iron production.
The company then merged with the Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Company in Darlington (ew). This then led to them helping in construction on bridges such as The Tyne Bridge, Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Lambeth Bridge.

The Dorman Long company relationship with the British Empire was a vital one as the steel that they produced would then lead to bridge being made throughout the empire in the like of South Africa, Australia and Egypt.

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One of the most famous biscuit manufacturers in the 1800's, with a wide variety of products, all of which were highly popular with the British public.

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Founded in 1822, the company was renowned for making exemplary biscuits and cakes. It was founded by a Quaker, Joseph Huntley, supported by his son Thomas. At its peak, the company traded in 137 countries across the globe, with a likely focus on colonial assets, such as India, and also New Zealand, where the company is renowned for making crackers today. Its most famous products were Milk & Honey, Breakfast Biscuits and Chocolate Olivers.

The biscuits themselves were mainly made in Reading, at 72 London Street. Huntley initially started selling his biscuits to travellers on coaches at the coach station opposite his factory, and he found that the biscuits had a tendency to break on journeys as they were loosely packed. He enlisted the help of another of his sons, Joseph, who worked in an ironmonger's shop, to make tins to package his biscuits in, which led to the creation of a second firm, Huntley, Bourne and Stevens, which made the biscuit tins. Largely, both the biscuits and the tins used to store them were sourced locally from Reading. Both Huntley's biscuits and their packaging recieved standards of excellence, likely being popular due to the high quality and colourful decoration of the tins.

In 1838, Joseph Huntley (the elder) retired, and Thomas inherited the business, though he did not possess the keen business sense of his father. In 1841, the elder Huntley's cousin George Palmer took over the company. Palmer doubled the size of the bakery and introduced machinery, eventually needing to move to a bigger building in King's Road in 1846. Thomas Huntley died in 1857, and two more Palmers joined the company, William Isaac and Samuel. By 1860, the company had become  the largest biscuit maker in England, and produced over 100 different types of biscuit.

After the two Palmers joined the company, larger premises for the company were once again needed, and the operation was moved to land purchased at the North of the Kennet, where a new factory was built. By 1900, the firm employed around 5000 people, being the largest employer in Reading for many years.

In terms of the relationship between the company and the British empire, the process of industrialisation as well as colonial expansion enabled companies such as Huntley & Palmers to create products with ease, and ship them globally, becoming staples in everyday life in many countries for years, using connections and networks of the British empire in order to profit and establish themselves as a successful business.

References:
-A brief history of Huntley & Palmers. (2001). Reading Museum Service. http://www.collectionsgateway.org.uk/collections/7/hp%20timeline.pdf

-Huntley and Palmers. (n.d.). Huntley and Palmers Official Website.
https://www.huntleyandpalmers.com/about-us/

-Reading History Trail. (2005). Huntley & Palmers. Reading History Trail.
https://web.archive.org/web/20100117130121/http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/radstock/rht/themes/manufacture/handp.html

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one of the oldest existing food brands

Started in 1814, 208 years ago, Jeremiah Colman began making mustard at a water mill on the river Tas, in Bawburgh near Norwich. He mixed Brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and white mustard (sinapis) to create a tangy flavour. In 1823, it became J&J Colman, and then J.J Colman in 1851, when he took his adopted nephew into the business. By 1865, transferred business to a large factory in Norwich, they used the railway for business. They got their distinctive yellow packaging and bull's head logo in 1866 after a royal warrant as manufacturers of mustard to the queen (still used today). The family helped pioneer social welfare in Norwich. They opened schools for the employees children in 1857 and in 1864 employed a nurse to help sick members so staff. In 1903 they took over Keen Robinson & company (rival company) and a few other companies to reduce competitions. In 1909 had 2,300 employees. In 1938, they merged with Recketts and sons of Hull, who they bough French's the American mustard manufacturers, and demerged later in 1995 to help with cost cutting. In 1995 they became owned by Unilever  Between 1997-2001 became the main sponsors for Norwich. In Jan of 2018 moved production to Germany. They produced a range of other condiments.

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Crosse and Blackwell were first founded in 1706 as a colonial produce business, being described as 'oilmen and salters'. Having a factory in 1818 that packaged and supplied sweet oils and food preserved in oil.
They renamed to Crosse & Blackwell in 1819 after two apprentices named Crosse and Blackwell took loans from their families to buy the company
From 1841 they were the first business to mass produce jam
The company expanded massively in the long 19th century creating multiple new sauce products and pioneering the use of celebrity chefs to endorse the company.
They also acquired a canning company which made preserved fruit, vegetables as well as meats to supply long-distance vessels.
Expanding to the point where just before the first world war they had expanded to have their first factory in continental Europe

In 1920 they made a successful bid to take control of a factory that they promised to turn into the largest and best-equipped food-preserving plant in the British Empire

They used 300 tons of sugar in 1857, assumedly sourced from the Empire

British Trading links with India caused the introduction of products with a more eastern influence such as Major Grey's Chutney.

The business was awarded a warrant in 1868 from Napoleon the third to serve his household

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The company was founded by James Peek and his tow other brothers. They first owned a tea company that brought in 5 million pounds a year. The company was called Peek brothers and Co and was founded in the East End of London.
Know whilst James Peek ran his tea business with his brothers hie tow sons started the Peek Freans business. However when one of the brothers died and the other left to start a new life in North America, his niece Hannah Peeks married a man named George Hender Freans. James Peek asked his nephew -in-law to run the business as he had experience in the biscuit making business. The partners registered their business in 1857 as Peek, Frean & Co. Ltd, based in a disused sugar refinery on Mill Street in Dockhead, South East London, in the west of Bermondsey. With a quickly expanding business, in 1860 Peek engaged his friend John Carr, the apprenticed son of the Carlisle-based Scottish milling and biscuit making family, Carr's.
In 1865 Peek agreed with Carr that the business needed bigger premises. In exchange for a stake in the business, Carr gave the company 10 acres (4.0 ha) of market gardens he had recently bought on Clements Road and Drummond Road, Bermondsey. Commissioning a new integrated factory, its resultant scale and sweet-emanating smell resulted in Bermondsey gaining the nickname "Biscuit Town". The opening of the factory coincided in 1866 with James Peek stepping down from the business, installing his son-in-law Thomas Stone in his place.
On 23 April 1873 the old Dockhead factory burnt down in a spectacular fire, which brought the Prince of Wales out on a London Fire Brigade horse-drawn water pump to view the resulting explosions.
James Peek died aged 79 at his home in Watcombe near Torquay, Devon. After George Frean's son James Frean retired in 1887, his family had nothing more to do with running the business. Peek's nephew Francis Hedley Peek (1858-1904) became the first chairman of the now publicly listed company in 1901, but on his death in 1904, again the Peek family had nothing more to do with managing the business. John Carr's family remained actively associated with the business for several more generations.
1906, the Peek, Frean and Co. factory in Bermondsey was the subject of one of the earliest documentary films shot by Cricks and Sharp. This was in part to celebrate an expansion of the company's cake business, which later made the wedding cakes for both Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten and the Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer.
Peeks Ferns was a biscuit company that had was owned by
United Biscuits (UK)Mondelez (North America)English Biscuit Manufacturers (Pakistan).
The company's chair man, is his the great-great - great grandson of Francois Peek, the first Chairman of Peek Frean and the son of James Peek

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Benjamin Wright and Ralph Bagley founded Bagley and Wright a textile company in 1867 the company produced Sewing cotton, fishing net twine, crochet and tatting yarn.  In 1924 the company was dissolved

Bagley & Wright was a spinning, doubling and weaving company based in Oldham, Lancashire, England. The business, was said to be 'caught the wave' of the cotton-boom that existed following the end of the American Civil War in 1865 and experienced rapid growth in the United Kingdom and abroad.

In 1897, the business split into two with the sewing cotton operation being subsumed into the newly formed English Sewing Cotton Company (ESCC). The remainder of the Bagley & Wright business remaining independent in the form of Bagley & Wright Manufacturing. Although the Wright and Bagley families lost influence on the ESCC part of the business following a scandal over the distribution of dividends in 1902, they remained in control of Bagley and Wright Manufacturing until it was dissolved.)

In 1897, the business split into two with the sewing cotton operation being subsumed into the newly formed English Sewing Cotton Company (ESCC). The remainder of the Bagley & Wright business remaining independent in the form of Bagley & Wright Manufacturing. Although the Wright and Bagley families lost influence on the ESCC part of the business following a scandal over the distribution of dividends in 1902.

By the late 19th century the Company had established a large warehouse and office block on Cannon Street in central Manchester and a second warehouse at the junction of Union Street and Priory Street in Oldham. There were branch offices in Glasgow and Belfast and offices and warehouses in Melbourne, Bombay and Moscow. Around 1893, the Company bought a mill at Crooklands to secure the supply of bobbins that they needed. The bobbin mill at Crooklands lay between Milnthorpe and Kendal. The English Lake District was a major centre for the production of bobbins because of the availability of trees to use as the raw material and water courses to drive water wheels to power the machinery. The Crooklands Mill was built some time before it was taken over by Bagley & Wright who certainly owned it between 1894 and 1897.

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Courtaulds was a United Kingdom-based manufacturer of the fabric, clothing, artificial fibres, and chemicals. It was established in 1794 and became the world's leading man-made fibre production company before being broken up in 1990 into Courtaulds plc and Courtaulds Textiles Ltd.
Founded: 1794 in Braintree, Essex.
Materials: textiles, chemicals.
raw materials from around the UK and the Empire.

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Founded in 1862 by Henry Rowntree, Rowntree’s began as a simple cocoa works in York. When Henry’s brother, Joseph, joined the business in 1869, it was transformed into a confectionary company. Joseph eventually took over the company and hired French confectioner August Claude Gaget who developed the recipe for the Fruit Pastille. This was ultimately a huge success and paved the way for further developments for the company such as the Clear Gums. The company came into economic troubles following the First World War, popularity of some of its main lines was declining, this was only made worse by the onset of the Great Depression of the late 1920s. This resulted in the slimming down of production lines and the eventual launch of products that would go on to become household names such as KitKat, Aero and Smarties.
At its peak, Rowntree’s was a town within a town, employing 14,000 people, though later the workforce was much reduced by mechanisation.

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an early British engineering and manufacturing firm in the business of designing and making marine and stationary steam engines

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The first commercially successful steam engine was the ‘atmospheric engine’, developed around the early 1700s by Thomas Newcomen. It was designed to pump water and mainly used in mines and, in some areas, to pump municipal water supplies.

While working at Glasgow University, James Watt (1736 – 1819) was asked to repair a model Newcomen steam engine. Realising the engine was extremely inefficient, he developed a revolutionary new design that would help a steam engine run faster and use less fuel. The trick was to separate out the process of condensing the steam, so that the whole cylinder did not need to be cooled down which had wasted heat.

Having no money to turn his design into a working engine, James Watt gained support from local industrialist John Roebuck and he patented his design in 1769. When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1773, he introduced Watt to Birmingham entrepreneur Matthew Boulton, a successful businessman and manufacturer. Using Watt’s designs, they went into partnership in 1775 and began manufacturing the first Boulton & Watt steam engines. They were joined two years later by William Murdoch who played a pivotal role in supplying and installing the engines in mines and factories all over Britain and the wider world.

Watt went on to further refine his revolutionary design, so that Boulton & Watt steam engines could not only efficiently pump water, but drive machinery in paper, cotton, flour and iron mills, textile factories, distilleries, canals, waterworks and even drive an early steam locomotive.

The Boulton & Watt engine was built in 1786 to pump water for the Barclay & Perkins Brewery in Southwark, London. It was refined in 1796 so that it could also grind barley. At this time, Boulton & Watt were the only suppliers of engines capable of ‘double actions’ like this. (Age Of Revolution)
At that time, no one else could supply a steam engine that performed both these actions at once. With some minor modifications, it remained in service at the brewery until 1884. (National Museums Scotland,)

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British company, 1828-1999. Made Aircraft, armaments and ships. Based in Sheffield. Of the more well known products were the Vickers machine gun, and the Vickers Vimy bomber. The prototype was built in 1917, but was delivered too late to be of service in WWI. One of its most famous roles was the aircraft in which John Alcock and Arthur Whittern-Brown made the first transatlantic flight in June 1919. The flight was not without problems, and one of them had to climb out on the wing at one stage to chip ice free. The plane had two 360hp Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines and as a bomber had an endurance of 11 hours. The original is in the Science Museum, London. Alcock and Brown won the £10,000 price offered by the Daily Mail. (baesytems.com).
Vickers also produced a variety of machine guns, the first being the .303-inch MK 1. this came into use in November 2012. This was the most widely produced gun and was only slightly modified throughout its use, and was in service during the great war. The biggest aspect of change was the attempt to lighten in . A lightened gun was released in 1915, and in the 1930's more orders were placed by the British army (vickersmg.blog). In 1927 Vickers merged with Armstrong Whitworth to become Vickers-Armstrong and produced artillery and shipbuilding. In 1928 they acquired Supermarine Aviation works. (en.wikipedia.org). It was a Supermarine with competed in the Schneider trophy in 1931 and was instrumental in the design of planes like the spitfire and hurricane.

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Sunlight soap - soap made with Glycerine and Vegetable oils such as palm oils
The company was founded in 1855 by two brothers: William Lever and James Lever. It started with a small grocery business with their father, where they both worked and helped at. However, in 1855 both brothers went into the soap business by buying small soap works in Warrington.  They teamed up with a Hough Watson – Watson invented the process, resulting in a new soap. They initially called it honey soap but soon changed it to sunlight soap.

production reached 450 tons per week by 1888. Larger premises were built on marshes at Bromborough Pool on the Wirral Peninsula at what became Port Sunlight.

At first, Lever was selling locally, then its market branched out to include Scotland, Holland, Belgium, South Africa, and Canada. Within a decade it is on sale in 134 countries. Lever Brothers entered the United States market in 1895, with a small New York City sales office

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·       Founded by Henry Overton Wills I (1761-1826) in 1786 in Bristol

·       1826 – the sons William Day Wills and Henry O. Wills took charge, hence the company name

·       Tobacco products manufacture and sales

·       First shop – Castle Street

·       1791 – moved to 112 Redcliff Street

·       Snuff and other tobacco products before cigarettes

·       Made many improvements to working conditions, which affected the whole industry

·       1871 – entered cigarette market with ‘Bristol’ brand

·       In 1860 a new factory was built but was followed by further expansion in 1886 and another one in early 1900s, showing the rapid expansion of cigarette market
·       Withdrawn by Imperial Tobacco with exceptions of some brands

·       Woodbine brand – popular with working class and army
·       Capstan – sold in the UK and Germany, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Bangladesh and Chile

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What is it-  Oxo (stylized OXO) is a brand of food products, including stock cubes, herbs and spices, dried gravy, and yeast extract.
In 1847, Justus von Liebig developed a concentrated beef extract in hopes of providing a cheap and nutritious meat substitute, for those unable to afford the real thing. His method was to trim the fat from the meat, break the meat into small particles, boil it with water to form a liquid of 6-8% solids, and then stir it over low heat, until it was reduced to a paste of 80% solids.
The ratio of meat to meat extract is generally reported to be about 30 to 1: it takes 30 kg of meat to make 1 kg of extract. The extract was originally promoted for its supposed curative powers and nutritional value as a cheap, nutritious alternative to real meat.
During World War I, 100 million Oxo cubes were provided to the British armed forces, all of them individually hand-wrapped.

Production was not economically feasible in Europe, where meat was expensive, but in Uruguay and New South Wales, meat was an inexpensive by-product of the leather industry.
Relationship to the British Empire- offered a cheaper meat alternative to those in the lower classes across the Empire.

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Brewing Alcohol – an Irish dry stout made from barley, hops, water and a strain of ale yeast.

Arthur Guinness began by brewing ale at St. James’s Gate in Dublin. In the 1770s, he began brewing ‘porter’, a new type of English beer, invented in London in 1722 by a brewer named Ralph Harwood. Porter was different from ale because it was brewed using roasted barley, giving the beer a dark ruby colour and rich aroma.

by the 1820s shipments were being made to

destinations as far away as Lisbon (Portugal), South Carolina (USA), New York (USA), Barbados (Caribbean) and Sierra Leone (Africa). Under Arthur Guinness II the recipe for yet another type of porter was written down. This brew was known as ‘Extra Superior Porter’. Extra Superior Porter was a slightly stronger porter designed for the British market. This beer is still brewed today and is known as GUINNESS

Extra Stout, or GUINNESS Original.

Arthur Guinness brewed different types of porter to suit different tastes, including a special export beer called ‘West India Porter’. This beer is still brewed today and is now known as GUINNESS Foreign Extra Stout. It accounts for 45% of all GUINNESS sales globally and is popular in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.

In terms of the Theory of Economic Imperialism, it seems that Arthur Guinness took advantage of imperial markets and developed a beer to suit different imperial tastes.

Diary entries:

Arthur Shand – Sydney Australia – October 1904:

“Most of our Stout arrives by sailing vessels. ...When repacked, which can be done either on the docks or in the bonded warehouses, duty is paid on the actual quantity in good condition. The merchants here also are fully alive to the importance of cool storage for Stout. The consumption of Stout in general is, I think, greater than elsewhere in The Commmonwealth”

Arthur Shand – Boston, USA visited 8th – 10th May 1911:

“There is a great Irish element in Boston, ... and the general public there are destined to be I think, very large consumers of draught stout... There are at present over 70 places drawing Extra Stout in the City, and a great majority of these are all first-class, 13 of them being hotels. I am pleased to say that it was a treat to see the condition in which the Stout is drawn, all from ice-boxes at a temperature which made the article extremely palatable.”

JC Haines - Straits Settlements, Singapore, Penang and Malacca visited 1900:

“Although well-known Brands of Spirits and Wines are forged wholesale for the native trade, no instance is known of forgery of our Label, or, I may say, that of any Bottled Beer. Advertising in Local British papers is almost useless. We strongly advise the circulation of an advertisement in Chinese and Malay languages, in native characters.”