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After four years of devastating warfare, World War I ended with Germany's surrender in November 1918. The Allied Powers gathered in Paris to determine the peace terms. As your history teacher, I want you to understand that this was one of the most significant peace conferences in history.

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The main decisions were made by: Georges Clemenceau (France), who wanted to punish Germany severely; Woodrow Wilson (USA), who promoted his '14 Points' for peace; David Lloyd George (Britain), who sought a middle ground; and Vittorio Orlando (Italy), who focused on territorial gains.

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Class, this is crucial: Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for causing WWI. This 'war guilt clause' became a major source of resentment in Germany. Think about how this might affect a nation's pride and future actions.

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Germany's military was severely limited: Army restricted to 100,000 men, no conscription allowed, no tanks or aircraft permitted, and navy reduced to six battleships. Consider how these limitations would impact a major European power.

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Germany lost about 13% of its pre-war territory: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, parts of Prussia given to Poland, and all overseas colonies became mandates of the League of Nations. Let's analyze these geographical changes on our classroom map.

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Students, imagine being asked to pay an impossible debt: Germany was required to pay 132 billion gold marks in reparations. This led to severe economic hardship and hyperinflation in the 1920s.

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A positive outcome was the establishment of the League of Nations, President Wilson's brainchild for maintaining world peace. However, ironically, the US never joined due to opposition in Congress.

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The harsh terms of the treaty contributed to the rise of German nationalism and resentment. As we'll discuss in our WWII unit, this helped create conditions that allowed Hitler's Nazi Party to gain support in the 1930s.

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WWI & WWII: The Treaty of Versailles and the Failure of Peace