# data[].attributes.body
Albert Marrin is from New York City. He Graduated his city collage Yeshiva University and Columbia University. He taught in public schools at New York. Albert is now a chairman at Yeshiva University. Albert says he wrote the book because he said “ I Saw they were interested in what I had to say.” Lots of his books are related to the holocaust or ww2 and this story is related to a doctor during the holocaust

# data[].attributes.body
Max and Frieda Reinach were a married couple in Germany they wrote their diary on September 1, 1939, in the city of Berlin Germany they wrote in their diary about Germany's invasion of Poland and nazi government passing anti-jewish laws

# data[].attributes.body
Susi started her diary on the may 27th 1941

On her 12th birthday where she lived in kreuzhach Germany. She lived in France with her relatives until France was invaded then they were taken by nuns to versailles to a house for Jewish children. Then after that she moved to the United States by the help of the HIAS all while staying at her younger brothers Josef and Ernest. She wrote about her time in the house for Jewish children with her being mad and Hungary lots of the time.

# data[].attributes.body
My author is from New York City and He graduated from City college of New York, Yeshiva university and Columbia University. He taught in public schools in New York and he is the chairman of the history department at Yeshiva university. Albert Marrin decided to write A Light In the Darkness because he wanted to show what the reality was of Jewish people living in WWII.

# data[].attributes.body
February 20, 2025

Quote

"Where was the 20th-century civilization? Where was humanity? Where was Justice?"

He wrote this because he was angry that no one tried to help him or the other Jews that were captured by the Nazi's. He also felt helpless because no one helped them.

# data[].attributes.headline
Heroic people/acts during the holocaust                                       February 21, 2025      

# data[].attributes.subject
Heroic people/acts during the holocaust                                       February 21, 2025      

# data[].attributes.body
This photo relates to our project focus because it shows a resistance force of people trying to help Jews escape the Nazi's. This is a heroic act done by them that many did not do or think of doing.

# data[].attributes.body
this is Nicholas Winton from the UK during the being of the holocaust he helped many refugee children of Jewish families escape from nazi persecution

# data[].attributes.body
Irena Sendler was a woman who lived near the Warsaw Ghetto who helped 2500 people escape saving them the certain death that was to follow if they stayed who at first helped over 3000 jewish families create false documents and even when she was toutured by the gestapo she didnt tell them the names of any of the people/families.

# data[].attributes.body
Nichloas Winton was a stock broker in England and when he traveled to Czechoslovakia in December of 1938 he saw the horrific acts inside the concentration camps and decided to save Jewish children from the hands of the nazis.

I will use this article in my Chapter to show how even people that weren’t directly inside of concentration camps and ghettos can help impact the holocaust in huge ways

# data[].attributes.body
The article was about Raoul Wallenberg who was known to be a fearless and skilled negotiator. He was appointed legation secretary of the Swedish diplomatic mission in Budapest in June of 1944. During this time, his job was to launch rescue operations for Jews in Europe. Wallenberg designed and issued protective Swedish passports for Jews and created safe houses there for them to hide in. By doing what he did, he was able to save tens of thousand of people from the Nazi's. He was imprisoned by Soviet forces in January of 1945 and named an honorary citizen of the United States in 1981 for his humanitarian achievements.

We can use this in our chapter to show a heroic person and the great efforts he made to help the Jews during the holocaust.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Raoul Wallenberg – World War II hero | sweden.se

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Swedish Raoul Wallenberg saved tens of thousands of Jews from the Holocaust. His heroism is a reminder of the continuing need to fight racism.

# data[].attributes.body
this website tells the stories of various female heroes during the holocaust who help saved many Jews from the nazis during the second world war the website describes their story during the holocaust and how explaining why they did their act and the risks they faced

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A little over half of the Righteous Among the Nations recognized by Yad Vashem are women. While many of them acted in cooperation with other family members, some of these courageous women were the initiators of the rescue and acted independently to save Jews. Here are some of their stories.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Stories of Women Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust - Righteous Among the Nations - Yad Vashem

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A little over half of the Righteous Among the Nations recognized by Yad Vashem are women. While many of them acted in cooperation with other family members, some of these courageous women were the initiators of the rescue and acted independently to save Jews. Here are some of their stories.

# data[].attributes.headline
Video Testimony Uri Chanoch February 28, 2025

# data[].attributes.subject
Video Testimony Uri Chanoch February 28, 2025

# data[].attributes.body
1. Uri was 16 when the event occurred. He was an old man when the video was recorded.

2. Uri describes his experience in a ghetto in Kovno, Lithuania in 1944. Right before this 300,000 jews were taken to Triblinka from the Warsaw ghetto. On January 27, 1945 Soviet troops liberated the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.

3. The testimony reveals that Uri was a hero when the Nazis caught his little brother and he escaped from their grip. Uri was stripped naked and beaten until he passed out, but he did not tell where his brother was hidden.

4. Uri just tells it like it is with a plain face. He describes that the Nazis "tore out our feelings".

5. Uri has a cold stare recounting events. He is very realistic and honest with little expression. He is not reliving it but he is angry about it.

6. Uri describes that he was beaten over and over and over until he passed out. He just kept thinking what he would tell his mother because she had told him to watch over his brother. He is angry and says the Nazis took their feelings.

7. I wonder about Uri's dad cause he is not in the video. I also wonder how Uri rebuilt his lifer after the war when he found his brother.

# data[].attributes.body
This article is about 3 individuals, Irena Sendler, Charles Lutz, and Anna Christensen, who made a choice to help Jews when they were systematically being killed in gas chambers by the Nazis at a time when many people looked the other way.

Sendler helped smuggle 2,500 children to safety by helping them to hide in convents, private homes, and hospitals and providing them with new identities. She was able to get children out of the Warsaw ghetto where it was her job to inspect sanitary conditions. She was imprisoned and tortured for her actions.

Lutz and his wife Gertrude are credited with saving more than 62,000 Hungarian Jews from certain death. He negotiated with the Nazis to have 8,000 families move to safety in 1944. He also helped 10,000 children emigrate to Palestine in 1943. He and his wife also saved many people from death marches.

Christensen headed an international women's league that relocated thousands of Jewish children from Germany to Denmark. When the Nazis eventually occupied Denmark she was able to smuggle many children to safety again by escorting them to Sweden.

We can use this in our chapter to show the heroic acts of a few daring individuals who fought for Jewish children and families during the Holocaust.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
KAISERSLAUTERN, Germany - U.S. Army Garrison Rheinland-Pfalz joins our nation and the rest of the world in honoring the 6 million Jews murdered in cold blood during the Holocaust, 1 million of whom were children, with a Days of Remembrance ceremony scheduled for Apr. 18. We also take a pause to honor and remember the millions of non-Jewish victims persecuted and killed by the German Nazis during World War II.

At some point in life, we all must make difficult choices. Choosing to do what's right is what some heroes opted to do during this dark time in history, without hesitation, and the world will be forever grateful for them.

As millions of bystanders watched the crimes of the Holocaust unfold in city squares, schools, stores, workplaces and homes, a courageous few decided to risk it all to help those in need.

Irena Sendler was one of those courageous heroes. She helped smuggle more than 2,500 children to safety, despite knowing what the consequences could be if the Nazis found out. She was later arrested, imprisoned and tortured for her actions.

Sendler was a 29-year-old Polish social worker when World War II broke out. Her employment with the Welfare Department of the Warsaw municipality helped her gain access to the Warsaw ghetto where it was her job to inspect sanitary conditions. She saw this as an opportunity to help as many children as she could, escape.

She managed their escape and helped them hide in convents, schools, private homes and hospitals. She provided them with new identities while recording, in code, their original names and locations, with the hope that one day this information could be used to reunite the displaced children with their families. Trying to keep this information safe, she hid it in jars that she buried in a friend's garden.

Unfortunately, Sendler's actions were discovered by the German secret state police in 1943. She was arrested, tortured and sentenced to death for refusing to cooperate. Luckily, she was rescued by the Zegota, an organized underground council set up to help Jews, before she could be executed.

Officially, she was on the bulletin of those who were to be executed, so she assumed a false identity and continued her mission to rescue as many children as she could until the end of the war.

Just a year before Sendler's arrest, a man named Charles "Carl" Lutz was appointed as the Swiss vice-consul in Budapest, Hungary.

Following the Nazi occupation of Hungary in 1944 in which Jews started to be sent to concentration camps, Lutz negotiated an agreement with the Nazis to allow 8,000 Jews to leave the country. However, Lutz intentionally misinterpreted the agreement, and allowed not 8,000 people, but 8,000 families, to be issued protective letters to be able to move [to safety].

He had already used his power and status to help 10,000 children emigrate to Palestine the year before. He also established 76 safe houses - defined as Swiss annexes - in the Budapest area.

It did not stop there. Lutz and his wife Gertrude helped free many Jews from death marches and deportation centers.

They are credited with saving more than 62,000 Hungarian Jews from certain death.

Another hero worth honoring is Anna Christensen, who helped bring 40 Jewish children to safety from Germany to Denmark, and later to Sweden.

Following the terrifying events of Chrystal Night on Nov. 9, 1938, where more than 1,000 synagogues and 7,500 Jewish business were damaged or burned, a few women's Danish groups joined the efforts of the Youth Aliyah Child Rescue, a Jewish organization that rescued thousands of Jewish children from the Nazis during the Third Reich.

As a result of the Crystal Night events, children were often sent alone to the child rescue group by their parents, hoping to give them a chance of survival. Over 300 children arrived in Nyborg, Denmark, where the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom, led by Christensen, welcomed them with open arms and helped relocate them within local Danish families.

Initially, children were integrated into local schools. However, when the Nazis eventually occupied Denmark, once again endangering the children, Christensen converted the cellar of her own house into a classroom to host and hide 40 of those children.

In 1943, she managed to keep the children hidden during a German raid. A few days later, with the help of the Danish resistance, she brought them to the coast and was able to have them escorted safely to Sweden.

Yad Vashem, the national Authority for the Remembrance of the Martyrs and Heroes of the Holocaust, recognized Lutz and his wife in 1964, Sendler in 1965, and Christensen in 1966 with the Righteous Among the Nations Medal.

According to the Yad Vashem website, the Righteous Among the Nations medal is awarded to non-Jewish people who "took great risks to save Jews during the Holocaust. Rescue took many forms and the Righteous came from different nations, religions and walks of life."

Several other groups besides the Jewish community also suffered the wrath of the Nazi Party. Political dissidents, social democrats, trade unionists, male homosexuals, Black people and Jehovah's Witnesses became victims - some for what they believed in, some for who they were, and some for what they refused to do.

Intellectually and physically disabled Germans, defined as "life unworthy of life," were euthanized just because their existence violated the Nazi ideal of "Aryan supremacy."

Racial "pollution" was the Nazi's justification for indiscriminately killing between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti people, derogatively referred to as Gypsies. Besides the Jews, they were the only other ethnic group that Nazis systematically killed in gas chambers.

Lutz, Sendler and Christensen made a choice. They could have looked the other way like many others did. Instead, they chose to intervene even if that meant putting themselves and their own families in danger.

They chose to put the lives of helpless people before their own, hoping they would one day see a world free from persecution.

This year, the Days of Remembrance Week is observed from Apr. 16-23 with Apr. 18 being Holocaust Remembrance Day.

USAG Rheinland-Pfalz is holding a Days of Remembrance ceremony at the KMC Onstage Theater on Kleber Kaserne Apr. 18 at 2:30 p.m. This year's theme is "Behind every name a story."

Everyone in the community is invited and encouraged to attend as we honor and remember the millions of victims that hold such a special place in our history, and in our hearts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Shining a light on the quiet heroes of the Holocaust

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
KAISERSLAUTERN, Germany - U.S. Army Garrison Rheinland-Pfalz joins our nation and the rest of the world in honoring the 6 million Jews murdered in cold...

# data[].attributes.body
I chose a stethoscope because the main charter of our book was a doctor and would go around helping rich kids during the day and charging them high prices but at night he would go treat poor kids for very cheap and sometimes even leaving money so they could get meds.

# data[].attributes.body
The reason I chose this object is because Janusz Korazck's views that childern should noy be made in the parents way and that they should be how they want to be

# data[].attributes.body
This orphanage building is important to the memoir because Janusz Korczak left the medical field for a stronger calling, which was to direct an orphanage for Jewish children called Dom Sierot in Warsaw. Dom Sierot was actually similar to this building with 4 floors and a double door main entrance. Korczak made sure the orphanage was a happy place and believed that children had the right to live for today and to be oneself.

I selected this artifact because the orphanage was the central place of Korczak's dedication to children. He went away to war and to visit Palestine, but he always returned home to Dom Sierot and to his children.

# data[].attributes.body
Oskar Shindler was born a Catholic Jew in 1908 in the modern day Czech Republic then when he grew up he became a business man he then became a member of the Nazi party after being imprisoned in 1938.

as a Nazi he moved 800 men and around 300-400 women that would have died in a consentration camp and put them in a subcamp where they could avoid the certain death of a consentration camp

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
German industrialist Oskar Schindler is well known today (thanks to a 1993 Steven Spielberg movie) for saving the lives of more than 1,000 of his Jewish employees during the Holocaust. However, Schindler's story and involvement in the Nazi party is more complex than its Hollywood portrayal.

Oskar Schindler's Life before World War II

Born a Catholic of German ethnicity in 1908 in what is today the Czech Republic (formerly Austria-Hungary), Oskar Schindler attended multiple trade schools and then spent several years attempting to establish himself as a businessman, doing everything from selling government property, to starting a driving school, to selling farm equipment.

As an ethnic German living in what was then the Sudetenland, Schindler subscribed to the Nazi Party belief that Germany should annex this territory, and in 1936, began working for Amt Auslands/Abwehr: the German Armed Forces' Office of the Military Foreign Intelligence.

"Evidence that he worked for the German military counterintelligence before the war is usually overlooked," says Amy Randall, a history professor, and chair of the history department at Santa Clara University.

More recently, evidence has surfaced suggesting he had a much larger role. "There does seem to be some indication that he was involved in helping to justify the invasion of Poland, but I don't know enough about the accuracy of those charges," Randall explains.

This evidence comes from historian David M. Crowe's 2004 book Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind The List-which many historians and others who study the Holocaust consider the most thoroughly researched and complete account of Schindler's life. This was thanks, at least in part, to the discovery of new papers providing additional information and details about Schindler.

According to Crowe, documents he reviewed from the archives of the Czech secret police referred to Schindler as "a spy of big caliber and an especially dangerous type," and indicate that he was the leader of a German unit that planned the invasion of Poland.

Regardless of the extent of Schindler's involvement, the Czech counterintelligence unit arrested and imprisoned him in 1938-though he was released later that year after the Munich Agreement permitted Germany to annex the Sudetenland. In early 1939, Schindler became an official member of the Nazi Party, though his motivations for doing so remain unclear.

"For me, the question is how much of it was out of a belief in Nazi ideology, versus, as some people have suggested, that as a businessman, he was pragmatic, and saw this as an opportunity to do well under the new regime, in a new reality," says Randall.

The Emalia Factory in Kraków

Wasting no time, Schindler relocated to Kraków in October 1939, after Germany had invaded and started occupying Poland. "He moved into an area where a lot of factories and industries had been shut down or Aryanized," Randall explains, referring to the Nazi policy of seizing Jewish-owned property and transferring it to non-Jews.

Schindler took advantage of this program within a month of arriving in Kraków, purchasing a formerly Jewish-owned enamelware factory, known as Emalia. "Jews were herded into ghettos and also into camps and subcamps, where companies were able to employ them without paying them anything, and utilize their work," Randall explains.

Initially, the factory manufactured kitchenware for civilians and the German army, but later expanded into the production of munitions. Though Schindler did employ local Polish workers, Isaak Stern, his Polish-Jewish accountant, advised him that he could cut costs, and in turn, increase his profits, by hiring Jewish laborers.

"Once he started doing that, he came to have some sympathy for their plight-while making money," Randall explains. Also, though it was a highly unusual business practice, Schindler employed children and elderly individuals to keep them from starving to death in the ghettos, she adds.

German forces liquidated Kraków's ghettos in March 1943, relocating Jews to Plaszow, a forced labor camp later converted into a concentration camp. Through a combination of bribes and his connections within the Nazi regime, Schindler got permission to establish a Plaszow subcamp on the grounds of his factory, housing approximately 1,000 Jews in sanitary conditions, and providing them with food. By expanding his factory to include the manufacturing of military weapons and ammunition, Schindler was able to make the claim that his Jewish workers were essential for wartime production.

Schindler's List

When the Jews working in the Emalia factory were transferred to Plaszow in the fall of 1944, Schindler lobbied for and was granted permission to relocate his munitions manufacturing operations to Brünnlitz (Brněnec), a town near where he grew up in what was then the Sudetenland, where it would be classified as a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp.

He also made the case that the Jewish laborers who had staffed his Kraków factory were essential to his wartime production, and needed to come with him to Brünnlitz. Approximately 800 men and between 300 and 400 women were transferred to the factory in Brünnlitz because their names appeared on what's come to be known as "Schindler's List"-which, according to Crowe, was actually nine lists. Marcel Goldberg, a corrupt member of the security police and a Jew, was responsible for creating four of the lists, Crowe writes in his 2004 book, while the people behind the other five remain unknown.

Schindler's direct involvement was limited to suggesting a few names for the lists, Crowe explains, noting that he didn't know most of the people included on them. Ultimately, though, the authorship of the lists is one detail of a plan that resulted in more than 1,000 people avoiding almost certain death in concentration camps.

Schindler's Wife, Emilie

Though her role is often diminished, or omitted from the narrative altogether, Schindler's wife Emilie (who wed the businessman in 1928) was also involved in saving the lives of the Jewish factory workers, Randall says-particularly after the establishment of the factory in Brünnlitz.

"Emilie played a critical role in ministering to the Jews," she explains. "She apparently was very involved in healthcare, even managing to get some medical supplies, as well as in terms of procuring the food and a lot of basic resources that were necessary to support these people during the many long months until the war ended."

In addition to her day-to-day contributions to the lives of the Jews in Brünnlitz, Emilie Schindler was also involved in some of the more well-documented events at the factories. One such instance took place in January 1945, when two cattle cars arrived at Brünnlitz containing roughly 120 Jewish men who had been sealed inside without food or water for the seven-day trip from Goleszow, a subcamp of Auschwitz.

Emilie stopped the SS camp commandant before the train departed for its destination: Auschwitz. "She and Oskar convinced the SS that they needed these workers in their factory," says Randall. Emilie then helped to care for the roughly 107 men who made it to Brünnlitz, frostbitten and starving, but still alive; the other passengers had frozen to death.

After the War

Both Emilie and Oskar Schindler remained in Brünnlitz until the end of the war in May 1945. They moved to Regensburg, Germany, where Oskar attempted to revive his career as a businessman. "He tried different ventures, but they weren't very successful," says Randall. "He was supported in part by the Jews who had survived under his watch or their relatives, but then went to Argentina."

The Schindlers both immigrated to Argentina in 1949, though Oskar returned to Germany within a few years, where he lived until his death in 1974. Schindler's remains were then brought to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery on Mount Zion in Jerusalem.

Oskar Schindler's Legacy

Since his death, Schindler's legacy has continuously evolved, says Sean Stewart, a historian and educator specializing in 19th and 20th century Central and Eastern Europe, and the founder of Berlin Historical Walks. "In the years following the war, he wasn't remembered at all in society at large, or by history," he explains. "Those he saved remembered him well, but this was limited by and large to the circle of people he knew and who had interacted with him directly or indirectly."

While those familiar with Schindler today may find that surprising, Stewart stresses that his story isn't one-of-a-kind.

"Schindler was one of many people across Europe, including Krakow, who got into business due to the war, or who otherwise profited from it," he explains. "Clothing and supplies for the military and occupation forces were a big business. Some of them protected their workers for various reasons; many more did not."

For this reason, Schindler's story didn't particularly stand out in the decades after World War II, apart from recognition from Yad Vashem, Israel's memorial to those killed in the Holocaust.

However, this began to change in 1982 with the publication of Thomas Keneally's novel, Schindler's List. Though Keneally used documentation available at the time, as well as interviews with multiple Holocaust survivors to research his book, it is a work of historical fiction. It's also the source material for the film Schindler's List.

Schindler's legacy and the 1993 movie are inextricably linked. "Three decades after the film['s release], the modern public by and large knows the character, and not the real man," says Stewart.

Since its release in 1993, Schindler's List has been criticized for minimizing Schindler's shortcomings, from downplaying the extent of his philandering, to suggesting that he underwent a linear transformation from a greedy opportunist looking to profit from the war, to a humanitarian who lamented the lives he couldn't save.

Ultimately, though, Randall and Stewart both see the value of a movie that can provide its audience with a deeper understanding of the Holocaust: something that had been largely absent from popular culture prior to the release of Schindler's List.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Oskar Schindler's Heroic (and Complicated) Holocaust Legacy | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Oskar Schindler saved more than a 1,000 Jews during the Holocaust-while undeniably heroic, his real story is also more complicated.

# data[].attributes.body
summary: The document tells us about survivors tracking crimes made against the Jews after liberation. Basically, survivors formed historical commissions to document crimes. Antisemitism continued anyway. Germans had tried to destroy files, but some remained. Many places founded historical institutes to preserve the truth including Warsaw, Israel, Jerusalem, and London. Jerusalem has lists of individuals and their fates and the Wiener library in London has 1 million artifacts of those affected.

Explanation: This document connects to our memoir because it tells us about the establishment of the Jewish Historical institute in Warsaw after liberation. It has the most important research institute

about Jewish history in Poland.

# data[].attributes.body
This document here tells how the Jewish people in the Warsaw ghetto how they resisted the Germans and put up a strong fight

# data[].attributes.body
Summary: A committee was founded in 2000 to raise public awareness in Israel that many Jews endangered themselves to rescue fellow Jews during the Holocaust. Jews are usually seen as victims, but the goal is to examine the measures they took to survive. Measures include, revolting in ghettos, uprisings in extermination camps, document replication, and smuggling. Many rescuers have been awarded by foreign countries and it is time that Israel does the recognition.

why I selected the article: The committee's goal in the article is to close the gap of eighty years during which Jewish heroes were left unrecognized by the Jewish people.

Info to use from it: Acts of rescuing Jewish people are considered an act of the highest humanist conduct, and so Jews who rescued Jews, such as the Jews and Christians who helped hide Haim Roet (1932-2023) as a child, took great heroic actions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Alan Schneider, Director of the B'nai B'rith World Center in Jerusalem, shared his insights on our Jewish Rescuers Citation on a website dedicated to the new documentary, "Resistance: They Fought Back." Read on the "They Fought Back" website.
The Committee to Recognize the Heroism of Jewish Rescuers during the Holocaust ("the Committee") was established in Israel in 2000 at the initiative of the late Haim Roet (1932-2023), a Dutch Jew who survived the Holocaust as a child, hidden from the Nazis at great risk by both Christians and Jews. Founding committee members included rescuers, survivors, researchers, and myself. The Committee's aim is to raise public awareness in Israel and around the world to the fact that many Jews endangered themselves to rescue fellow Jews during the Holocaust. The Committee presents these courageous acts as a source of Jewish national pride and as an example of the highest humanist conduct.

Holocaust historiography has tended to present Jews only as victims. This trend began to change some two decades ago when studies began to examine the daily lives of Jews during the Holocaust and the measures they took to survive in the fast deteriorating reality they faced.

From its early days the State of Israel showed appreciation for Jews who engaged in active combat against the Nazis and extended the title of 'Righteous Among the Nations' to members of other religions who endangered their lives to rescue Jews. Jews who risked their own lives to rescue others received little attention in academic research and no formal recognition.

In fact, while the Germans and their collaborators attempted to methodically annihilate European Jewry, many Jews resisted the grim fate that awaited them. Half a million fought in the Allied armies and in the ranks of the partisans, revolted in the ghettos and led uprisings in extermination camps.

Another form of active resistance by Jews was the rescue of fellow Jews while exposing themselves to great danger. Renowned Holocaust historians have noted: that Jewish self-rescue is "an additional aspect of the study of the Jewish response during the Holocaust which is not sufficiently well-known", that "Jews played an active and significant role throughout occupied Europe in the rescue of other Jews" and that "Non-Jews were not the only ones who saved Jews; Jews also saved Jews, and non-Jews were sometimes saved by Jews." The ability of Jews to act was much more restricted than that of non-Jews, who were not persecuted by the Nazis, and reflects the highest form of Jewish and human solidarity. These acts of rescue are a supreme expression of the ancient Jewish principles "Thou shalt not stand idly by the blood of thy neighbor" and "All Jews are responsible for one another." These activities do not reflect a collection of coincidental events but, in many cases, a phenomenon of methodical, carefully planned rescue operations that took place across Europe and North Africa, carried out both by individuals and groups. Rescue operations were carried out from the rise of the Nazis to power until after the end of WWII.

Despite the difficult conditions which varied from place to place and evolved as the war progressed, many who could have fled chose to exhibit exemplary solidarity and remain behind to rescue others; some paid for it with their lives. With great heroism, Jews in Germany, and every country in occupied Europe exploited loopholes in Nazi bureaucracy and employed subterfuge, document replication, smuggling, concealment, and other methods to help Jews survive the Holocaust or assist them in escaping to safe haven. In doing so they foiled the Nazi goal of total annihilation of the Jews. Since many rescue operations were not documented, there is no clear estimate of the scope of this phenomenon, and it is likely that records of many cases have been lost forever. Many Jewish rescuers were awarded national decorations by foreign countries while the State of Israel and its institutions have made no similar gesture event to this day.

The Committee strives to close the gap of eighty years during which these heroes were left largely unknown and unrecognized by the Jewish people. To achieve this, it promotes public activities in Israel and abroad, cooperating where possible with governmental bodies, academia, educational institutions, Jewish communities and organizations for Holocaust commemoration. These include: an annual ceremony held by the B'nai B'rith World Center and the Jewish National Fund on Yom Hashoah v'Hagvura (Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Day) at the B'nai B'rith Martyrs Forest dedicated since 2002 to the legacy of Jewish rescuers; the Jews Saving Jews Forum (established in 2018) at Bar-Ilan University's Finkler Institute of Holocaust Research; and The Jewish Rescuers Citation (established in 2011 with the B'nai B'rith World Center) which has been presented to 624 Jewish rescuers-in person or posthumously-who operated across Europe and North Africa.

Since 2020, the Committee has been chaired by Aryeh Barnea, a second generation educator and Holocaust researcher, who initiated, among other things, the soon-to-open Jewish Rescuers Center, located at the Wilfrid Israel Museum in HaZore'a, Israel.

Alan Schneider is the director of B'nai B'rith World Center in Jerusalem, which serves as the hub of B'nai B'rith International activities in Israel. The World Center is the key link between Israel and B'nai B'rith members and supporters around the world. To view some of his additional content, click here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Recognizing Jewish Heroes From the Holocaust - B'nai B'rith International

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read World Center Dir. Alan Schneider's insights on our Jewish Rescuers Citation as a contributor to the film, "Resistance: They Fought Back."

# data[].attributes.body
We chose We Remember Them by Sylvan Kamens and Rabbi Jack Riemer. We also chose Do not ask by Avram Schaufeld.

We are using We Remember Them because it shows how survivors lived with the memory of lost Jews at all times and how the loss of them was always a part of them. It did not matter the time, such as it being a new year or a time of struggle or happiness. The poem shows how those killed affected the lives of the Jews who survived. This poem could connect to our topic because many of the survivors had memories of heroes who helped them live or are heroes themselves remembering those they helped saved.

We are using Do not ask by Avram Schaufeld because it shows that the memories of those that survived the concentration camps are almost too much to think about for them. While people nowadays want to hear their story, not every survivor wants to retell it all because it is too painful. This poem could connect to our topic because it shows that even though people were heroic and lived through it and move on with their lives, the experience was too painful and scary to retell to strangers asking.

# data[].attributes.headline
carl lutz: independent research 2025 march 3

# data[].attributes.subject
carl lutz: independent research 2025 march 3

# data[].attributes.body
Carl Lutz was a Swiss diplomat for Switzerland during WW2. He served as representing for the U.S. and UK that had cut ties to Hungary during his time in Hungary Lutzs would begin to help save as many Jews as possible as the Jews were now starting to be deported to by the hungary goverment he help in making forege passports for Jews giving them prtoction he would go on to save as many Jews and leaving hungary when the soviets invade

# data[].attributes.headline
Johan van hust: independent research 2025 march 3

# data[].attributes.subject
Johan van hust: independent research 2025 march 3

# data[].attributes.body
dutch school director who helped save 600 Jewish childern from the nazis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Johan van Hulst was a Dutch school director, university professor, author, chess player and politician in the Christian Historical Union (CHU), a defunct political party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He received global recognition for his role in rescuing hundreds of Jewish children from the nursery of the Hollandsche Schouwburg, Amsterdam in 1943 before they would have been deported to Nazi concentration camps. For his humanitarian actions he received the Yad Vashem Distinction as a Righteous Among the Nations from the State of Israel in 1970.

Van Hulst served as Member of the Dutch Senate from July 3, 1956 until June 10, 1981. He served as the Parliamentary leader of the CHU in the Senate from December 10, 1968 until June 8, 1977 when the CHU merged into the CDA, he became the first Parliamentary leader of the CDA in the Senate serving until June 10, 1981. He was a Member of the European Parliament for the Christian Democratic Group, from October 16, 1961 until September 30, 1968. Van Hulst was the Party chair of the CHU from September 13, 1969 until February 19, 1972.

He was an emeritus professor of Pedagogy at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam and the highly prolific author of more than one hundred publications. He was also a noted chess player.

Van Hulst died on March 22, 2018, at the age of 107.

Early Life and WWII

Van Hulst was born on January 28, 1911 in Amsterdam. He studied psychology and pedagogy at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In the meanwhile he also worked as a teacher and mentor in the cities Oudewater, Utrecht and Purmerend.

In 1942 van Hulst was the director of the Reformed Teacher Training College, a Protestant religious seminary in Amsterdam. The nearby Hollandse Schouwberg theatre was the main clearing site for the Jews living in Amsterdam who had been issued deportation notices by the Nazi government. Children who arrived at the Schouwberg with their families were separated and sent to the next-door créche run by Henriëtte Pimentel, which shared a back garden with the college that van Hulst directed.

Starting in January 1943, Pimentel and Walter Süskind, a German Jew who had been appointed by the Nazis to run the Hollandsche Schouwberg operation, began canvassing potential adoptive families for physical descriptions of children who could fit into their families without detection. Once the children's parents had agreed, the names of the children to be rescued were removed from from the Nazi's registry of Jews who had passed through the Schouwberg theatre.

Then, working with Pimentel, Süskind and dozens of other volunteers, van Hulst arranged for the children to be spirited over the hedge separating the neighbouring back yards of the créche and the teachers' college, often assisted by the teachers-in-training or local university students. When the time came to move the rescued children and babies away from the school, they would be hidden in baskets and sacks. One of the operation's helpers would then wait for the moment a tram passed, blocking the view of Nazi guards at the facing Hollandsche Schouwberg, to cycle away with the hidden child.

The operation came to a halt on September 29, 1943 when the Nazis sent Pimental and 100 children from the créche to Nazi concentration camps. Decades later, van Hulst described the days preceding the closure to Yad Vashem: "Now try to imagine 80, 90, perhaps 70 or 100 children standing there, and you have to decide which children to take with you. ... That was the most difficult day of my life. ... You know for a fact that the children you leave behind are going to die. I took 12 with me. Later on I asked myself: 'Why not 13?'"

In total, the operation had rescued between 500 and 1000 Jewish babies and children.

Van Hulst received the Yad Vashem Distinction in 1970. During a state visit to Israel in 2012, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said of van Hulst "We say, those who save one life saves a universe. You saved hundreds of universes. I want to thank you in the name of the Jewish people, but also in the name of humanity."

In 2016, the former Reformed Teacher Training College became the Dutch National Holocaust Museum.

Shortly before his 107 th birthday in 2018, van Hulst gave an interview on Dutch television, talking about his experiences during World War II.

Politics

Van Hulst served as a politician at several levels. From 1956 until 1981 he was a member of the Dutch Senate. From 1961 until 1968 he was a member of the European Parliament and from 1969 until 1972 he was chairman of the CHU. From 1972 until 1981 Van Hulst was group leader in the Senate; first for the CHU and from 1977 on for the CDA.

Van Hulst was elected as Chairman of the CHU on 5 October 1968 during the CHU party conference of 1968. Van Hulst was tasked with preparing for the upcoming Dutch general election of 1971.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Johan van Hulst was a Dutch school director, university professor, author, chess player and politician in the Christian Historical Union (CHU), a defunct political party now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He received global recognition for his role in rescuing hundreds of Jewish children from the nursery of the Hollandsche Schouwburg, Amsterdam in 1943 before they would have been deported to Nazi concentration camps.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary: Irena Sendler helped rescue 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw ghetto between 1942-1943. Due to persecution from the Communist government after the war, Sendler had to keep quiet about her work for safety. The article goes on to talk about how Sendler was rediscovered in 2001 due to 3 American high school students who took interest in Sendler's story. Sendler's recognition led to people who she had saved as children finding her and thanking her. It also led to 34 Irena Sendler schools in Poland by 2013.

Why I selected the article: Sendler has been living quietly since her good deeds and is a great example of the heroic actions people took just because they wanted to help.

Info to use from the article: Sendler is a great example of heroic actions taken. She said her father's teachings inspired her to help, but she risked her life each day she helped children escape.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
The National Endowment for the Humanities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Between 1942 and 1943, Sendler and her network of 10 compatriots rescued 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw ghetto. Disguised as an infection-control nurse, Sendler knocked on doors in the ghetto, asking parents and grandparents to give up their children and grandchildren so that she could smuggle them out. Each child was given a new Polish name and forged identity papers and hidden in foster homes, orphanages, or convents. Sendler insisted that lists of the children be kept, documenting their Jewish and Polish names, so that after the war they would know their original identities. She hid the lists in milk jars that were buried in the backyard of one of her co-conspirators.

After the war, Poland's Communist government persecuted members of Poland's wartime resistance, Zegota, of which Sendler was a part. They were harassed, interrogated, imprisoned, and even executed. Sendler and others who rescued Jews during the war kept silent. Almost no one knew of Sendler and her heroism.

She would have remained an unsung hero were it not for three teenage American girls who discovered her forgotten story 60 years later. Liz, Megan, and Sabrina, who began as students of history for a National History Day competition, became recorders of history, championing Sendler's legacy in Poland, the U.S., and around the world. Three teenagers from rural Kansas helped crack open the silence about the Holocaust in Poland.

My first brush with this story came in the winter of 2001, in my Middlebury, Vermont, pediatric office, while going through my mail. This was before the electronic health record, and I daily triaged a prodigious stack of paper. Everything had about three seconds to be kept, filed, recycled, or thrown away.

I am a member of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Each year I send a contribution, and they send me a calendar highlighting 12 monthly Holocaust heroes. As I quickly flipped through, I was brought up short by the November entry. It was the photo that stopped me-a young Irena Sendler, twenty-nine years old, who looked a lot like my niece. I read the short paragraph below the photo:

Irena Sendlerowa, (1916-UNKNOWN) As head of the children's division of Zegota, the Polish underground Council for Aid to Jews, social worker Irena Sendlerowa (code name "Jolanta") helped smuggle more than 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw ghetto. Hiding them in orphanages, convents, schools, hospitals, and private homes, she provided each child with a new identity, carefully recording in code their Jewish names and placements so that surviving relatives could find them after the war. Arrested by the Gestapo in the fall of 1943, Sendlerowa was sentenced to death. Zegota rescued her before her execution. She assumed a new identity and continued her work for Zegota.

I was stunned. I'm a child of Holocaust survivors. How could I not know Irena Sendler's story? Everybody knows Oskar Schindler, who rescued 1,100 Jews from a German concentration camp in Poland and whose story was told in the Steven Spielberg film Schindler's List. Even at the USHMM, the preeminent scholars of the Holocaust didn't know much about Sendler. They had her birth year wrong (it was 1910, I later found out), and they didn't know if she was still alive.

I kept this calendar in a file labeled "Interesting Stuff." And there it sat for almost three years.

Then, in February 2004, I came into my office one night to see a sick child. On my desk someone had left a copy of the Ladies Home Journal, opened to an article, "The Woman Who Loved Children." It was about Irena Sendler and three Kansas teens who uncovered her story. The article explained that, in 1999, while planning a National History Day project, they found a brief reference to Sendler in a U.S. News and World Report article entitled "The Other Schindlers." Sendler's story inspired their NHD project: a play they wrote and performed called Life in a Jar. It retold, in dramatic form, the emotional story of Sendler knocking on ghetto doors and asking Jewish parents to give up their children to save them. The title, Life in a Jar, refers to the lists Sendler buried.

The teens read that Irena had been arrested in 1943 by the Gestapo and tortured in Pawiak Prison, the most notorious prison in the ghetto, from which almost no one escaped. Logically, they began searching cemetery records and reached out to the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, seeking information about where she might be buried. Soon after, they received a letter from the foundation, saying that Sendler was alive! She was in her nineties and living in poverty with her daughter-in-law in Warsaw. The foundation then put them in touch with Sendler.

The three students made plans to travel to Poland and meet Sendler, first trying to raise money through candy sales, until philanthropists and Holocaust survivors from the Kansas City Jewish community stepped in to help cover the trip. Traveling out of the country for the first time (the first time on a plane for one of them), the girls finally met Sendler at her Warsaw home in 2001. They maintained a tender friendship with her for the next seven years until she passed, making several trips to Poland to visit her, each time performing Life in a Jar at various venues. And they began working with Polish high school students who were telling the forgotten stories of rescuers from their own communities.

As I read the Ladies Home Journal article, I remembered the USHMM calendar. This story now took on a new dimension. I have been a closet writer most of my life, and I was thinking about writing a novella about the Warsaw ghetto. Irena Sendler seemed like a compelling character, and I wanted to know more about her. I was also intrigued by the two stories-Irena's wartime history and the contemporary story of three Kansas teens. I called their teacher in Kansas, Norm Conard.

"It's serendipitous that you should call," he said. "We're looking for someone to write these two stories."

I hesitated. I had not written nonfiction before, only fiction and poetry. But I felt the powerful synergy of these two stories. I was not eager to write a wartime history of a Holocaust hero because most Holocaust literature leaves me angry, sad, depressed, and frustrated. But this story was different-an inspiring story of three typical American teenagers who helped restore the history of a great hero.

I agreed to write the story and, in 2004, visited Uniontown, Kansas, where the girls went to school. A small town with a population of 264, it was down on its luck. Many stores were shuttered. It had the look of a Dorothea Lange or Walker Evans black-and-white photo from the Depression. I met Norm and the girls at the high school, and I was hooked.

Uniontown High School, with only about 120 students, is one of the lowest-income school districts in Kansas. There was no diversity in the school-never a Jew, an African American, or even a Catholic-yet these teens had discovered Sendler's story and told the world. I spent a week interviewing the students, their families, their teacher, community members, and Holocaust survivors from Kansas City who had taken a great interest in the play and the Irena Sendler project.

My wife and I accompanied the students and Conard to Poland on their third visit, in 2005. I was able to do more extensive research and interview Sendler, Holocaust scholars, and some of the children Sendler had rescued, now in their sixties and seventies. We met Elzbieta Ficowska, rescued as a six-month-old infant. Sendler had sedated her and put her in a carpenter's box. Her parents kissed their baby good-bye and left a small spoon in the box with her name inscribed on one side and her birthdate on the other. It is the only memento of her parents, who were murdered at Treblinka. She and I have become good friends, and I have held her spoon many times, always with tears. Ficowska became one of Sendler's caregivers and the chairperson of the Association of Children of the Holocaust in Poland.

It was Sendler's ninety-fifth birthday when I interviewed her. She was energetic, and her memory was clear and specific. She wanted to be sure that I credited all of her network of rescuers and liaisons. She ensured that I had everyone's name spelled correctly.

Poland was arguably the most victimized country in occupied Europe. The consequence for hiding or even feeding a Jew was execution, often in public as a warning to other Poles. When I asked Sendler why she put herself and her family at such risk, she said, "It was a need of my heart." She rejected the appellation of hero. "I only did what any decent person would do. . . . The heroes were the babies-they were the heroes of their mothers' hearts. . . . It was the parents and grandparents who gave up their children, they were the true heroes."

She said it was her father's teaching that inspired her. "If you see someone drowning you must rescue them, even if you cannot swim." And "there are only two kinds of people in the world, good and bad, regardless of race, religion, or creed. And most people are good."

She lamented that she had not done enough-for every child they saved almost one hundred went to their deaths at Treblinka.

Sendler has become a Polish national hero. Poles have been eager to tell their stories, in part because the Life in a Jar project stimulated Polish/Jewish dialog as well as scholarship about Poland during the German occupation. Although there has been a disturbing return of anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial in Poland, Sendler's story continues to be told.

Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center in Jerusalem, recognizes more Righteous Gentiles-those who rescued out of principle, not for personal gain-from Poland than from any other country in occupied Europe. In 2019, it listed 27,362 Righteous Gentiles, with 6,992 from Poland, or around 26 percent. But because of postwar Poland's Communist anti-Semitism, Polish rescuers who had received Yad Vashem medals hid them and told no one of their wartime activities.

At one performance of Life in a Jar in Warsaw, I sat beside an old man, old enough to have been an adult during the war. Throughout the performance he sat with his hands together, clutching something inside. After the performance I asked him about it, and he opened his hands to reveal his Yad Vashem medal. There were tears in his eyes as he explained, "I have kept this buried in my basement for 60 years. I told no one except my wife. I didn't tell my children, family, friends, or coworkers. Now, because of these American students, I can show this proudly. It was the finest thing I have ever done."

My first time in Warsaw, in 2005, I could find few markers of the Warsaw ghetto and no commemoration of the wall. In my research for the book, I found no reference to Irena Sendler before 2000 other than by Yad Vashem (1965 Righteous Gentile medal, and in 1983 a tree planted in her honor next to that of Raoul Wallenberg) and the U.S. News and World Report article that launched the Kansas teens on their National History Day project.

When I returned in 2013 for the release of the Polish translation of my 2011 book Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project (also translated into Russian, Chinese, and Mongolian), I saw how much had changed in Poland. Where there had been no markers of the wall, now there is a footprint, 10 inches wide that says, "MUR GETTA/GHETTO WALL 1940-1943," placed in sidewalks and lawns showing the exact location of the ghetto wall. At each of the 22 gates there is a memorial plaque with a map and description of what happened in the ghetto.

There are now 35 Irena Sendler schools in Poland, three in Germany, one in France, and one in England. I have met to discuss Sendler with Poland's Deputy Foreign Secretary Jerzy Pomianowski, given radio, TV, and print interviews, and met with a journalist from the Catholic News Agency. The Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw opened in 2014, and the Lowell Milken Center Europe, a Polish office of the Irena Sendler/Life in a Jar Foundation, works with Polish teens on similar projects.

The project changed Poland as well as the American students who started it all. From my time with the Kansas teens, I learned that each girl knew something about losing or almost losing their own parent. Liz was abandoned by her parents as a young child and raised by her grandparents, Megan's mother developed cancer, and Sabrina's mother suddenly died during the project. The girls courageously allowed me to tell their own painful stories in my book. And it became clear to me that the last three children Irena Sendler rescued were the girls from Kansas.

Today, Elizabeth Cambers Hutton has two master's degrees and teaches Holocaust history in Missouri. Sabrina Coons-Murphy is an elementary schoolteacher in Kansas. Megan Stewart Felt, the program coordinator for the Irena Sendler/Life in a Jar Foundation, still works with Norm Conard to further Sendler's legacy and continues to play Sendler in performances of Life in a Jar.

The story has also changed me. I am a German-American Jew, born after the war to parents who narrowly escaped the Holocaust. Others in my family did not. For the first five years of my life I lived in upper Manhattan, in Washington Heights-an urban shtetl of German Jews who had survived the Holocaust. I didn't speak English until I was five years old. The Holocaust was the baffling but iconic story of my childhood, a subject of nervous, hushed, adult conversation. It was frightening, mysterious, impossible to grasp, yet everywhere-it was the atmosphere. There was an awkward gracelessness on the part of those who lived through it, a furtiveness I now understand to be a kind of PTSD. It was the unacknowledged elephant in the living room-huge but shrouded.

It wasn't until I was in my twenties that I learned that my grandfather had been arrested on Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938, and imprisoned in Dachau. My grandmother went to high school with one of the administrative guards at Dachau. He accepted a bribe from her, and my grandfather was released after six months. In 1999, my parents were interviewed as part of Steven Spielberg's Shoah project. In the course of the interview my mother brought out her identity papers, marked "Jew," and her nursing certificate, stamped with a swastika. My brother and I had never seen these artifacts.

Growing up as a child of survivors, I had a sense of mission about the Holocaust, but didn't know how that would manifest. Now in my seventies, I find that in writing Life in a Jar, and speaking about it to new audiences, I am fulfilling that mission.

In my talks, sponsored by the Vermont Humanities Council, I emphasize how Sendler and the girls from Kansas were repairing the world- tikkun olam in Hebrew. Few of us would have the courage to do what Sendler did, but all of us can do what Liz, Megan, and Sabrina did-performing small acts of decency and respect for all people. Acts that change the world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Between 1942 and 1943, Sendler and her network of 10 compatriots rescued 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw ghetto. Disguised as an infection-control nurse, Sendler knocked on doors in the ghetto, asking parents and grandparents to give up their children and grandchildren so that she could smuggle them out.

# data[].attributes.body
Name of Art: The Liberation Has Arrived

Who Created it: Zinovii Tolkachev was the one who created this drawing. He worked on book illustration and he also taught at the institution of fine art in Kiev. Before that, he joined the Red Army in 1925 and was in the artillery division. In 1940, he was appointed professor at the institution of fine arts in Kiev.

How the Drawing relates to our topic: The drawing shows a Red army soldier in the act of liberating Jewish children after the war. There could have been no greater hero that day. The liberators were definitely heroic in their actions to help the Jews.

# data[].attributes.body
The reason we chose this poem ¨we Remember Them ¨ by Sylvan Kamens and Rabbi Jack and ¨do not ask¨ by Avram. Both of these people did something heroic but were still scarred. This connects to our topic for our poem as they remember the acts and peolpe

# data[].attributes.body
we chose the poems We Remember by Sylvan Kamens and we also chose Do Not Ask by Avram Schaufeld .we chose Do not Ask because we wanted to show even though they were heroic they were still scared and that also connects to how this connects to our main topic for the poem Do Not Ask.

for the poem we remember them we used this poem to show how the death and lost items/ people in their lives affect the victims. this poem connects to our topic because even though they were heroic they were still in remembrance of the things/ people they lost along the way

# data[].attributes.body
this art by Mary Kessel was named Notes from Belsen Camp and its about how she was one of only three women officers sent to work outside of Britain. she was sent to bergan-belson camp but by the time she arrived it was already transformed into a lost persons camp and she was amazed by how almost everyone she saw there was starting to live again and how the children laughed and started to hold hands in love she said it was exciting and moving so she started to make art of women and children after experiences she had in Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
The painting of this was made by Doris Zinkeisen, whom the Red Cross commissioned Doris zinkeisen to create paintings of nurses and doctors work helping liberated prionsers

# data[].attributes.body
During the first week of our last stay at the Goclawek summer home, the result of the consumption of bread of unknown composition and make was a mass poisoning which affected the children and some of the staff.

Diarrhea. The excrements boiled over in the chamber pots. Bubbles fonned upon the surface of the pitch-like matter. Bursting they exuded a sweetish-putrid odor, which not only attacked the sense of smell but invaded the throat, eyes, ears, the brain.

Just now we have something similar, but it consists of vomiting and watery stools.

During the night, the boys lost 80 kg among them — on the average a kilogram per head. The girls — 60 kg (somewhat less).

The children's digestive tracts worked under heavy strain. Not much was needed to precipitate a disaster. Perhaps it was the inoculation against dysentery (five days ago) or the ground pepper added pursuant to a French recipe to the stale eggs used for Friday's pate.

The next day, not so much as a single kilogram of the losses in weight was made up.

Help for those vomiting, moaning with pain, was administered in near darkness — with limewater. (Unlimited dental chalk for whoever wanted it, jug after jug. In addition, a drug for those suffering from headaches.) Finally, for the staff, sparingly — morphine. An injection of caffeine for a hysterical new inmate following a collapse.

His mother, wasting away of ulcerated intestines, was unwilling to die until the child had been placed in the Home. The boy was unwilling to go until the mother had died. He finally yielded. The mother died propitiously, now the child has pangs of conscience. In his illness, he mimics his mother: he moans (screams), complains of pain, then gasps, then feels hot, finally is dying of thirst.