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Original Supreme Court Chamber, Washington D.C.

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This groundbreaking case established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. When Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver William Marbury's commission as justice of the peace, it led to this historic decision. Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling fundamentally shaped the American legal system by establishing the Supreme Court's role in reviewing laws.

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Dred Scott, an enslaved person, sued for his freedom at the Old Courthouse in St. Louis after living in free territories. The Supreme Court's devastating decision declared that African Americans were not citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories. This case is considered one of the worst Supreme Court decisions in history and helped push the nation toward Civil War.

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Press Street Railroad Yards, New Orleans, Louisiana

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Homer Plessy was arrested at the Press Street Railroad Yards for refusing to leave a whites-only train car, challenging Louisiana's Separate Car Act. The Supreme Court upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine, which remained legal precedent until 1954. This decision legitimized racial segregation laws for over half a century.

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Monroe Elementary School, Topeka, Kansas

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This landmark case began at Monroe Elementary School when Linda Brown had to walk far to a segregated black school instead of attending the nearby white school. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,' effectively ending legal segregation in American schools and overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Bay County Courthouse, Panama City, Florida

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Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested at the Bay Harbor Pool Room and charged with breaking and entering. Unable to afford a lawyer, he was forced to defend himself and was convicted. His handwritten petition to the Supreme Court led to the landmark ruling that states must provide attorneys for criminal defendants who cannot afford them.

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Phoenix Police Department, Phoenix, Arizona

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Ernesto Miranda was arrested at his home in Phoenix for kidnapping and rape. His confession, given without being informed of his rights, led to his conviction. The Supreme Court's decision required police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning, creating the famous 'Miranda Rights' that police still use today.

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Warren Harding Junior High School, Des Moines, Iowa

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At Warren Harding Junior High School, Mary Beth Tinker and other students wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War. They were suspended, leading to a case that established students' First Amendment rights in schools. The Court ruled that students don't 'shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.'

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Hazelwood East High School, St. Louis, Missouri

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At Hazelwood East High School, student journalists wrote articles about divorce and teen pregnancy for their school newspaper. When the principal censored these articles, it led to a case that defined limits on student expression in school-sponsored activities. The Court ruled that schools can censor student publications if they have legitimate educational concerns.

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During the Watergate scandal, President Nixon claimed executive privilege to avoid releasing secret White House tapes. The Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release the tapes, establishing that presidential power is not absolute. This decision led to Nixon's resignation and reinforced the principle that no one is above the law.

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15-year-old Gerald Gault was arrested in Globe, Arizona, for making inappropriate phone calls. He was sentenced to juvenile detention without many basic legal protections. The Supreme Court ruled that juvenile defendants have many of the same rights as adults, including the right to an attorney and the right to confront witnesses.