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a society that has high levels of culture, science, and government

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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the United States' first constitution, established between 1781 and 1789, creating a weak central government with most power residing in the individual states.

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an 18th-century European intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority

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a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress,

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a person who loves and supports their country, historical figures in the American Revolution who supported independence from Great Britain

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supporters of the US Constitution's ratification and members of the early Federalist political party

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a 1754 proposal by Benjamin Franklin and other colonial delegates for a unified government to manage colonial defense and relations with Native American tribes

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an American colonist who supported the British side during the American Revolution.

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a movement and group of people who opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution, fearing it created a too-strong central government that would threaten individual and state liberties

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established a framework for the governance of the Northwest Territory and a method for its division into new states

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an agreement during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention that counted three-fifths of a state's enslaved population toward its total population for the purposes of Congressional apportionment and direct taxation.

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the British policy from the late 17th to mid-18th century of loosely enforcing trade laws and regulations in its American colonies, allowing them to develop a high degree of political and economic independence.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire.

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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Campaign to end slavery

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work.

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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19th century belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the whole continent.

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state.

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery.

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South, which included that the Fugitive Slave Act was amended, the slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished, California entered the Union as a free state, a territorial government was created in Utah, and an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico.

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole.

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of.

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law.

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery.

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery.

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Granted African American men voting rights.

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits.

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success.

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

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Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through unethical business practices.

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

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Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation. He pioneered "Vertical Integration" to improve efficiency by controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middleman.

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An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions.

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government.

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A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States.

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers.

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

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The age between the Civil War and WWI when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth.

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders.

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates.

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the campaign to allow female voters

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation.

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure.

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933.

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan.

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism.

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession.

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform.

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China.

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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tax on imports

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

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The death and destruction of six million Jews and five million others by the Nazis during WWII.

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Globally focused organizations working to address world problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations, aimed at solving global political issues.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to address global economic issues.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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Named by Winston Churchill to describe the divide in Europe.

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Military pact between Eastern European countries and the USSR.

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A theory held by the USA to prevent the spread of communism.

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Belief that if one nation turns communist, others will follow.

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Theory regarding nuclear deterrence, where one country’s nuclear attack prompts others to respond.

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Location where atomic technology was first utilized destructively.

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Vastly more powerful weapons than atomic bombs, capable of catastrophic damage.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Supreme Court case that ruled against the segregation of schools.

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Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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An economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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The general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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Individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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Actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability.