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This Supreme Court case ruled that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens. They had no standing to sue in federal court, deepening divisions over slavery.

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This amendment abolished slavery in the United States. It was a significant victory for the abolitionist movement.

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Ratified in 1868, this amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. This included former slaves and guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

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State and local laws enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. The laws mandated racial segregation in public facilities, transportation, schools, and restaurants, among other areas, and were designed to perpetuate white supremacy and restrict the rights of African Americans. The term "Jim Crow" comes from a minstrel show character that depicted African Americans in a derogatory manner.

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Refers to segregation that is mandated by law. As was the case in many Southern states before the civil rights movement.

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Ratified in 1870, this amendment prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Connection: Made new laws to make it difficult for people of color to vote

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This Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the facilities were "separate but equal." Established the legal basis for segregation in the United States.

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This amendment granted women the right to vote. A significant milestone in the fight for women's suffrage.

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This case challenged the constitutionality of the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the internment based on military necessity, a decision that has been widely criticized and later considered a grave injustice.

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This case overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine, ruling that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Marked a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement.

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In 1957, nine African American students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were blocked from entering Central High School by the Arkansas National Guard, under orders from Governor Orval Faubus. This event highlighted the resistance to desegregation in the South and ultimately required federal intervention to allow the students to attend the school, marking a key moment in the civil rights movement.

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This landmark legislation prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public places, significantly advancing civil rights in the United States.

Connection: The transition from de jure to de facto segregation

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Refers to segregation that exists without the sanction of law, often due to societal factors such as housing patterns or economic disparities.

Connection: After segregation was not mandated some people CHOSE to only serve certain communities

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This act aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Chicano Civil Rights Movement (1960s-1970s): 

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Chicano Civil Rights Movement (1960s-1970s): 

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The Chicano civil rights movement was a social and political movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s to advocate for the rights of Mexican Americans and other Latinos in the United States. It focused on issues such as farm worker rights, education reform, political empowerment, and cultural pride, and played a significant role in advancing civil rights for Latinos.

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The United Farm Workers (UFW) protests were a series of labor strikes and boycotts organized by the UFW, led by activists such as Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, to demand better working conditions, wages, and rights for farmworkers, particularly in California. These protests were instrumental in raising awareness about the harsh conditions faced by farmworkers and in securing improved labor conditions through collective bargaining agreements and legislative reforms.

Connection: Falls under the Chicano Civil Right's Movement

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These policies aim to address past and present discrimination by promoting opportunities for historically marginalized groups. Often through measures such as preferential treatment or quotas in education and employment.

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The Stonewall Riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City. The riots, which began on June 28, 1969, are widely considered to be the catalyst for the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement in the United States.

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This Supreme Court case established a woman's right to have an abortion under the right to privacy. This sparked ongoing debate over reproductive rights in the United States.

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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of quotas based on race in university admissions was unconstitutional, Affirmative action programs that consider race as one of many factors were permissible.

Connection: allowed Affirmative Action to continue

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This legislation prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental activities, This marked a significant step toward ensuring equal rights and opportunities for people with disabilities.