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Figure 1. Christiana Anderson, a nurse, wrapped a heating blanket around Dauda, 14, who was experiencing chills, at the Wellington Cholera Treatment Center in Freetown, Sierra Leone (Nossiter, 2012). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/world/africa/cholera-epidemic-envelops-coastal-slums-in-west-africa.html. Accessed on March 9, 2024.

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Originating in India in 1852, the third cholera pandemic swiftly spread worldwide, impacting Europe, the United States, and Africa, including Ethiopia and Uganda. With a peak in 1854 resulting in 23,000 deaths in Great Britain alone (Cholera | Cause, Symptoms, Treatment, & Prevention, 2024)

Reference:

Cholera | Cause, Symptoms, Treatment, & Prevention. (2024, February 26). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/cholera/Cholera-through-history

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The pandemic underscored the need for global cooperation in disease control, sanitation improvements, and enhanced disease surveillance. Limited understanding of cholera transmission posed challenges for containment but emphasized the importance of international collaboration in pandemic response.

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Figure 2. John Snow and the 1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak (Planner, 2020). Retrieved from https://viewpointvancouver.ca/2020/04/02/back-to-the-pumpdr-john-snow-cholera-covid-19-why-this-matters/. Accessed on March 9, 2024.

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In 1854, London faced a severe cholera outbreak, which John Snow's investigations linked to contaminated water from the Broad Street pump. Snow's findings led to the removal of the pump handle, halting the outbreak and marking a pivotal moment in public health history (Tulchinsky, 2018).

Reference:

Tulchinsky, T. H. (2018). John Snow, Cholera, The Broad Street Pump; Waterborne diseases then and now. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 77–99). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00017-2

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John Snow's 1854 investigation revolutionized public health by linking contaminated water to cholera transmission, inspiring sanitation advancements. Despite progress, waterborne diseases persist globally, particularly in low-income settings. Snow's containment measures targeted contaminated water effectively but faced challenges like inadequate sanitation infrastructure and resistance to preventive measures, highlighting the need for sanitation systems and public health advances.

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John Snow and 1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak

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John Snow and 1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak

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John Snow and the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

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Figure 3. The Deadly 1902 Cholera Epidemic in the Philippines, with Special Interest on Its Consequences in Batangas (Batangas, n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.batangashistory.date/2018/03/cholera.html. Accessed on March 9, 2024.

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Cholera Pandemic in the Philippines (1902-1904)

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Cholera Pandemic in the Philippines (1902-1904)

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Cholera outbreak in the Philippines, including Manila and provincial towns. The cholera pandemic of 1902-1904 ravaged the Philippines during the fourth year of the Philippine-American War. Originating from a ship from Hong Kong, cholera rapidly disseminated throughout Manila and surrounding regions due to poor sanitation and human mobility, resulting in a death toll surpassing 100,000, predominantly affecting lower-class communities (Mangahas, 2020).

Reference:
Mangahas, M. (2020, April 23). Cholera killed 100,000 in 1902-04. Inquirer Opinion. https://opinion.inquirer.net/128605/cholera-killed-100000-in-1902-04/amp

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The 1902-1904 cholera pandemic in the Philippines exposed vulnerabilities under conflict and colonialism, urging improvements in healthcare and sanitation. Government actions, like quarantines, strained relations, while inadequate infrastructure hindered containment, stressing the need for better systems and public health measures.

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Cholera in the Philippines 1820 [ENG SUB]

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Cholera in the Philippines 1820 [ENG SUB]

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Following its initial reports in Wuhan, China in 2019, the novel human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) swept over the world and became the fifth pandemic to be officially recorded since the 1918 flu pandemic. On December 31, 2019, reports of pneumonia episodes in Wuhan, China, with no known cause were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), marking the first official cases of COVID-19. The Chinese officials determined that the cause of these instances was a novel coronavirus, which they temporarily dubbed 2019-nCoV, on January 7 (News-Medical, 2021).

Reference:
History of COVID-19. (2021, September 28). News-Medical.net. https://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-COVID-19.aspx

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Figure 4. A Haiti citizen receiving medication (La Prensa Latina Media, 2022). Retrieved from https://www.laprensalatina.com/haiti-cholera-outbreak-kills-almost-100/. Accessed on March 9, 2024.

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The cholera outbreak in Haiti began in October 2010 after an earthquake, lasting until early 2019, with a resurgence in October 2022. It was the worst in history at the time, with over 820,000 cases and nearly 10,000 deaths. Efforts by organizations like the CDC and the Haitian Ministry of Public Health aimed to contain the outbreak, but it remains a significant public health challenge (Cholera in Haiti, 2023).

Reference:
Cholera in Haiti. (2023, January 25). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/haiti/index.html

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Cholera outbreaks in Haiti highlight ongoing challenges in disease control amid poor infrastructure and vulnerable populations. Recurring outbreaks emphasize the need for continuous improvement in water, sanitation, surveillance, and healthcare systems. Collaborative efforts involving local authorities and global organizations are essential for combating and preventing cholera transmission.

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Haiti Cholera Outbreak: UN apologises for spreading deadly disease

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Figure 5. A girl infected with cholera lies on the ground at a hospital in Sana’a, Yemen (Yemen “Facing Worst Cholera Outbreak in the World,” Health Organizations Say, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.yahoo.com/news/yemen-facing-worst-cholera-outbreak-slideshow-wp-142123957.html. Accessed on March 9, 2024.

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The cholera epidemic in Yemen, regarded as the most severe in modern history, has seen over 1.2 million suspected cases and 3000 deaths. It persists amid a longstanding civil war, which has devastated sanitation and healthcare infrastructure, exacerbating the impact of factors like chronic malnutrition and environmental changes, including increased rainfall and flooding, that contribute to the spread of the disease (Ng et al., 2020).

Reference:
Ng, Q. X., De Deyn, M. L. Z. Q., Loke, W., & Yeo, W. S. (2020). Yemen’s cholera epidemic is a one health issue. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 53(4), 289–292. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.154

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Covid 19 pandemic became lethal to many individuals resulting in unexpected situations that leads to the challenges in healthcare system of China.

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The Story of Coronavirus (full version), English

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Thailand said on January 13, 2020, that a resident of Wuhan who visited Bangkok on January 8 had tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This was the first instance of COVID-19 found outside of China. Before Thailand's first non-imported, locally transmitted COVID-19 case was reported on January 31, several weeks later, 14 more cases were found in travelers from China (Mathieu et al., 2020).

Reference:
Thailand: Coronavirus pandemic country profile. (n.d.). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/thailand

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The cholera crisis in Yemen highlights the complex interplay between conflict, environment, and health emergencies, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive response including ceasefire negotiations, relief coordination, and healthcare provision.

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Yemen facing an 'unprecedented' outbreak of cholera - BBC News

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Being the first country to hit by the Covid 19 pandemic, Thailand faces difficulties in controlling and preventing the spread of the said virus.

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The world's first lockdown of this century was sparked by a number of nations beginning in March 2020, following the WHO's declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic. In the twenty-first century, there have been at least five pandemics: H1N1 in 2009, polio in 2014, Ebola in 2014, Zika (2016), and Ebola (the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 2019.11 Nevertheless, none of these have required an international lockdown (Onyeaka et al., 2021).

Reference:
Onyeaka, H. (2021, June 1). COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the global lockdown and its far-reaching effects. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00368504211019854

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the government of each countries decided to conduct a lockdown to prevent the cases of Covid 19. They did not able to prevent impact of Covid 19.

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World Health Organization declares coronavirus a pandemic | ABC News

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World Health Organization declares coronavirus a pandemic | ABC News

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On January 22, 2020, the Philippines' first suspected case was examined. As of March 1, 633 suspected cases have been recorded. The first two verified COVID-19 cases in the Philippines, who were both admitted to the national infectious disease referral hospital in Manila, are the subjects of our description of their clinical and epidemiological features.

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The Philippines faces different challenges in handling the situation as it spread faster in the community.

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Similar strategies, such as hand washing and cleanliness, social distancing, limiting big gatherings, improving general hygiene in healthcare institutions and homes, lockdown, and immunization with the necessary vaccines, can be used to avoid both the cholera and COVID-19 pandemics (BMC Infectious Diseases, 2024).

Both cholera and COVID-19 can quickly spread via contaminated water, surfaces, and person-to-person contact, emphasizing the need for stringent hygiene practices. Both epidemics necessitate coordinated public health responses, including surveillance, contact tracing, and vaccination campaigns, to curb transmission. Additionally, both diseases strain healthcare systems, causing hospital overloads and shortages of medical resources and personnel. Their global impact extends to economies, travel, and everyday life worldwide.

Reference:
BMC infectious diseases. (2024, February 24). BioMed Central. https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles

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Cholera is a diarrheal illness caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, usually contracted through contaminated food or water (Illness and Symptoms | Cholera | CDC, n.d.). This bacterium produces a toxin in the small intestine, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration (Cholera - Symptoms & Causes - Mayo Clinic, 2022). On the other hand, COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, primarily spreading through respiratory droplets from infected individuals, even those without symptoms (Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Symptoms and Causes - Mayo Clinic, 2024). While the mortality rate of untreated cholera can reach 50%, it remains significantly higher than even the highest estimates for COVID-19 mortality rates (COVID-19 COVID-19 vs. Previous Pandemics, n.d.).

References:
Cholera - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, December 9). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287#

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2024, February 21). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20is%20caused%20by,infected%20but%20has%20no%20symptoms.

COVID-19 vs. previous pandemics. (n.d.). Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/comparing-covid-19-with-previous-pandemics#The-many-returns-of-cholera

Illness and symptoms | Cholera | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/illness.html

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Philippines faces worst COVID-19 crisis in Southeast Asia

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Philippines faces worst COVID-19 crisis in Southeast Asia