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Add one local, one regional and one national strategy as well as a pan-regional strategy to this padlet with a summary and image. Colour code the box to identify if they are retreat (blue), accommodate (green) or protect (yellow) strategies

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There are some page numbers here to help you find some examples

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Freya and Finn - Resilience against heavy storm events (Germany) and Desalination for water supply (Spain)

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Freya and Finn - Resilience against heavy storm events (Germany) and Desalination for water supply (Spain)

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#1 Resilience against heavy storm events (Germany/ National)

The Black Forest area in Germany. Forest management strategies have been developed  to increase the capacity of the forests to tackle on-going climate change and improve the areas resilience to heavy storm events.

Local stakeholders concerned about the effects of climate change on the area (changing climate will directly influence reproduction, mortality and growth of the forests, and will have different impacts on different tree species)L

In 1999, the 'Lothar' storm destroyed large productive  forest areas.

The project MOTIVE

(Models for AdapTIVE  Forest Management under Climate Change): simulation tool currently used to examine the effects of storms and climate change for several scenarios.

Allows them to evaluate management strategies that  were developed in close collaboration with local stakeholders.

The Bavarian government's Climate Change  Programme 2020:  encompasses several ecosystem-based initiatives.

Reduces greenhouse gas emissions + aims to enable areas that are particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change to best adapt to these impacts by 2020.

Trees can be altered based on height and location in order to be most residence against serious storms.

To implement the adaptation component of the Bavarian Programme, EUR 84.7 m was made available from German national funds for the  period from 2008 to 2011, of which EUR 7.5 m  is reserved for mountain forest protection and EUR 15 m for the forest redevelopment  programme.

An addition EUR 350 m has been  provided for the next four years to specifically address the conditions in Bavaria with tailored  measures that address the fields for example;  water, forests and forestry, agriculture, and health.

#2 Desalination for water supply (Barcelona/ Regional)

The aims of this is to respond to water scarcity and droughts by increasing water supply.

The droughts that have occurred have been “coped” with through boat imports.

The desalination process is energy intensive and expensive, so countries try and find other alternatives in order to make potable water.

However, with few choices, Spain constricted a desalination plant following am extended drought.

This plant can deal with 200 000m3/ day and has been fully functional for 20% of Barcelona’s drinking needs since July 2009.

Named “desalination plant of the year in 2010”

The project has received funds from Generalitat e Catalunya and Barcelona county as well financial assistance from the EU Cohesion Fund. In 2012, the plant was privatised and is now managed and operated by ACCIONASA (Spain) and BTG Actual (Brazil).

This is an example of a “grey action” due to technological and engineering solutions.

This is an example of an “accommodate” strategy as they are accommodating for the drought.

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This is an image of the wetlands a decade on from the start of the project, where the 'Green Corridor' goal had been exceeded

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Restoring the Danube River Wetlands:

This is a green action, designed to try to retore the floodplains of the Danube in Austria. The reduction of the wetland area of the Danube has in turn caused the risk of flooding and pollution in the area to increase significantly. The total floodplain of the Danube has been reduced by 68%, therefore efforts to restore the area are necessary and vital to the landscape, and to reduce the risk of further climate change implications.

Since 2000, WWF secured an agreement to restore an area of 2236km2 of floodplain, and to form a 9000km Lower Danube Green Corridor. This area is designed to reduce flood risk, improve biodiversity, and improve water quality.

This is a national scale, green action, that will in turn help to adapt to climate change, as the restoration of these floodplains should reduce flooding in the local area, and also serve other ecological benefits for local biodiversity. Furthermore, 19% of the areas that are proposed to be restored were said to have a 'very high' restoration potential, meaning that the task in some areas is simple, and also will be very meaningful

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Swedish forestry companies are proposing varying adaptation measures including :

Use of new plant material to adapt to increased temperatures and changing hydrological regimes

Adjusted silvicultural and management programmes including shorter rotation and harvest periods to reduce impacts from storms

Improved forest roads

Development of forestry machinery that can operate on non-frozen waterlogged ground

However, currently there are very few adaptation measures to mitigate the increasing threat of forest fires

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An example of a forest that has adequate tree density to prevent fast spreading of a wildfire

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Drought resistant species, Spain - Remi & Jake

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Drought resistant species, Spain - Remi & Jake

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The Spanish program for drought resistant tree species is a national level accommodation strategy. The strategy was developed to enhance the resilience of trees / plants to climate change, in particular to droughts. Furthermore this is a 'green strategy' as it is using nature to improve forests / ecosystems within them.

One way the Spanish government aims to reduce vulnerability of plants to droughts is by implementing reforestation programs that feature a variety of tree species. Having forests consisting of multiple species means that if a disease affecting a specific tree species arises due to a drought, then the other species will not be affected.

Increasing temperatures & drier conditions are factors that will likely contribute to an increased number of forest/wild fires. To try and reduce the impact of this the government have taken a number of steps such as ; ensuring forests are not too dense to limit spreading, improving fire-fighting technology/techniques and appropriate selection of trees that are more resistant to the fires.

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The European Joint Research Centre, where the EFAS and EDO were developed.

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Pan-European early warning systems for forest fires, floods and droughts - Duncan and Ben

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Pan-European early warning systems for forest fires, floods and droughts - Duncan and Ben

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This adaptation technique is a 'soft-strategy', aiming at increasing the preparedness of communities for these weather hazard events. The Pan-European early warning system is also an example of an accommodative adaptation strategy as the system allows people to accept, prepare and adjust their daily lives to the impacts of climate change.

The Pan-European involves the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS), the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) and the European Drought Observatory (EDO).

The EFFIS provides the European Commission services and European Parliament with up-to-date information about wildfires in European. This enables affected countries to be given up to a week's notice of potential danger from forest fire, enabling communities to prepare and, if necessary, evacuate, in order to limit loss of life. and infrastructure.

The EFAS was developed at the Joint Research Centre and provides flood warnings across Europe up to 10 days in advance as well as an overview of ongoing and forecast floods and useful information for preparation and management of aid during a flood crisis. This again enables communities across Europe to prepare for such an event.

The EDO was also developed at the Joint Research Centre and provides Europe-wide drought indicators based on precipitation, soil moisture, and photosynthetic activity of vegetation cover, and up to 7 day forecasts of developments in soil moisture levels. This early warning enables communities across Europe to prepare for drought, by, for example, conserving water, so that the impacts of the vent are less severe.

The benefits of a single Pan-European system include that countries get an 'extra layer' of warning from a supranational body, as well as from their own authorities and also that the impacts of multilateral hazards can be predicted across the entire effected area, rather than in individual countries. This can help to make predictions more reliable on a continental scale.

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Restoring the lower Danube wetlands to manage flood risks (Local/Regional) - Ben & Duncan

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Restoring the lower Danube wetlands to manage flood risks (Local/Regional) - Ben & Duncan

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AIM - Manage flood risks and related pollution issues.

In 2000, WWF secured agreement to restore 2 236 km2 of floodplain to form a 9 000 km Lower Danube 'Green Corridor'. This corridor is intended to attenuate floods, restore biodiversity, improve water quality, and enhance local livelihoods.

The protection and restoration of existing floodplains is vitally important and must take into account the highly dynamic characteristics of the river and wider ecosystem.

Restoration of the pilot plots has seen a diversification in local employment to fishing, tourism, reed harvesting, and livestock grazing on seasonal pastures.

Before the restoration, the 2005 flood cost EUR 396 m in damages. - Restoration of the 37 sites that make up the Lower Danube Green Corridor will cost an estimated EUR 183 m, but will likely generate additional ecosystem services worth EUR 85.6 m per year.

Following restoration, the number of resident breeding bird species increased from 34 to 72. - Highlighting the success of the scheme.

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natural peatland coverage has decreased drastically over recent decades, however new initiatives to adapt peatlands to modern climates have allowed for peatland area coverage to increase once again

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Restoration of peatlands - Tom, James and Fraser 

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Restoration of peatlands - Tom, James and Fraser 

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In their natural state, peatlands constitute an important reservoir of natural diversity, act as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and are an important long-term carbon store in the terrestrial biosphere.

Since the mid-1950s, large-scale mechanical exploitation of the larger raised bogs in Ireland has resulted in a decline of these important functions. In particular, so-called industrial cutaway peatlands release significant quantities of carbon dioxide
to the atmosphere annually.

About 40 % of Irish peatlands could disappear by 2075, with a subsequent diminution of the biodiversity and carbon pool functions they provide, along with the loss of cultural and landscape-related services.

Active restoration of industrial cutaway peatlands has proven a successful response to their degradation as a result of energy exploitation.

The original policy of Bord na Móna, the Irish
Peat Board, was to plant harvested peatland with grassland or trees (coniferous and hardwood forestry). However, it quickly realised that a more integrated land use plan was needed, given the variable nature of the soil structure and drainage characteristics of these degraded peatlands.

The Lough Boora Parklands in County Offaly initially had over 2000 hectares of cutaway, of which about one quarter were not suitable for commercial use (agriculture and forestry), and is a showcase example of this sort of mixed redevelopment.

With an estimated 90000 ha of industrial cutaway peatlands left to be managed in Ireland, practical rehabilitation measures are invaluable options for the restoration of such lands against the background of climate mitigation and adaptation.

Active restoration measures to facilitate natural ecological regeneration commonly include 'rewetting' of areas through blockage of previously-installed drainage systems. It may
also involve the removal of recent tree growth (implying increased evapotranspiration and thus water abstraction) to prevent subsequent drying out of the peatland.

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A Danish Forest that is protected against over-felling of trees as per the Pan-European forest management scheme

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Sustainable forest management, Pan-European Jake and Remi

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Sustainable forest management, Pan-European Jake and Remi

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This sustainable forest management program is a Pan-European adaptation strategy aimed at increasing the coping capacity of forests. It is a combination of an accommodation strategy and a 'green' action as it aims to use nature in the adaptation & mitigation of future climate change.

Public forests dominate in the central, east, and south-eastern part of Europe (where they make up more than 80 % of the forested area), whereas the average percentage of publicly-owned forests in western Europe is around 30 %

Several studies indicate that private forests provide more market-based goods such as timber, while public land produces relatively more energy wood, as well as multiple-use goods and services such as recreation, and provision of drinking water