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On November 6 1860, a Republican named Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. He defeated John Bell and Douglas.

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On December 20 of 1860, South Carolina announced that they would be seceding from the Union. This was heavily influenced by the election of Abraham Lincoln.

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Jefferson Davis becomes President of Confederate States 

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Jefferson Davis becomes President of Confederate States 

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On February 22 of 1862, Jefferson Davis became President of the Confederate States of America. He becomes an important figure in the Civil War.

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Angered by South Carolina succeeding, the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter, only stopping through the night just to continue into the next morning. Those who were defending the base were few and their food supplies were limited, so a surrender was soon. So on April 13, 1861 the American flag hanging from Fort Sumter was replaced with a white flag and those who were defending the base and the Confederates came to an agreement with some terms. The casualties of this event was only one dead, and one injured both during the 100 gun salute.

MLA Citation

Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Battle of Fort Sumter." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1300626. Accessed 28 Jan. 2025.

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On May 18 1863, a battle would break out leaving the Confederate army with many casualties. Totaling to about 32,000 casualties, the Confederates took a lot more casualties than the Union army's 4,000. May 18 was the day that Union general Ulysses S. Grant ordered his army to go to Vicksburg. This was to gain a strategic point near the Mississippi River, and to make sure the Confederates didn't gain it. The Confederate army eventually surrendered, causing a Union victory and the Union gaining a massive vantage point.

"Vicksburg Campaign." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/291025. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.

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On July 21 1861 , people on the Union sat down for a picnic, ready to watch an easy surprise attack win for the Union on the Confederate army. To their surprise, the Confederate army was ready for this attack, and started the first battle of Bull Run. People watching had to flee before the battle caught up to them. 900 people had died and left 2,700 injured.

Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler. "First Battle of Bull Run." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/276438. Accessed 28 Jan. 2025.

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The second Battle of the Civil War, was the Second Battle of Bull Run. The second Battle of Bull Run, resulted in about 16,000 Union casualties and about 9,000 Confederate casualties. The Battle lasted until August 30, 1862 and resulted in a Confederate victory. Robert E. Lee sent Stonewall Jackson to watch the Army of Virginia led by General John Pope. Pope wanted to merge his army to make a giant army with over 100,000 soldiers, so Stonewall reported back to Lee. Lee knew he had to stop this, so they went to battle.

Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Second Battle of Bull Run." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/290157. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.

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Robert E Lee led his Army into Maryland.He wanted to invade the north for supplies and to convert Southerners. Lee's plans were soon stopped, due to a careless Confederate officer who dropped all the locations and attacks of Lee's plans. The paper was taken to a Union general, but took so long to plan a counterattack, that Lee's forces had a change to prepare. About 60,000 Union soldiers attacked 30,000 Confederate soldiers, but the Confederates held their ground. Both sides lost about 50% of their men and is known as the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.

"Battle of Antietam." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/253190. Accessed 28 Jan. 2025.

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Lasting until May 7 1864, the Battle of the Wilderness lasted two days and resulted in a neither side winning. The Union suffered more casualties than the Confederates this time, with them suffering about 18,000 casualties while the Confederates only had about 11,000. The Battle of the Wilderness started due to the Union Army (led by William T. Sherman) trying to stop the Confederate army from advancing towards Georgia. Neither side won due to all the casualties and losses on both sides..

Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Battle of the Wilderness." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/252727. Accessed 9 Feb. 2025.

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On May 31st 1864, a battle would start that would leave both sides of the War with many casualties. Lasting through June 12 1864, The Battle Of Cold Harbor left both the Confederate and Union Army with about 23,000 casualties. Ulysses S. Grant's plan to surround Lee's army backfired, causing the Battle of Cold Harbor

Loosbrock, Richard D. "Battle of Cold Harbor." American History, ABC-CLIO, 2025, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1878798. Accessed 7 Feb. 2025.

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On April 9 1865, Confederate General Robert Edward Lee announces his surrender. Robert E. Lee eventually surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant.