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After years of white minority rule, Zimbabwe gains independence under Black leadership. Shows how settler colonialism resisted change longer than other forms.

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Enlightment Thinking and Early Imperial ideology (1789-1830)

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Enlightment Thinking and Early Imperial ideology (1789-1830)

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1890 British South  Company Colonizes Zimbabwe and Zambia

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1890 British South  Company Colonizes Zimbabwe and Zambia

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Private companies helped expand empire, often using brutal methods. This shows how profit and racism worked together.

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1840-1860 Rise of Britains cotton industry

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1840-1860 Rise of Britains cotton industry

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Britains factories needed cheap cotton, which came from slave plantations (south US). This created a strong link between colonialism, slavery and industrial growth.

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Thinkers like Robert Knox and Arthur de Gobineau claimed that races were unequal by nature. These ideas were used to justify colonial rule

Social Darwinism: Charles Darwin published the origin of species (1859)

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The canal made trade faster and cheaper. Egypt became a key location for Britain’s empire, showing how industrial needs shaped colonial strategy.

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1896 Battle of Adwa: Ethiopia defeats Italy

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1896 Battle of Adwa: Ethiopia defeats Italy

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A rare African victory against European colonization, inspiring future anti-colonial movements.

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1904-1905 German Genocide of Herero and Nama peoples 

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1904-1905 German Genocide of Herero and Nama peoples 

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Germany used racial theories to justify mass killings. This violence was part of a larger European pattern that influenced later genocides like the Holocaust.

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Total European (french) control over North Africa.

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Britain combined its colonies into a white-led government. Black South Africans were excluded, showing how colonialism created systems of racial inequality.

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Colonial trupes and reasources are being used in european conlicts which means they need more political forces. The imperial need of yheir colonies gets more clear.

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Britain claimed it was helping Egypt modernize, but it really wanted control over trade and resources. This could also be seen as an exapmle of civilizing mission being used to justefy imperialism.

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European countries met to divide Africa among themselves. No Africans were invited. This shows how Europe saw Africa as a resource to be used, not as a group of independent societies.

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1919 Treaty of versaille and League of Nations mandate

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1919 Treaty of versaille and League of Nations mandate

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European powers took more African land after WWI, claiming they were helping “develop” these regions. This continued the civilizing mission in a new form.

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1980 Aparthied intensifies in South Africa

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1980 Aparthied intensifies in South Africa

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South Africa’s white government enforces racial segregation. This system was built on colonial ideas of racial superiority.

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Introduces enlightment ideas- truth, nature, reason- these ideas were later used to jusify colonialism. Europeans claimed they were civilizing others by spreading these ideas.

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White produced the first extensively motivated and illustrated hierarchy of race, placing the European above all other races.

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This shifted colonial focus from slave trading to resource extraction and missionary work, especially in west africa.

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1815 Congress if vienna reaffirms Colonial holdig

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1815 Congress if vienna reaffirms Colonial holdig

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European powers consolidate control after Napoleonic Wars, reinforcing imperial legitimacy.

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France used Enlightenment ideas to claim it was bringing progress to Algeria. But in reality, it used violence and racism to take control

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1948 congress of Europe Promotes Eurafrica

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1948 congress of Europe Promotes Eurafrica

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European leaders saw Africa as key to rebuilding Europe after WWII. They wanted to use African resources to stay powerful

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Lord Salisbury’s Speech: British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury stated that nations could be divided into “the living and the dying” and that the living nations would “fraudulently encroach on the territory of the dying”.

This view affirmed the conviction that imperialism is a biologically necessary process that leads to the inevitable destruction of the lower races.

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NATO’s Article 6 specifically incorporated French Algeria at France’s ultimatum, viewing it as a vital “base for defensive action as well as for purposes of retreat”. The Schuman Declaration (1950) stated that developing Africa was one of Europe’s “essential tasks”.

The colonial question figured prominently on the agendas of practically all postwar European organizations. The Strasbourg Plan (1952) sought joint investments to solve Western Europe’s chronic dollar deficit, aiming to create a “third economic group” outside the Communist and dollar areas.

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1990 Namibia gains independence from South Africa

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1990 Namibia gains independence from South Africa

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One of the last African countries to decolonize. Shows how Cold War politics delayed freedom.

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Africa was officially included in Europe’s plans for unity and economic growth. This shows how colonialism was built into European integration.

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Proposes joint invetsments in africa and aimes to solve Europes dollar shrotage by exploting African resources.

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African colonies were tied to Europe’s economy. Eurafrica became a way to keep colonial benefits while presenting it as partnership.

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1994 End of Aparthied: Nelson Mandela becomes president of South Africa

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1994 End of Aparthied: Nelson Mandela becomes president of South Africa

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Final collapse of european style colonial rule in Africa. Mandelas election symbolizes the end of a long struggle against racism and imperialism.

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1957 Ghana becomes independant from britain

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1957 Ghana becomes independant from britain

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First sub-Saharan African country to gain independence. Led by Kwame Nkrumah, who criticized colonialism and called for African unity.

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1960 17 African countries gain independence

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1960 17 African countries gain independence

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Marks a turning point. European powers lose control rapidly, especially France and Belgium. But many new governments still rely on old colonial structures.

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1960 17 African countries gain independence

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One of the bloodiest decolonization wars. France used torture and mass violence. The war exposed the brutality behind the “civilizing mission”

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1964 Zambia and Malawi gain independence from britain 

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1964 Zambia and Malawi gain independence from britain 

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Shows how British colonies in southern Africa began to break away, though white settler rule remained strong in nearby Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).

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1975 Angola and Mozambique gain independence from portugal

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1975 Angola and Mozambique gain independence from portugal

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Portugal was the last major European power to decolonize. These countries immediately fell into civil wars, worsened by Cold War rivalries.