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With the advancement of technology, more people are prone to facing cyber threats. For example, Izzah began to be radicalised in 2013 by online propaganda related to the terrorist grouping Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Transnational terrorism arises when terrorists take advantage of these conditions of globalisation and attack beyond their country's borders to achieve their objectives and operations. With advanced communications and digital technologies, terrorist groups are able to communicate their objectives, as well as organise and coordinate their operations globally. For example, Al-Qaeda used the idea of a global “holy war” to encourage extremist Islamic groups in different countries to engage in terrorism. Governments, organisations and individuals in advanced countries face a higher risk of cyber threats as greater proportions of their activities are conducted online. For example, hackers have stole personal information of 1.5 million SingHealth patients.

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Adalyn, Caroline, Edlysia, Rachel, Zhiqi 

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Adalyn, Caroline, Edlysia, Rachel, Zhiqi 

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Countries are vulnerable to cyber threats as a big part of their activities and data are stored online, and the data belongs to the citizens of the nation and may be personal data that cyber attackers can use to their advantage and exploit. This compromises the safety and security of the country.

Individuals are also vulnerable to cyber threats, as they may fall prey to malicious sources posted to employ more people to join terrorist organisations, such as propaganda. The propaganda can lead the individual to be influenced to join the terrorist organisation’s purpose, which not only endangers the person who encounters the cyber attack but also their family and loved ones.

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Countries:

Due to countries being responsible for their people's personal information online, it would make it easier for hackers and scammers to get this big sum of information through soley hacking the Government's database. Less-developed countries are more likely to lack the resources and security to protect themselves against cyber threats.

Individuals:

From the increased usage of technology in the present, this would cause more individuals to be exposed to cyber threats like scams, spreading of misinformation, and the hacking of bank details. Furthermore, people who lack awareness of these threats and are more vulnerable, like the elderly or children, would contribute to larger amount of successful cyber attacks.

Therefore, both countries and individuals are equally vulnerable to cyber threats due to limited security and not being educated enough on cyber threats and the severity of their attacks.

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With the advancement of technology and an increase in globalisation, information can be passed easily through the internet. In these case studies, the suspects have been radicalised after encountering such topics online. Individuals can be easily swayed by the sheer amount of propaganda posted on the internet by these radical communities.

Countries are vulnerable due to the fact that everyone's personal information is on a database, including high ranking officials such as PM Lee. Although it is highly protected due to privacy, it is still one database and once breached, could threaten millions of people and their identity.

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In Singapore's worst cyber attack, hackers have stolen the personal particulars of 1.5 million patients. Of these, 160,000 people, including Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and a few ministers, had their outpatient prescriptions stolen as well. The hackers infiltrated the computers of SingHealth, Singapore's largest group of healthcare institutions with four hospitals, five national speciality centres and eight polyclinics. Their non-medical personal data that was illegally accessed and copied included their names, IC numbers, addresses, gender, race and dates of birth. Initial investigations showed that one SingHealth front-end workstation was infected with malware through which the hackers gained access to the data base. The data theft happened between June 27, 2018, and July 4, 2018.

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Based on the article, people and countries are likely to face transnational security threats as terrorists take advantage of these conditions of globalisation and attack beyond their country's borders to achieve their objectives and operations. For example, the Ulu Tiram attack. Transnational terrorist groups also take advantage of the globalised world to make their objectives known to the rest of the world. For example, a woman in Singapore was detained under the Internal Security Act due to self-radicalisation by exposing herself to propaganda on the internet.

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In this day and age, the usage of technology is inevitable. Not only that, technology is always evolving which exposes everybody to cyber threats and attacks. Moreover, developed countries are prone to these cybersecurity issues due to a larger proportion of the country’s activities being conducted through online services. This brings about bad implications to the community and country. An example would be the 1.5m SingHealth information that was stolen in a cyber attack. These affects the privacy of individuals as their data is lost to hackers who may have malicious intents when dealing with the information the hackers got from infiltrating the system. This results unease in individuals as people who may have access to their personal data may impersonate them.

In the example of the detention of a radicalised Singaporean, her strong ideology of cyber space by online propaganda resulted in her radical beliefs to join ISIS in Syria. If she were to return back to Singapore, this would instil fear and cause unrest amongst the community.

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The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) was established in 2015 as the national agency to oversee and coordinate all aspects of cybersecurity for the nation.

Singapore's goals and approach to become a more cyber-resilient nation is outlined in The Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy 2021 document. Broadly, the Strategy outlines Singapore's plans to protect its cyberspace:

Build resilient infrastructure

Enable a safer cyberspace

Enhance international cyber cooperation

Protecting Singapore's

Critical Information

Infrastructure (CIl) through strengthening the security and resilience of our digital systems and networks that support the delivery of essential services.

Develop a vibrant

cybersecurity ecosystem

Raising the general level of cybersecurity for businesses and individuals through securing our core digital infrastructure and driving outreach programmes.

Enhancing international cyber cooperation through contributing to international efforts to fight cross-border cyber threats.

Grow a robust cyber talent pipeline

Developing a vibrant cybersecurity ecosystem through innovating solutions for national cybersecurity.

Developing and sustaining a strong cybersecurity workforce to meet our security and economic Needs

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Individuals need to exercise vigilance and keep a look out for self-radicalised individuals. One way of noticing whether someone is self-radicalised, is whether they watch violent videos, which could cause violent thoughts. Individuals must also be aware of what is morally right and not fall prey to violent extremist materials online. By exercising vigilance and awareness, less individuals would become self-radicalised

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ashlynn , shannon , charlyn , shyne , heidi 

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ashlynn , shannon , charlyn , shyne , heidi 

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strategy : by sharing information about threats or by participating in international counter-terrorism cooperation

example :

1.The 12th ASEAN defence ministers meeting in 2018 , the defence ministers adopted the “Our Eyes” Initiatuves to enhance strategic information-sharing on terrorism and radicalism.

2.INTERPOL

OC:

1. countries are able to respond swiftly during terrorist incidents

2. Asia-pacific regions can work together and encourage the transfer of intelligence concerning the terrorist activities

3. There is a more secure network

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Singapore chairs an Open Ended Working Group, an international team within the UN, to look at the use of information and communication. The hope is that this group will help implement international norms on responsible cyber behaviour, helping to increase knowledge in tackling cyber issues globally as countries cooperate to come up with solutions in response to such cyber security threats. Another example, The Asia Pacific Computer Emergency Response Team is an organisation in the Asia-Pacific region that promotes regional cooperation on information security. It also facilitates sharing on cyber threat data among countries in the region. APCERT maintains a cooperative network and facilitates info sharing and technology exchange to promote collaborative research and development on subjects of interest to its members. This improves the region’s awareness and competency in responding to cybersecurity challenges so as to be able to handle issues and be more responsive towards cyber threats easily.

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Individuals can make sure they use very strong passwords for all their accounts, such as making sure the password contains a mix of characters and numbers so it is not easy to hack. They should also ignore spam messages to protect private information and confirm the source before spreading news so that others wont be misguided

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Adalyn, Caroline, Edlysia, Rachel, Zhiqi

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Adalyn, Caroline, Edlysia, Rachel, Zhiqi

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Strategies among countries to manage the threat of transnational terrorism:

Strategy 1

1. Setting up of the International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL)

international government organisation with 195 member countries, aimed towards improving the safety of the world.

has a sub-unit called Regional Counter-Terrorism Node, which had a Singaporean police officer appointed to lead the sub-unit of police units in the Asia-Pacific region to work together

This encourages the transfer of intelligence within the region regarding terrorist activities.

Outcome: The countries are able to receive timely information regarding terrorist activities, even if the terrorist is not targeting their country, so they have more time to prepare their forces against the terrorist. This increases chances of the region being able to capture the terrorist, and hence ensure the safety of the countries in that region.

Strategy 2

2. Meeting of Defense Ministers in ASEAN

in 2018, the defense ministers of ASEAN countries assembled to agree to adopt the “Our Eyes” initiative

this is to enhance strategic information-sharing among the ASEAN countries regarding terrorism and radicalism so the countries are all able to respond faster during terrorist incidents.

Outcome: The countries can receive an increased amount of information about any terorism activity in their region, The ASEAN countries can then strengthen regional counter-terrorism cooperation and ensure the safety of the region.

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kymberly, megan, melody, jolene, elizabeth

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kymberly, megan, melody, jolene, elizabeth

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Governments around the world have taken border-management measures to proactively prevent potential terrorist attacks from occurring within the country. Examples of this re technological innovations that are installed at land and sea borders, such as:

body and baggage scanners

X-ray imaging equipment

infrared sensors

heat-sensing and security cameras

With advancements in digital technology, countries are able to mitigate the risk of identity fraud by using biometric data to ascertain the identity of individuals at land, sea or air checkpoints. Biometric data could include:

facial features

fingerprints

iris patterns

The Internal Security Act (ISA) is a law that enables the Singapore government to act decisively and swiftly against dangers to the security of Singapore and its people. For example, the ISA allows:

the Internal Security Department (ISD) to investigate security threats like terrorism and acts of violence or hatred using race or religion; and

authorities to impose preventative detention against individuals who pose a security threat to Singapore.