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Japan launches a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, bringing the United States into World War II. This event marks the beginning of Japan's aggressive expansion in the Pacific, which would soon threaten Australia.

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British forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese, marking a significant turning point in the Pacific War. This defeat leaves Australia vulnerable to attack and intensifies fears of Japanese invasion.

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Japanese forces conduct the first air raid on Australian soil, bombing Darwin. This attack brings the war directly to Australia's shores and marks the beginning of a series of bombings on the Australian mainland.

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Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia

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Japanese midget submarines infiltrate Sydney Harbour, attacking Allied warships. While causing limited damage, this bold raid increases Australian fears of invasion and highlights the country's vulnerability.

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The first battle in naval history where aircraft carriers engaged each other without the ships ever sighting one another. This battle, fought between Allied (including Australian) and Japanese forces, halts the Japanese advance towards Australia via the sea.

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July-November 1942: Kokoda Track Campaign

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July-November 1942: Kokoda Track Campaign

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Australian forces fight a series of battles against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track in Papua New Guinea. This campaign is crucial in preventing Japanese forces from capturing Port Moresby and potentially using it as a base for attacks on Australia.

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August 1942-February 1943: Guadalcanal Campaign

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August 1942-February 1943: Guadalcanal Campaign

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Allied forces, including Australians, launch their first major offensive against Japan, fighting for control of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. This marks a turning point in the Pacific War, halting Japanese expansion and beginning their gradual retreat.

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1 July 1942: Establishment of the Brisbane Line

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1 July 1942: Establishment of the Brisbane Line

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Although never officially adopted, the 'Brisbane Line' was a controversial defense proposal to concede northern Australia in the event of a Japanese invasion. This concept highlights the perceived threat to Australia and the strategic decisions being considered.