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Home of Francis Pegahmagabow. Francis is one of the most decorated Indigenous soldiers in Canada. He was awarded the Military Medal with 2 bars during the First World War. He started as a runner and survived the first chlorine gas attack at the 2nd battle of Yrpes. Francis then became the chief of his First Nations after the war ended. He also helped found the Assembly of First Nations in Canada. Francis passed away in his home town.

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Vimy Ridge Memorial, Ferguson Street, North Bay, ON

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Vimy Ridge continues to be Canada's most celebrated military victoy where many soldiers died and fought or their country. The British and the French had tried to take Vimy Ridge from the German Army for 3 years. Led by Arthur Currie, 100 000 Canadian soldiers fought together for the 1st time. Canada was able to take over the Ridge in 3 days, by simply tricking the Germans into thinking that they had a whole army outside of the tunnels waiting to attack. The Vimy Ridge memorial to Canadian soldiers stands on the Ridge in France today. The Ridge honours 11 285 soldiers that lost their lives in France throughout the war.

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In the 1920s, the prohibition made alcohol illegal in everywhere in Canada except for Montreal. Montreal then became the largest port in Canada and the liquor sales/tax associated with the liquor sales was great for the economy. Along with this came lots of tourists and crime, like bootleggers and their cirminal bosses. The law enforcement system became corrupted because the criminals were making money and paying off the law to keep it a secret.

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Following WW1 Canadas economy was in shambles. There were very little jobs and the ones that existed were low pay and had terrible working conditions. In May 1919 the workers decided to go on a General Strike in Winnipeg. The strike lasted for over a month. The government feared that it was going to turn into a communist revolution like in Russia. This is when they sent in RCMP which led to violence where 2 protestors were killed and many more were hurt.

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Canada was industrialzing very rapidly in the 20th century when oil became a neccesity. The discovery of oil in Alberta was very important for their economy. Calgary exploded in population and became the first "Boom Town". In other words it experienced a sudden growth in business and population due to the oil. After this other places like Edmonton, Red Deer, and Medicine Hat followed. Canada continues to be the 5th largest oil exporter in the world.

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Vancouver had the largest dry-dock in Canada for ship building. Vancouver's shipyards played a major role in the allied victory, as they produced almost half of the cargo ships that were built in Canada during WW2. These ships replaced the ships in which were sunken by German submarines. There were also over 1000 women in Vancouver alone women working in the industry. Vancouver is also known for the Komagata Maru incident. It was a ship filled with nearly 400 people from India that arrived in Vancouver and were denied access into Canada. This is a dark chapter of Canadas past as it shows the racist motives that the government had during this time. They created impossible rules like the “ continuous journey regulation” to stop immigrants from coming to Canada.

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Hawker Hurricane 5389 was a Hurricane Airplane built in Thunder Bay, ON during WW2. After this many more Hurricane planes were built, which would be overseen by Elsie MacGill. She was the first woman in Canada to earn a master's degree aeronautical engineering. She was known for overseeing the rapid production of the aircraft.

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Omaha Beach was a landing area used by allied forces in the WW2 D-Day invasion. It was the most defended beach that was landed on during D-Day, and casualties were higher than any of the other beaches. About 1100 Canadian soldiers died during battle and about 2400 soldiers in total. Today some of the German bunkers remain on the beach

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One of the five beaches of the allied invasion of German occupied France in WW2. Canadian soliders attacked Juno Beach on D-Day and they suffered over 1000 losses on the first day. Canada successfully captured thier shoreline positions on the beach and were able to get the farthest out of any of the 155 000 allied troops.

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Specifically Holland. The Netherlands play an important role in the creation of Liberation Day. It is a public holiday held on May 5 in the Netherlands, that marks the end of German occuptation of the country in WW2. Canada and other allies forced Germany to surrender.

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Treaty 10 was signed. Many Indigenous people in the North did not want to live on reserve and just wanted to live sperately. They also wanted to be able to hunt, fish, and trap. They were given 1 sqaure mile per family of 5 on resevre, and 160 acres for those who chose not to live there. They were given the rights to hunt, fish, and trap, but the governments needs came first. They offered assistance with education and agriculture

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Treaty 11 was signed. In exchange for their land, Indigenous people wanted money, supplies, reserve land, education, etc. Each group was to receive 10 axes, 5 hand-saws, 5 augers, 1 grindstone and files and whetstones to keep the equipment sharp. They also recieved $50 worth of equipment for hunting and fishing. The gratuities stayed the same as those in Treaty 9, as well as agreements related to education.

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Treaty 9 was signed. The purpose of the treaty was to capture the interests of the Indigenous people so that the Europeans could expand their settlement. Indigenous people wanted the creation of reserves, education, and hunting, fishing, and trapping rights. The Indigenous people received a one time lump sum payment of $8, and treaty annuities were $4 each person. The costs of schools were covered, educational equipment was given, and the salaries of teachers were provided. Reserve lands were set aside to provide 1 square mile per family of 5, but they had to promise not to sell the land. Hunting, trapping, and fishing could continue to happen as long as it did not interfere with trading, settlements, or mining.

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Treaty 8 was signed. Indigenous people wnated their old and poor to be taken care of, medical care, and that the Europeans would not interfere with their way of life. The reserve land promises stayed the exact same as those in Treaty 7 except that if they preferred to live in smaller groups, families or individuals could be granted 160 acres of land away from reserve. Agricultural implements and livestock were provided to those who wanted to ranch

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Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, Wheatland County, AB

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Treaty 7 was signed. The Indigenous people wanted to continue to be able hunt and fish, and to be given support to ranch and farm as well. They also discussed annual payments, reserve land, and education. Each group received reserve lands allowing for 1 square mile per family of 5 (the land amount differed if the family was . $12 would be given to every man, woman, and child, $25 to the chiefs, $15 to minor chiefs, and $5 to all others. The government also agreed to paying teachers salaries on reserves, and providing tool such as ammunition, axes, and handsaws.

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK

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Treaty 6 was signed. Treaty 6 is much better than Treaty 5 and has the most valuable promises of the first 6 treaties. Indigenous people were provided with an annual payment of $25 for the chief, $15 per headman, and $5 for all other band members. They also got 2.5km squared of land per family of 5, and schools were to be established on the reserves. They also recieved $1500 worth of twine and ammunition and agricultural tools, livestock, horses, and wagons. There was a medicine chest stored at the house of the Indian agent, and they had the right to hunt and fish.

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Treaty 5 was signed. The Indigenous people had a more difficult time signing this treaty as the promises made were not as good as the others. Since the lands around Lake Winnipeg were not as valuable, the commisioner only offered a one time payment of $5 to the people and only offered 160 acres of land (same as Treaty 1 and 2). The Indigenous people surrendered their land in exchange for reserve land in order to hunt, fish, and trap. The government took away the rights for people to use this land for development, and also promised to upkeep schools on reserve.

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Northwest Angle 33B, Kenora District, ON

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Treaty 3 was signed. The Saulteaux peoples gave up land in exchange for Indigenous rights to hunting, fishing, and natural resources on the reserve lands. They recieved a one time payment of $12 per family of 5 and $5 a person. They were also provided with funding for farming tools. They were able to continue hunting and fishing unless the government required it for other purposes like public works and resource extraction. This was all in exchange for giving up their land, even though the Indigenous people only believed that they were sharing it.

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Treaty 2 was signed. After the Red River Resistance Manitoba was created, and the Metis people were concerned for their future children. They signed the treaty in hopes that their children would have a better future, and Canada agreed to give them 1.4 acres of land for these children. Each band would recieve a reserve large enough to 160 acres of land to each family of 5. Treaty 2 was very similar to Treaty 1 in terms of gratuities, schools on reserves, and the prohibition of liquor sales on reserves. They were not provided with agriculutral implements, clothing, or animals.

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Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB

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Treaty 1 was signed. The Indigenous people wanted a better life for their children, and to keep their traditional ways of life. They also asked for reservies in portions of 3 townships per person, as well as hunting grounds and timber lands. Each band received a reserve large enough to give 160 acres to each family of 5 (bigger or smaller if needed). Each man, woman, and child would be given a one time payment of $3 and a yearly payment of $15 for each family of 5. They would also recieve schools on the reserves, which meant an education for their children.

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Treaty 4 was signed. The Indigenous people were hesitant to sign the treaty as they did not trust the governments promises. They wanted to be included in land transfer negotiations, as their traditional territories were being sold. The Indigenous people also asked for $15 per person and to have their debts to the HBC cleared. Each family of 5 would also recieve 640 acres of land that they could sell back to the government. It also included many of the promises made in the other treaties (Treaty 3).

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Confederation conference was held here from October 10-27, 1864. Politicians from the 5 colonies gathered to discuss unifying into a single country. They decided the structure of parliament and the distributions of power between federal and provinical governments. The decisions made at the conferences were made into 72 resolutions, also known as the Quebec Resolutions. This led to the Confederation of Canada.

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In 1867 during confederation, Halifax was the 4th largest city in Canada. Halifax was and continues to be one of the most important Canadian commercial ports. It also served as a British army and navy base.

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The 1st Confederation Conference took place in Charlottetown from September 1-9, 1864. The conference was organized by Nova Scotia, Prince Edward, Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and New Brunswick to discuss the union of the provinces.

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Canadian Pacific Railway, Syndicate Avenue South, Thunder Bay, ON

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The CPR played a major role in the Confederation of Canada. The construction of the railway provided work, encouraged colonization, stopped American annexation, and allowed for better relationships across the country. It led to communication within the provinces and allowed for transportation of goods and people. It helped the economic growth of Canada and convinced provinces like BC to confederate.

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After the Metis were defeated during the Battle of Batoche, Louis Riel was imprisoned. He was then convicted of high treason and was executed. After this, around 5000 Metis people protested Riel's death in the streets of Quebec. They did this to fight against the Canadian Government and make a statement that they would not back down.

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Associated with a Conflict During North-West Resistance

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Associated with a Conflict During North-West Resistance

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Frog Lake was associated with a conflict between the Plains Cree and Canadian officals during the North-West Resistance in 1885. On April 2, Cree warriors rode to Frog Lake to demand food and when the Indian agent refused, they shot him. They also killed 9 settlers and 2 priests.

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Location of the 1st Series of the North-West Resistance

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Location of the 1st Series of the North-West Resistance

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Duck Lake was involved in the events leading up to the Battle of Batoche. It even accomodated the Northwest Mounted Police during the uprising of Louis Riel. On March 26 1885, the first series of the North-west Resistance took place in Duck Lake.

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Centre for Rupert's Land Studies, Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB

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From 1670 to 1870 Rupert's Land was the main domain of the HBC and was prime hunting grounds for the Fur Trade. It was a territory in British North America and made up the Hudson's Bay drainage basin. Rupert's Land was sold to Canada for $1.5 million and is the largest real estate transaction in Canada's history. The land eventually became Manitoba during the Manitoba Act.

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Red River Settlement Poles 1817 Memorial, West Pine Ridge, MB

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A settlement on the Red and Assiniboine rivers whos boundaries crossed parts of Manitoba and North Dakota. Louis Riel was born in the Red River Settlement on October 22, 1844.

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Between 1879 and 1883 Louis Riel spent time in the Montana terriroty. He became more in touch with his Metis culture, became an American citizen, got married, and taught at a Jesuit mission. During his time there Riel was asked by Gabriel Dumont to help the Metis people fight against the government.

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Loyalists Given Land Grants in New Brunswick

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Loyalists Given Land Grants in New Brunswick

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When America took control from Britian, many Loyalists (the people who still supported Britian) migrated to British North America during the American Revolutionary war. The Loyalists were given land grants upon arrival and New Brunswick was designated to them. More than 10 000 people had migrated and continued to migrate, which led to the creation of Upper Canada as well as New Brunswick.

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From the years 1755 to 1778, approximately 7000 Acadian people and families had been deported from the settlements around the Bay of Fundy. The Bay of Fundy was one of the main Acadian settlements. These were some of the first removals of the Acadians.

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This is where the Battle of Plains of Abraham took place in the 7 Years' War in North America. It was a battle between the British and the French & their Indigenous allies. British won the war and took over New France, and France gave all of Canada to the British. It is said that the battle also led to the American Revolution, the upcoming of the U.S, and the migration of Loyalists.

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Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area, West Nyack, NY, USA

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First Nation and Europeans fought over land during Fur Trade

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First Nation and Europeans fought over land during Fur Trade

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The valley was originally inhabited by the First Nation people, until the French arrived. First Nations and French fought over control of this area during the fur trade, which led to the Beaver Wars.

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Lake Champlain is the lake that Champlain founded on an expedition with his First Nation allies, and named it after himself. The lake was important during the Revolutionary War because it allowed movement from the colonies into Canada.

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Caused a war between First Nations and Europeans during Fur Trade

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Caused a war between First Nations and Europeans during Fur Trade

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The First Nation and Europeans fought over the land around Ohio River during the fur trade, which led to a war between them. The French wanted control over the beaver and animal population in this area and eventually they began killing too many of the animals. The First Nations were being taken advantage of and eventually got fed up with the French.

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Key role in travel, trade, and the upcoming of New France

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Key role in travel, trade, and the upcoming of New France

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The St. Lawrence River is about 1200km long and runs from Lake Ontario, past Montreal and Quebec, and to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The river was a gateway for the Europeans to get into North America and led to the development of New France. It played a big role in the travelling of European people during this time and also had a huge impact on the transporting of goods. The river allowed fishing and fur trade to flourish.

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Although the Acadians were not necessarily deported to Louisiana, a number of them were attracted to the area. The language and culture were very familiar to the Acadians and it is now known as "Cajun".

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Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia by Military Governer

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Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia by Military Governer

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Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia by the Nova Scotia military governer, Charles Lawrence, when Britian came into power. The Acadians refused to sign an oath of allegiance to Britian, so in July 1755 in Halifax, the Acadians were imprisoned and deported.

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Quebec was founded by Samuel De Champlain when the French made their way down to Canada. This was the first official settlement by the French and it grew as a fur trading post. Quebec was the most developed colony of New France and continues to hold great historical significance to Canada.

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World Trade Center, Manhattan, New York, NY, USA

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The World Trade Centre is where the tragedies of 9/11 took place.

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Auschwitz Poland is where the Jewish concentration camps were held in WW2.

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Washington D.C. is the location of the White House.

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Ottawa Ontario is the capital of Canada.

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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The site of Battle of Batoche.