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Why protect sacred sites?. Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority. (2015). https://www.aapant.org.au/sacred-sites/why-protect-sacred-sites#:~:text=They%20are%20important%20to%20all,based%20relationships%20in%20the%20land.

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Bush medicine refers to the traditional Aboriginal use of the Australian lands flora for the use of spiritual and physical healing. This type of healing is a holistic approach to wellness and healing as they believed that they mind and body are inseparable. Traditional healers have impressive knowledge that have been used to heal in many different ways. The Bunjalung Aboriginal people from New South Wale used crushed tea-tree leaves for a paste for wounds and as a brewing tea for throat ailments.

Traditional healing and medicine - cultural ways. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. (2022). https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/cultural-ways/traditional-healing-and-medicine/#:~:text=Present%20day%20practitioners%20of%20bush,including%20bush%20rubs%20and%20medicines.

What is Bush Medicine?. Bush Medijina. https://bushmedijina.com.au/pages/bush-medicine

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AFL began in 1858, created from the inspiration of an Aboriginal game known as Marngrook and Gaelic football. By the 1870s AFL was well established, forming friendly rivalries in communities. Since the game was founded, it has been Australia's most-watched sport, deeply rooting it in family tradition that gets passed through generations. This sport encourages team work, a healthy life-style as well as bringing and connecting the community together.

Zero Hanger. (2022). Reasons why AFL is popular in Australia and beyond. https://www.zerohanger.com/reasons-why-afl-is-popular-in-australia-and-beyond-124447/#:~:text=AFL%20is%20deeply%20rooted%20in,one%20generation%20to%20the%20next.

National Museum of Australia. (2023). Australian rules football. National Museum of Australia. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/australian-rules-football#:~:text=Australian%20Rules%20football%20evolved%20in,this%20is%2C%20private)%20schools.

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Ace Soccer. (2020). Why mateship matters to Us. https://acesoccer.com.au/why-mateship-matters-to-us/ 

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Australians value something called 'mateship'. This is the value of helping each other in times if need no matter what. Australia has a strong tradition of community service and volunteering to help those in need - to watch out for each other and strengthen the community. This embodies the values of everyone being equal, loyalty towards each other and the strength of friendship. Mateship is seen as a key value of the Australian national identity.
Valuing and participating in mateship is a great opportunity to share knowledge, learn new skills and increase the integration of a sense of belonging to the Australian community.

Admin, G. (2023). Mateship in Australia. Glasshouse Christian College. https://glasshouse.qld.edu.au/mateship-in australia/#:~:text=This%20spirit%20of%20mateship%20was%20also%20evident%20in%20the%20way,just%20limited%20to%20the%20battlefield.

Department of Home affairs. Learn about being an Australian citizen - immigration and citizenship.
https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/citizenship-subsite/Pages/Learn-about-being-an-Australian.aspx

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Every Aussie has their own version of how they like their biscuit to taste, whether its nice and crunchy or soft and chewy. Below  is my favourite recipe.

Nutritional Information
158TOTAL FAT: 7g
SATURATED FAT: 5g
TRANS FAT: 0g
UNSATURATED FAT: 2g
CHOLESTEROL: 14mg
SODIUM: 193mg
CARBOHYDRATES: 23g
FIBER: 1g
SUGAR: 13g
PROTEIN: 2g

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ANZAC Biscuits Recipe | Recipes by Carina

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Cultural diversity: Census, 2021. Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release

Chen, Emily. (2023). 4 benefits of cultural diversity in Australia & other aspects. Translation Services Australia- #1 NAATI Translator Service in Australia. https://australiantranslationservices.com.au/cultural-diversity-in-australia/

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The country I have chosen is South Sudan which is located is East Africa. The Republic of South Sudan became independent from Sudan in 2011, however since independence the humanitarian state has been alarming (Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade). With a population of over 10 million, many of them have been seeking refuge since the civil war in 2013 (The Un Refugee Agency). South Sudan is considered one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.), with many restoring to criminality due to being so poor (GOV.UK, 2023). The United Nations estimated that around 75% of South Sudan's population is facing food insecurity as food is extremely limited (Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade). Three common health concerns listed on the Australian refugee health practice guide that are likely to be present in people arriving from South Sudan are, Malaria, Hepatitis B and HIV.

Malaria:
Malaria is a mosquito spread parasitic infection that causing a loss of red blood cells.
Symptoms: headaches, nausea, chills, sweating, diarrhoea, degree of altered consciousness, jaundice and even serve anaemia or hypoglycaemia.
Treatment: Oral artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), which is a combination of different oral medications.
(Australian Health Practice Guide)

Hepatitis B:
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver.
Transmission: through the spread of contact with infected body fluids (blood, saliva, vaginal fluids and semen) and passed from mother to baby during birth.
Symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, feeling very tired, nausea, vomiting and pain in the abdomen. Newly infected people don't exhibit symptoms.
Treatment: Rest and stay hydrated. It cannot be cured, however, certain medications can slow down the disease.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):
HIV is an infection that targets the body's immune system, specifically the white blood cells.
Transmission: Through the spread of infected body fluids (blood, saliva, vaginal fluids and semen) and passed from mother to baby during birth.
Symptoms: fever, headaches, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss and diarrhoea.
Treatment: Antiretroviral therapy consisting of one or more medications. This combination of medications reduces the replication of HIV in the blood. HIV cannot be cured.

South Sudan. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/south-sudan

South Sudan Refugee Crisis explained. The Un Refugee Agency. https://www.unrefugees.org/news/south-sudan-refugee-crisis-explained/

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Religion of south sudan. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Sudan/Religion

(2023).Terrorism - south sudan travel advice. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/south-sudan/terrorism

Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. South Sudan. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/south-sudan

Smartraveller. South Sudan.  https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/africa/south-sudan#health

Australian Health Practice Guide. Malaria. Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/malaria/

World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

Australian Health Practice Guide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/hepatitis-b/

World Health Organization. HIV - global. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1

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Derr, A. (2023). What are the social determinants of health?. Visible Network Labs. https://visiblenetworklabs.com/2021/07/28/what-are-the-social-det

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The World Health Organisation (2023) define social determinants as non-medical factors that have a strong influence on health outcomes. It is noted that the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health and well-being.

The first social determinant is early childhood development. Children that come to Australia can develop issues with their identity that damages their sense of belonging. Children who are exposed to extreme stress are more likely to struggle with behavioural, emotional delays and difficulties. Experiencing language barriers, difficultly developing relationships and the feeling of being unsafe is common. Finding support for children is essential as it gives them the a new start at life. Failing to help these children creates a cycle of poverty and disadvantage that causes generational trauma.

The second social determinant is unemployment and job insecurity. This can affect individuals as it creates an environment of stress and uncertainty. While racism and discrimination are significant factors in unemployment, they are also at a disadvantage of not understanding local job markets. Not only do refugees lack the opportunities to become aware of job openings, they struggle to find suitable references that add to applications. People who migrate need support as many refugees that do obtain work aren't treated fairly and are often taken advantage of. As refugees are desperate to find work in Australia, they find themselves feeling disposable with jobs that do not guarantee a future and steady income. This cycle of unstable work as well as unjust workplace treatment can affect mental health and well fair stability.

The last social determinate is food insecurity. Navigating a new and foreign food environment causes a challenge for refugees as the increased price of familiar foods are harder to purchase.
People on low or uncertain incomes and government support payments are more likely to experience food insecurity. It is a challenge balancing the cost of daily living and purchasing healthy foods.
Despite some refugees accessing income support payments, they are often inadequate to keep up with the rising cost of daily living.

Early childhood development. UNICEF.https://www.unicef.org/early-childhood-development

Department of Education. Roads to refuge. Refugee settlement challenges & impact on children. https://www.roads-to-refuge.com.au/settlement/settlement-challenges.html#:~:text=IMPACT%20ON%20CHILDREN%20AND%20YOUNG%20PEOPLE&text=Sometimes%20children%20are%20forced%20to,disrupted%20or%20limited%20prior%20education

Tamaray, P. (2022). Migrant and Refugee Workers “left behind” on job employment. HRD Australia. https://www.hcamag.com/au/specialisation/employment-law/migrant-and-refugee-workers-left-behind-on-job-employment/417693#:~:text=The%20report%20also%20said%20that,challenges%20that%20job%20seekers%20experience.

Cain, P., Daly, A., & Reid, A. (2021). How Refugees Experience the Australian Workplace: A Comparative Mixed Methods Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084023

Food insecurity in refugees and asylum seekers: Australia’s right to food coalition. (2021). Right to Food Coalition. https://righttofood.org.au/food-insecurity-in-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-australia/

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(Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf)