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1. What are the differences between positive and negative rights?

Negative rights are established to prevent the government from treating the people in a particular way. Negative rights are rights that cannot be tampered with or stopped from being reached by another person, such as freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and property rights. Positive rights are rights that are given that help people or things that are provided, such as the right to health care or the right to an education, and also basic human rights.

2. What are the universal human rights?

Universal rights are rights that all humans have because of being human. Everyone has universal rights, regardless of gender, color, religion, level of wealth, and more. Everyone has the right to life and liberty from birth and is born free and equal, rights such as the right to freedom of religion or education.

3. How can the concepts of human rights, liberty and equality be related to the concept of power?

The concepts of human rights, liberty, and equality, can be related to the concept of power because people with power attain higher rights per se than people with a lack of power. For example, a person with a lot of power such as Kim k has more rights than a homeless guy. Power and human rights relate to each other because they affect one another.

4. How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights? How are these concepts related or, perhaps, interdependent?

Liberty and equality are interdependent because they are not human rights. I believe this because a person born in America does not have the same equality or liberty as someone born in China or Korea.

5. What do these concepts look like in real life? How would we know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality?

The concepts of liberty and equality can look like many things in real life. For example, equality can look like freedom of speech regardless of religion, ethnicity, and power.
Liberty can look like going to school freely. We would know if an individual/society possesses liberty/equality because they will not hold others back.

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1. A 'state' is the most important actor in global politics. It is an independent political entity with its own system of laws and control over its land. States have one central government defined within borders and outside relations. Recognition from surrounding states is necessary as well.

2. A failed state lacks legitimacy and state recognition due to a number of factors such as development and peace, and conflict and violence. Somalia has suffered from civil war , terrorism, and political corruption; thus, it is a failed state.

3.  Elections in democratic regimes are often free and fair, and power is peacefully transferred from one party or group to another based on the will of the populace. Additionally, constitutional guarantees of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression, and freedom from arbitrary imprisonment, are typically found in democratic regimes. Usually, the judicial branch is in charge of upholding them.
In general, authoritarian nations lack free and fair elections when the people's will is used to peacefully transfer power from one party or group to another. Additionally, collectivism, traditional culture and values, and economic advancement are typically prioritized by authoritarian nations over the freedoms and rights of individuals and marginalized groups.
Democratic states are better states to live in because the power is in the people instead of those whose beliefs counteract those of the people. Life withing a democratic state is a life of freedom, choice, and the power of your own thoughts and opinions.

4. Poland exhibits authoritarian tendencies through government control over the judiciary, media restrictions, and erosion of checks and balances, undermining democratic principles and civil liberties.
Hungary's authoritarian state is characterized by power consolidation in the ruling party, curbing of media and judicial independence, erosion of democratic checks, and suppression of dissenting voices.

5. The extent of state power in global politics varies, with some states wielding significant influence through military, economic, and diplomatic means, while others have limited sway. International organizations and non-state actors also play pivotal roles, challenging the traditional dominance of states in shaping global affairs.

1. Sovereignty means that states have power over the affairs within their borders. The nation is in control over its people and resources.

2. The "billiard ball" method of sovereignty views states as isolated entities with no interference in each other's internal affairs.

3. The Westphalian system of sovereignty is a framework for international relations where states have exclusive control over their territory, government, and the absence of external interference.

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1.4

1. A state is an organized democracy with its own laws and the right to exert its power across its territory. It's A political and legal entity.

2. A failing state is unable to fulfill its essential duty of protecting domestic order. Somalia is unstable because it has a very high failure risk, this is why it's a failed state.

3. In democracies, the transfer of power happens through free and fair elections, which is in a peaceful and conflict-free manner between opposing groups or parties. In democratic states, constitutional protections for individual rights and liberties are frequent. Authoritative peace gives groups or parties the reins of authority. Traditional values and collectivism are often supported by authoritarians.

4. Brazil: Brazil has a system of president gouvernement and a federal structure; it is not an autocracy. The current constitution offers significant protection for civil liberties.

Russia: Russia conducts a novel military action and refuses to listen to ideas that might challenge their limited worldview. In a short period of time, Russia went from being a young democracy to one that is highly controlled and restrained.

5. Even if I don't think the state is omnipotent I do think it has a lot of power. Only in their own state can they affect change in international relations. They can also influence or alter certain aspects of other nations using their state.

1.5

1. Sovereignty give a gouvernement the power to rule the people and also shows respect for other states.

2. According to the doctrine of sovereignty, the government defends its citizens from outside forces.

3. Was created as a system after the Thirty Year War. No matter how big or small a country may be, it has an equal right to sovereignty under this system.

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1. The state's capacity to exercise control over events that take place within its borders, as well as its independence from neighboring nations, is known as sovereignty.

2. Sovereignty is similar to a billiard ball in that it has a tough exterior that protects it from harm from the outside world. The perspective demonstrates that it is shielded from outside interference by external sovereignty.

3. The Westphalian concept of sovereignty is one that developed following the end of the Thirty Years War, which led many Europeans to establish the norm that states should be able to exercise their liberties and rights without interference from the outside world.

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1.4

1. A state is essentially the building block of the modern day international system. It’s independent of other states, has free control over its land, and has its own laws. According to international relations theory, a state must also have a permanent population, defined territory, a central government, and the ability to have a relationship with other states. Other characteristics a state might have are monopolies on the use of force and sovereignty.

2. A failed state is a state that is unable to perform the role of providing domestic tranquility through the use of force within its borders. Failed states are characterized by the inability to operate as viable political units, the lack of a system of law and order, and the presence of civil wars and warlordism. Somalia is an example of a failed state because it shows qualities of all the aspects mentioned earlier, namely the lack of a system of law and order and civil wars.

3. Democratic states generally hold free and fair elections whereas authoritarian states do not, though both have the peaceful passing of power from one party or group to another based on the will of the people. Democratic states favor the individual and their rights whereas authoritarian states favor the well being of collectivism, the majority, tradition, and economic development over the rights of the individual or minority groups. I think a democratic state would be better to live in as the people are put in favor over the government and I think in order to live fulfillingly you’d have to live in a state that values you over its own interests.

4. One of the reasons Russia is an authoritarian state is because Putin holds disproportionate amounts of power in the nation's political system. The Kremlin manipulates elections and restricts legitimate criticism of Russia's government through a subservient court, loyal security forces, and controlling the media. After the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, many protested against the Russian government, which resulted in the strict restriction of their rights and liberties.

The Philippines is an authoritarian state because the handling of justice and rule of law within the country is disorganized, favoring the politically and economically elite. Though they have persisted for quite some time and still pose a threat to the government, violent insurgencies have quelled in recent years, and since 2016 former president Rodrigo Duertes war against drugs have led to thousands of unprecedented deaths.

1. The state, whether democratic or undemocratic, still holds the power over the freedoms of the individuals living within it. Even though you can take power away from those working in the government, it usually is an extensive process and they usually hold significantly more power than any everyday citizen.

1.5

1. Sovereignty is the state's ability to hold power over what happens within its own borders, encompassing also the independence it has from countries that border it.

2. Sovereignty is like a billiard ball in the sense that the hard outer shell of the ball is sovereignty that shields it from outside harm. This viewpoint shows that a state's sovereignty protects it from outside intervention.

3. The Westphalian system of sovereignty is a system that emerged after the conclusion of the 30 years war, which made a lot of Europeans establish the norm that states should be able to enjoy their rights and freedoms free from any external tampering.

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1.4 Questions

1. Describe what a "state" is using information from the website AND the video.

A state is a political entity that is independent of other entities, has its own system of laws, and freely exercises control over its land. States are the essential "building block" of the international system and are the primary actor in global politics. Also, the international relations theory claims that a state must include the following: a permanent population; defined territory (borders); one central government; and the ability to have relations with another state.

2. Explain what a failed state is. Describe and explain how Somalia is an example of a failed state.

Failed states are those that are no longer able to perform their key role of ensuring domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within their territory, and are often gripped by civil war or warlordism. Somalia is a failed state because it is no longer able to operate as usable political units because they don’t have a good system of law and order. They are also not able to provide for their citizens and they have no functioning infrastructure. Somalia is in a terrible condition that is very unsafe to live in, and it is definitely an example of a failed state.

3. Compare and Contrast democratic and authoritarian states. Justify which type of state would be a better state to live in- explain your answer.

Democratic states generally have free and fair elections, while authoritarian states generally lack free and fair elections and favour collectivism, traditional culture/values, and economic development over the rights and freedoms of individuals and minority groups. Democratic states are a better state to live in because they are more fair and ensure that the citizens get what they want and are not exploited by the government. In authoritarian states, the government is in control and the people do what they are told to do. This can cause trouble because the government has a lot of power and thes are able to mistreat this power without any consequences, which can be very dangerous for the citizens and state.

4. Choose 2 of the following countries, research, and explain how that country is an authoritarian state.

Poland

Hungary

Philippines

Thailand:

Thailand has an autocracy ruling with a strong military presence and the country has been ruled by military governments for most of its history. There was an unlawful seizure of power that took place in 2014 in Thailand and it shifted the government away from democracy and into the strictest authoritarian rule that it has had since 1976. In 2021, Thailand's democracy movement had many limitations on civil liberties, which lead to increased authoritarianism in the country.

The government stays authoritarian because the unelected Senate votes with the lower house to see the government's strategy and select the prime minister. Some authoritarian aspects that Thailand has includes: arbitrary arrests; intimidation; lèse-majesté charges; and harassment of activists.

Brazil

India

Russia:

Russia is an authoritarian state that has a highly centralized political system.

Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic, but it's often known as having an authoritarian government as President Vladimir Putin dominates the political system and the Kremlin manipulates elections and suppresses dissent. The Russian government has a media that it closely controls, a judiciary that tends to follow its lead, and security forces that are loyal to the government. The Russian government also has a legislature with a ruling party and pliable opposition factions. Russia is an "electoral authoritarianism" because they adopt democratic institutions, but the country's rulers are authoritarian. Some traits that Russia shares with other authoritarian states include: subordinating the rule of law to the interests of the top leaders; violating human rights; corruption; and a powerful nexus between business and the state.

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold the power in global politics?

The power of the "state" in global politics is very significant as states have military strength, diplomatic influence, and the ability to make and enforce laws in their stat. But nowadays, multinational corporations, international organizations, and NGOs also have a big say in what shapes global policies. Things like climate change, terrorism, and pandemics need cooperation beyond individual states. So, while states hold power, it is shared with many others.

1.5 Questions

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words.

Sovereignty is when a nation has supreme power and authority over its own land and people;e. It includes the power that the nation has to make its own laws, maintain independence, and decide on its future. It also has to do with not interfering with other countries, and especially not using military force.

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means.

The “billiard ball” method of sovereignty means that states are like billiard balls, where they are protected from external attacks and blows with sovernignty, which is like the hard exterior of the ball. A state's sovereignty protects it from foreign interference in this method.

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is.

The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is a system of international relations where all states are equal and have full control over their own internal affairs, with no external interference. It became the foundation of modern international relations and was established in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

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1.4
1. A "state" is a political and legal entity that is independent of other entities. It has its own territory and border, a permanent population of people within the state, a central government to run everything internal within a state, sovereignty, recognition, ability to cooperate with another state, and a monopoly/control over the use of force.

2. A failed state is one that has not ensured domestic order by controlling the use of force within the state. Somalia is an example of a failed state, because it has strongly suffered from civil war, terrorism, and political corruption. There is also lack of necessities provided for the humans living there and they have no structured economy.

3. Democratic states have fair elections where the people can decide who comes into power, with constitutional guarantees of rights and freedoms for individuals. However, with authoritarian states, the priority is not on its people to be able to have their freedoms and vote. Instead, they prioritize economic growth, traditional values, and collectivism. I believe that a democratic state would be a better place to live in, because one has their rights and freedoms, and are able to vote and have a say over those who gain power over the state. Without these freedoms, one would be completely controlled, and have no voice.

4. Russia is an authoritarian state, because it is controlled by their president Vladimir Putin. He believes in economic growth solely and neglects addressing the rights of the people, by cheating elections so that they are no longer fair and determined by Russia's population. Hungary is also an authoritarian state, because of its prime minister Viktor Orban. Since Orban was elected, the countries democratic values have taken a major decline, and the country has reached its lowest level of freedom. He has curved the freedoms of what the media is posting and is controlling what is being broadcasted to be more pro-government.

5. The "state" still holds a large amount of power in global economics, due to its central government that controls everything within its borders. There is some power coming from the freedoms of the people to vote on those elected to be in the government, but the government is mainly making the decisions for their state alone.

1.5
1. Sovereignty means that the government has complete control over what is going on within its borders.

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1. Sovereignty is a term used in politics to describe dominant or absolute authority.

2. The "billiard ball" method of sovereignty is the idea that sovereignty is the hard exterior that protects them from external strikes.

3. The Westphalian System of Sovereignty established that all European states were sovereign and that they should be allowed to govern themselves free rom external interference.

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1. An independent political body, a state has its own set of laws and is free to freely exercise power over its territory.  A state is described as a political and legal entity as well. The "building black"

2. A failing state is incapable of carrying out its primary duty of maintaining domestic order. Samalia was a failed state because it was seen to be unstable and had a very high failure risk.

3. In democracies, power peacefully and without conflict is transferred from one group or party to another through free and fair elections. Constitutional protections of individual rights and liberties are typically found in democratic states.

Authoritative also peacefully transfers power to groups or parties. In general, authoritarians support traditional values and collectivism.

4. Brazil: Brazil is a democracy with a presidential and federal form of government; it is not an autocrat. Civil liberties are strongly protected under the existing constitution.

Russia: Russia launches a unique military operation and will not consider arguments that would contradict their narrow perspective of the world. Russia quickly transformed from a democracy in its infancy to one that is tightly controlled and constrained.

5. It imposes a set of regulations on those who occupy it.

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1.Sovregnty is a big authority Iover one country and this country can have a relations with other country.It however can't control the government of another state if they not agree with idea od other state.

2. The BBtheory is like States, like billiard balls are impermeable and self-contained units, which influence each other through external pressure. So this model perceives states as billiard balls moving over the table and colliding with each other, mostly due to military and security matters.

3. The Westphalian system, also known as Westphalian sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory.

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1. A state is independent is can be see like a self governing political entry, he have a legal principles and he can have a total control of this territory.

2.A failed state is a state that fails maintain the order  like the Somalia lost the control of the country.

3. Democratic and authoritarian is similar, he have they past power equally. Democratic states have fair and equal elections were authoritarian not do that.

4. Like Russia is an authothorian state because people can choose who go lead the country. The president Putin  always win the elections .

5. The state can control its borders, they can also stay in contact and have a relations with outside countries for help their state grow.

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1. A state can be described as a political entity
that is independent of other entities
from the video: A political and legal entity

2. A failed state is a state that is unable to
perform its key role of ensuring domestic order
by monopolizing the use of force within its
territory.
Somalia is a large African state on what is called the Horn of Africa (a peninsula on the central east coast). For decades Somalia has suffered from civil war, terrorism, and political corruption. As a result, it has been widely viewed as a failed or fragile state.

3. Democratic states generally have free and fair elections where power is peacefully passed from one party/group to another based on the will of the people. In addition, democratic states generally have constitutional guarantees of individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom from arbitrary detention.

Authoritarian states generally lack free and fair elections where power is peacefully passed from one party/group to another based on the will of the people. In addition, authoritarian states generally favors collectivism, traditional culture/values, and economic development over the rights and freedoms of individuals and minority groups.

I believe that democratic states would be better to live in as the civilians are also involved. It has freedom and liberty for the civilians, and allows one to have rights, freedom of speech and etc..

4. I choose Hungary and Russia
Hungary:  The government has consolidated its power through gaining substantial control over other branches of government. This includes packing courts with political supporters, disciplining judges who displease the ruling party, conducting unfairly run elections, and dominating the media

Russia: Vladimir Putin took advantage of a lack of constitutional and institutional protections and dismantled all vestiges of democracy, restoring Russia to an increasingly strong and uncompromising authoritarian regime.

5. I believe that the state holds an insanely high amount of power, but not to an omnipotent level. They can make change in international relations, but ONLY in their state. They can also use their state to create change or modify certain things in other countries

1.5:
1.  sovereignty is a state’s ability to hold nigh omnipotent powers  and authority within its own borders.

2. Realists argue that states are like billiard balls, and sovereignty is the hard exterior that protects them from external strikes.

3. In a nutshell, it's how each individual state has individual sovereignty over its own state, no matter how big the economy is, or how rich the country is, etc... This "system" was made after the 30 year war.

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1. 6 misconceptions about violence as in the Oxford Companion:
- parties are rational unitary factors
- always undesirable
- always requires third party intervention
- always needs to be settled
- always visible
- caused by single factors

2. Structural violence focuses on justice and inequality in an environment and is less noticeable than direct violence. A lot of structural violence is not seen, but it still causes harm by having inequalities in things like education, healthcare, and resources. Direct violence is the opposite of structural, because it is the most noticeable form of violence. Direct is physical force used to hurt another person, like using guns and rioting. Most people only think of direct violence when they think of violence, and don't think about the other types that cause harm to others. Cultural violence is when a society justifies the different types of violence with its traditions and norms that are considered to be okay. All three types cause harm to others and can be used to hurt people, but are viewed very differently by how much harm they actually do cause.

3. Religion can cause a lot of violence, because there is so much conflict between people on their beliefs. Religion gives people a basis for most of the actions they take and opinions they have on something, so when people have different religions, they most likely have differentiating opinions as well.

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1. A state is an area of land that is independent and functions on its own. It needs to have borders, control over the inside of its borders, a central government, and a permanent population. If a state has all of these then it just needs to be recognized as a state by other states.

2. A failed state is a state that doesn’t have at least one of the characteristics needed to be a state. Somalia is a failed state due to the fact that its borders are incredibly weak.

3. Democratic states can live freely and fairly as the people have the ability to choose who they want to lead their country. Authoritarian states however cannot do this as they do not allow the people to choose who they want in power. I would want to live in a democratic state as it would feel like I have some control over the government.

4. Russia is an authoritarian state as the people cannot choose who they want to lead the country. This is because Putin, their president, is known for cheating elections and making it so he will always win. Poland also has this problem as their leader has given himself so much power that he cannot be taken out of power.

5. The state still has the ability to control its borders and it can have its own government. They can now also have relations with outside countries to help their state grow.

1. Sovereignty is the highest authority and power that a governing body possesses within a specific territory, allowing it to make independent decisions and govern itself without external interference.

2. Sovereignty is the walls of the billiard that keep the chaos (the balls) from getting out of hand

3. The Westphalian system of sovereignty is a system which allows each state to have sovereignty over its own territory.

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1. A "state" is a political and legal entity that is independent of other entities, it has its own laws and it can freely exercise control over its land. In order for something to be considered a 'state' it has to have a permanent population, defined territories (borders), one central government, and the ability to have relations with another state.

2. A failed state is a stat that is unable to keep domestic order because of the monopolization of the use of force in their own territory. Somalia is an example of a failed state because  Somalia has suffered terrorism, civil war, and political corruption. Somalia is a failed state because they failed to uphold and maintain its authority over their own land and they did not meet the right 'criteria' to be a state.

3. A democratic state is a state that has free and fair elections where power is peacefully passed on from one group to another based on the will of the people. Democratic and authoritarian states are similar because they both pass on power peacefully but authoritarian states do not have free and fair elections. Democratic states guarantee for individuals to have constitutional freedom and rights. While Authoritarian states tend to favor cultural and traditional values over the rights and freedoms of individuals. It would be better to live in an democratic state because you have fair and free elections that the people get to decide, you get to have you constitutional rights and freedoms unalike an authoritarian state, and you have more freedoms to do what you would like.

4. Russia is an authoritarian state because Putin does not value human rights and bases his decisions for the country on his own personal needs and wants. The country also is solely focused on its economic growth and is not worried about what basic human rights they are ignoring and violating.

Thailand is an authoritarian state because they lack many constitutional rights and are  under the control of a monarchy. Thailand
has not prioritized their citizens safety and health but have made their economic growth their priority.

5. In Global Politics, the "state" still holds a lot of power The state still has power over the region and everything within its borders. They are still able to create state constitutions, hold elections, and make decisions that affect their country. One state cannot control another states decisions or actions but they can influence them to make a certain one to an extent.

1.5

1. Sovereignty is the power and authority a state has over itself and the people within its borders. Sovereignty essentially gives the authority to its state to govern themselves.

2. The billiard ball method of sovereignty  means that the states represent billiard balls. The hard and solid part around them are the sovereignties of different states. This helps protect them from attacks from others.

3. The Westphalian System of sovereignty is the belief that all foreign European states are sovereign and are capable of governing themselves without the help of 'outside' countries.

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Lesson 1.4:
1. A state is a political entity independent of other entities and is required to possess a permanent populace, a territory that has been defined, and a central government. It is also capable of depending on other institutions.

2. A failed state is defined as a state that is incapable of performing its key role which is ensuring domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within its territory. Somalia is an example of a failed state since it has suffered from civil war, terrorism, and political corruption in which is showing its failure in keeping domestic order within its defined territory thus making it a failed state.

3. Democratic states have more freedom and fairness within the elections in which people have the ability to pass power from one party or group to another along with this fact they also have more guarantees of individual rights and freedoms whereas Authoritarian states lack the freedom and fairness in these elections and instead of favoring individual rights favor collectivism, traditional culture and/or values, and economic development. With all of this in mind it is hard to decide which one is best; however, I believe that democratic states if established and sustained well can have a good outcome compared to the Authoritarian states. I believe this since the Democratic states focus on equality and fairness while though yes authoritarian focuses on collectiveness since it favors traditional culture or values this means that their could be biases or hatred that is favored if it is a core belief in said tradition.

4. I have chosen Thailand and Russia:
Thailand: Thailand is an authoritarian state since the leaders who are being voted for are regulated by the election commission within Thailand meaning the people don't really get a say in who will be their next leader along with this fact they also have limited peoples civil rights and liberties and do not possess an elected senate which shows their hand over many things occurring in the country instead of it being a more collaborative ideal.
Russia: Russia is an authoritarian state because of the fact most of the political power is held by the president: Vladimir Putin. Putin is known mor manipulating or even rigging elections showing their unfair nature instead of the more fair or free state of elections Democratic states possess

5. States are the primary "actors" in global politics as they possess the most power and are responsible for most that occurs within international relations along with this most other "actors" within global politics are defined by their interactions with the state itself these include: multinational corporations, terrorist groups, social movements, and international organizations.

Lesson 1.5:
1. Sovereignty as stated in the video is essentially the power and authority a state has over itself and the people within it.

2. The Billiard Ball method of Sovereignty paints sovereignty as an outer shell or protection of the state in which protects or shields it from "external blows"

3. Westphalian System of sovereignty is essentially the belief that all European states were sovereign and were capable of governing themselves.

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1. A state is a political entity that stands apart from other entities because it is also independent and it controls its own land.  A state has its own set of legal principles. It affects global politics through an international system.Some characteristics of this are the control of land, central government, sovereignty, a monopoly use of force, and a permanent population.

1. A failed state is a state that can no longer perform its key role. That key role is to ensure domestic order by controlling the use of force in a territory. Where it can not even maintain order within their borders. Somalia is an example of this because they faced a civil war, terrorism, and many other things that contributed to making it into a failed state. It is also considered a fragile state because the state was at risk of failing. Somalia was a failed state because they did not have the authority to prevent conflict and fighting between their borders. It made Somalia lose all order within its borders which made it a failed state.

1. Democratic states usually have fair and free elections where power is passed around the people based on the choices of other people. They usually have different individual freedoms and rights like; freedom of speech; and freedom of the press; etc. These rights all people have in a democratic state. Everyone has the right to say what they want and to write whatever they want. These freedoms and rights are enforced by the judicial system. They keep everyone in check. Authoritarian states lack fair and free elections usually. They don’t really have power passed from people to people decided by others in the state. Authoritarian states might put economic development, culture, and values above the rights and freedoms of individual citizens. This means that they care less about the people and more about what the people are doing or what the people are doing for them. I think that the better state to live in would be a democratic state because you get to have your own opinions and you sort of get a say in the things that go on around you by voting for them. A democratic state is more fair towards the people with the rights and freedoms given to them. And if I were living in a state I would want a state government that would put my rights first and that they would listen to me and I feel like in a democratic state that happens more than a authoritarian state.

2. Russia is an authoritarian state because Putin ruled over them and didn’t really give them the rights they wanted and deserved. He ruled higher over everything and that made the government in Russia have little power. Russia is an authoritarian state because people had little to no freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Putin changed Russia from being a primarily democratic state to an extremely authoritarian one. He has shown that he is willing to use force to get what he wants and that he will take power from the people that should be theirs and he will just steal that power from them. Putin stole power and ruled as if he were king he became a dictator to Russia.

https://www.britannica.com/question/How-has-Vladimir-Putin-changed-Russia

https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/04/19/putin-s-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid-totalitarianism-pub-86921

Poland is also an authoritarian state because there is manipulation to try to get people to make democratic activities harder. There are accusations that they are breaking the law by undermining judicial independence. They use force and manipulation to get what they want. The leader of Poland enacted a law that gave him even more power. So now “Poland’s leader” has so much higher power that he took from the government. This new law gave him more power and authority over political rivals and it gave him power against the Polish government. They violate the basic human rights for the people and have completely taken control of the media.

https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/06/08/poland-and-hungary-are-now-essentially-authoritarian-says-obama/

1. In global politics the “state” still holds plenty of power. They can only control some things within the state like they can create state Constitutions, conduct elections, and decide on many things within the state. They cannot control other states but the decisions and conclusions that a state comes up with can possibly impact or change what another state thinks or agrees with. Power can be passed from person to person. And power can also be given in the form of someone voicing their opinion or standing up for what they believe in. However, power can also be kept within the government and it stays inside the government.

1.5

1. Sovereignty means to is the total authority over a country. Sovereignty is the belief that the states hold complete power and authority over their territory. Sovereignty is the respect that the countries have for each other. That they can coexist without fighting with each other. Sovereignty gives the government complete control of what happens within their borders. It means that the government has all control within that state only. It however cannot control the government of another state if they do not agree with their ideas or thoughts.

2. The billiard ball method of sovereignty means that the states represent the billiard balls. The hard part around them are the sovereignties of the different states. This protects them from different attacks. A country can protect itself from another country just like a pool ball can protect itself when it collides with another billiard ball. Sovereignty could also be the lining of the table that does not let any of the balls fall on to the ground. It holds them within one place so they don’t go around in complete chaos. They are in a more controlled state and space.

1. The Westphalian System of Sovereignty was a system created at the end of the Third Years War. It was a very bloody war that cost many lives. It was established in the Treaties of Westphalia in 1648. This system allowed each state no matter what to have equal rights to sovereignty. While also having the idea that each individual state can have sovereignty over their own state. This allowed sovereignty to Europe first but it has spread throughout the nations over time.

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1.4 Questions

1. A state is an independent, political entity that affects global politics as a piece of the international system. Its characteristics include control over land, a permanent population, a central government, sovereignty, recognition, and a monopoly on the use of force.

2. A failed state is one that has become so destabilized from a lack of domestic order that its systems cannot operate well. Somalia has suffered from civil war and terrorism, and had not had a functioning government in 25 years. A significant amount of land was controlled by Al-Shabaab, a violent extremist group. This made Somalia a failed state, due to all the violence keeping systems from re-forming. It also didn't meet several characteristics of a state, including control over land, central government, and monopoly on the use of force.

3. Democratic and authoritarian states are both categories for states, based on how power shifts and what is prioritized in the structure of the government. In democratic states, power generally shifts peacefully according to the input of the people and the rights of the people are prioritized. Because of this, decisions can take longer to reach, since there are a number of opinions to be weighed.  In authoritarian states, they generally do not have a system ensuring the peaceful transfer of power and prioritize the collective wellbeing of the state over the wellbeing of the individual. This kind of government can also result in leaders holding immense power, which will often lead to the people suffering because of it. I think a democratic state would be better live in, as citizens have influence in the actions of their government, the rights of the individual are a key concern, and it's generally more protected against corrupt leaders that harm the people rising to power. I believe all of those factors would result in a better living experience in the country.

4. Russia is an authoritarian state because Putin rules the country as a personal autocracy, resulting in the branches of the government having little power. Putin has made so that he doesn't have to relinquish his power by continually changing the constitution. Also, free speech, particularly that which is critical of leadership, is repressed by the government.

https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/how-the-putin-regime-really-works/
https://www.britannica.com/question/Why-is-Vladimir-Putin-still-in-power

Hungary is an authoritarian state because of the way that Viktor Orbán, the Hungarian Prime Minister, rules the country. His Fidesz party holds two-thirds of the parliment seats, letting him change the constitution. Orbán refuses to let the power pass from him by manipulating the election process. Part of that is that the government holds "a monopoly over advertising spending", which shows that Orbán is also in control of the media.

https://www.glimpsefromtheglobe.com/regions/europe-regions/viktor-orbans-consolidation-of-authoritarian-power/

5. The state itself is still the primary actor in global relations. However, the state is not always guided by the input of the people, especially in authoritarian governments. In that sense, the power actually belongs to the leader(s) of the state, rather than the state itself. Right now, the globe is fairly evenly divided between democratic states, which you can generally say that are controlled by the state itself or the people's will, and authoritarian states, which you can generally say are controlled by powerful individuals or small groups.

1.5 Questions

1. Sovereignty means the rights that an independent country holds in international relations. Its result is giving the authority to the actions of a state to that state's government. For example, the sovereignty of a country protects it (to an extent) from interference from more powerful states.

2. It means that if states are like billiard balls, then the hard exteriors are the sovereignties of the states. A country's sovereignty protects it from the advances of another country on its actions, just like the exterior of a billiard ball protects the inside of it from another ball striking it.

3. The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is the standard of sovereignty that is said to have been established in the Treaties of Westphalia. It says that states should have more diplomatic relations and should not be able to directly intervene in another state's domestic issues. It has held from the time of its establishment to the present day.

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803121924198

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1. A state can be defined as a self-governing political entity that operates independently, has its own set of legal principles, and has total control over its territory. The characteristics of a modern state is that it has a border, population, central government, sovereignty, recognized, and a monopoly on the use of force.

2. A failed state is a state that lacks the ability to govern over its own region, and unable to maintain order within its own borders. Somalia is an example of a failed state because there's a lot of civil wars and conflicts that take place within Somalia. Somalia is a failed state because they were unable to maintain authority and prevent conflict from arising within their own borders.

3. Democratic states and Authoritarian states both pass on power peacefully from one group to another, but democratic states elections are fair and authoritarian states aren’t. Democratic states mainly focus on freedom of press, assembly, and speech while authoritarian states focus more on collectivism, traditional culture, and economic development over the rights and freedoms of individuals. A democratic state would be better to live in because every person has the freedom of speech and their voice is heard. They are able to choose how they want to be governed while authoritarian states can’t.

4. Russia is an autocratic country because they are centered around power, and power is only in the hands of the government. Russia has rigged elections in which the people's vote doesn’t really matter. Poland is an authoritarian state because it has employed force and manipulation to control democratic activities, and its leader enacted a law that gave him more authority over political rivals.

5. In global politics, the “state” still has power over the region, and within its borders. Power can be transferred from one person to another peacefully or by force. Power can also be given to the people and let their voices be heard, or it can be kept strictly only to those working in the government.

1.5

1. Sovereignty guarantees that governments have total control over a country and decides what goes on within the borders. Internationally Sovereignty also shows respect and equality between countries no matter how big or rich they are. This means if a smaller country passes a law that is disliked by the government of a larger country, the latter does not have the right to interfere.

2. The billiard ball theory of sovereignty is that states are like billiard balls, and sovereignty is the hard exterior that protects them from external attacks.

3. The “Westphalian System of Sovereignty” is a system that was made after the Thirty Year War. This system allows every state, no matter how large or rich, to have equal rights to sovereignty.

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1.4 Questions

1. A state is a political and legal entity that is independent and controls its own land.
2. A failed state is a state that fails to maintain order and Somalia is an example of a failed state because of conflict in wars that are causing Somalia to lose order.
3. Democratic and authoritarian states both have elections, but democratic states have more freedoms and authoritarian states value economic development over human rights and freedoms. A democratic state would be better to live in because of its freedoms, I would not want to live in a strict state with no freedoms.
4. Poland
Poland is an authoritarian state because they violate basic human rights, and have taken control over the media.
Russia
Russia is an authoritarian state because they do not value human rights but value economic development more. They have a punishment of death for people who violated their laws.

5. In global politics, the state holds lots of power. They make change in international relations, but only through their state. They cannot control other states, but can use their state that they control to create change for other states as well.

1.5 Questions

1. Sovereignty is ultimate authority over a country, and that country respecting other countries and also their own laws and constitution.

2. Sovereignty is the outside of a billiard table that keeps the balls that move around chaotically from exiting the table and holds them inside.

3. Its the idea that each individual state has individual sovereignty over its own state.

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Lesson 1.4

1. A state is independent and has control over its own land. It has to have a permanent population, defined territory (borders), one central government, and the ability to have relations with another state.

2. A failed state is an unorganized society. It is full of war and weak government systems. Somalia has gone through many civil wars, terrorism, and political issues for decades. They have failed to control the power within their borders.

3.  Democratic states have fair and free elections where power is equally distributed to the parties in the state by the will of the people. Authoritarian states have minimal free and fair elections where power is equally distributed to the parties in the state by the will of the people. Democratic states are better than authoritarian states because giving the people of your state a voice is important to have a well managed government. When the people don’t have a word in who they want ruling their country, it can cause them to feel oppressed.

4. Russia is an autocratic country because they are centered around power and the choice of power is in the hands of those in government. The people are forced into being ruled by someone they had no choice to vote for. India is also an autocratic state because of their force of power on the people. Similarly to Russia, India controls the norms of everyone in the state, socially, economically, and culturally.

5. The state in global politics still has power over anything and everything that is going on in their borders. Power can either be distributed fairly to the people or kept for those who are at the top of the government.

1.5

1. Sovereignty gives governments the authority of the people and the respect two countries should have between themselves. No matter how poor or rich it is.

2. The billiard ball theory of sovereignty is that sovereignty is the hard outside of societies that protects the people from external attacks.

3. The Westphalian Sovereignty System is a system created by Europe after the Thirty Years War. This system allowed sovereignty to all countries in Europe and has been used amongst all nations ever since.

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1.4 Questions

1. Describe what a "state" is using information from the website AND the video.

-The state is a driving force that’s a political and legal entity.

2. Explain what a failed state is. Describe and explain how Somalia is an example of a failed state.

-A failed state is a state unable to make certain of domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within its border. Somalia is a failed state because Somalia failed to maintain order as such civil war, terrorism, and political corruption affect the state.

3. Compare and Contrast democratic and authoritarian states. Justify which type of state would be a better state to live in explain your answer.

-Democratic States and Authoritarian States pass power peacefully from one group to another by the will of the people. Only Democratic States have free and fair elections whereas Authoritarian States do not. A Democratic State would be better to live in because it gives the people more control over their leaders and the freedom to vote.

4. Choose 2 of the following countries, research, and explain how that country is an authoritarian state.

-Poland: Poland has regulated democratic activities by force and manipulation.

-India: In India’s constitution there is an authoritarian hold that India has. India also has maintained stuffing out democratic actions.

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold power in global politics?

-The state can control the freedoms that people have to make a country better or worse.

1.5 Questions

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words.

-Sovereignty is the respect countries have for one another recognizing that they exist and not violating their existence.

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means.

-Sovereignty is the hard exterior protecting the billiard ball when it is struck.

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is.

- The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is a system that was made after the Thirty Years War. This system states that every country has an equal right to sovereignty no matter how large or small the country is.

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1. Outline the 6 different misconceptions about violence as seen in the Oxford Course Companion.

-The misconceptions about violence are that conflict is caused by one factor, parties are unitary actors, is always visible, is always undesirable, always needs to be settled, and always requires a 3rd party intervention.

2. Compare and Contrast: Structural Violence, Direct Violence, and Cultural Violence.

-Structural violence is when humans are hindered by systematic structure taking away basic human needs. Direct violence is behaviors that threaten life itself or diminish basic human needs. Cultural violence is social norms that make structural or direct violence seem normal or okay. All these are different types of violence but all together in history are what promotes violence.

3. TOK Question: To what extent does religion cause conflicts?

-Religion causes high conflict because when someone is rooted in their religion they are stubborn to be open to other religions. For example, those who flew the planes into the Twin Towers were highly rooted in their religion so much that they believed nonbelievers should die.

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1.4

1. A state is a political and legal entity that is independent of other entities. In order to be recognized, a state must have a set of characteristics. They first need to have a border. They also need a permanent population, a central government that runs everything in the state, sovereignty (freedom from interference from outside in domestic affairs), and control over the use of force within its borders. Once it has all of those characteristics, it can have the last one which is recognition from other states.

2. A failed state is a state that is unable to maintain order in terms of force inside its borders. Similarly, fragile states are on the verge of collapse. Somalia is an example of a failed state because it has dealt with civil war, terrorism, and political corruption for decades. This is because Somalia has failed to monopolize the use of force and maintain power within its borders.

3. Democratic states practice free and fair elections depending on what the people of the state want. They also exercise individual rights such as freedom of the press and freedom of speech. In contrast, authoritarian states do not hold any free and fair elections, because their way of election is not based on the people. Authoritarian states are more focused on the ideas of collectivism, tradition, and culture. They are only similar in the fact that they are both methods of ruling states. Democratic states are better to live in because citizens of democratic states are given a voice and are able to choose how they are governed. This is much better as opposed to authoritarian states where citizens are more oppressed and do not get a say in how they are treated by the government.

4. India is an authoritarian state because the main focus of its government is on withholding social, economic, and political power. The government often pushes its agenda onto the citizens through the use of force and it does not matter whether citizens agree or disagree with the actions of the government because they do not change. For a long time, Russia has also been considered an authoritarian state because most of the political power in the country is held primarily by Vladimir Putin, president of Russia. The elections are manipulated and rigged, and the government also uses state force to restrict speech and media.

5. In global politics, the "state" holds national power over everything that goes on within its borders. It also plays a significant role in international relations as independent states recognize and respect each other as such. In terms of its borders, the state holds power such as political, social, and economic power.

1.5

1. Sovereignty gives the government full control of what goes on inside the borders of a state. Sovereignty grants all states respect for one another with promises of no interference with affairs inside any other state's borders. While there is no interference, all states consider actions like human rights violations, genocide, and ethnic cleansing to be universally unacceptable, and violating these rights can overwrite the promise of no interference.

2. The billiard ball method is the idea that the state is like a billiard ball and that sovereignty acts as the tough outer shell. This is because sovereignty protects all states from interference with each other.

3.  The "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is a method of sovereignty between international borders. It is said to have been put into motion due to the treaty signed after the Thirty Years War which stated that all states in Europe were sovereign and could govern themselves. This model has been adapted and continued into the 21st century.

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1.4 Answers

1. A state is the most important actor in global politics. It has to be an independent entity with a permanent population, defined territory, and one central government. It is the “building block” of the international system.

2. A failed state is a state that wasn’t able to do its job of maintaining domestic order. Somalia is an example of a failed state because there has been a lot of conflict because of war. That conflict and violence is what causes a state to fail.

3. Although both types of states have elections where the power is peacefully passed from one group to another, democratic states have fair elections with no advantages; whereas, authoritarian states don’t. Another difference would be an individual’s rights and freedoms. In a democratic state, an individual has the freedom of speech and other types of freedom that individuals of an authoritarian state don’t have because the state only cares about economic growth. A democratic state would be better to live in because the state is making the people the main priority.

4. Poland is an authoritarian state because the president signed a law to give him an advantage over his competition. Authoritarian states do not have fair elections and the strive for advantage demonstrates that. Russia is also an authoritarian state because its president manipulates the elections.

5. The state holds most of the power in Global Politics but for their state only. The state can only control itself and can communicate with other states in the international system.

1.5 Answers

1. Sovereignty is a state's ability to hold peace within its borders and with other states. It means that the government has the ultimate power over everything in the state, but it can’t control the government of another state if they don’t like their ideas. The idea of sovereignty helps bring organization to the world and facilitates peace by keeping countries from having conflict and violence.

2. The billiard ball analogy of sovereignty is the idea that the hard outside shell of the ball protects the inside from the outside strikes from the pool stick, which in global politics is other states.

3. The Westphalian system of sovereignty is the principle that every state has their own sovereignty inside of its state.

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1.4 Questions

1. Describe what a "state" is using information from the website AND the video.

According to the website and the video a state is a system that depends on other institutions and must have the following characteristics: a fixed population, well-defined borders, a central authority, and the capacity for state connections. Most states have their own structure of legislation, and freely exercise authority, and sovereignty over their state's land.

2. Explain what a failed state is. Describe and explain how Somalia is an example of a failed state.

A failed state is one in which the administration has lost all power and is no longer able to function. Due to its weekend administration and subsequent loss of authority over its citizens, Somalia was a failed state.

3. Compare and Contrast democratic and authoritarian states. Justify which type of state would be a better state to live in-explain your answer.

Democratic and authoritarian states are two different types of states. In Democratic states, people have constitutional guarantees of rights and freedom. An example of a democratic state with a constitutional guarantee is freedom of assembly, press, and speech. Authoritarian states usually prioritize collectivism, traditional culture/values, and economic development, and undermine the rights and freedoms of individuals. The two are entirely different, especially regarding constitutional guarantees of rights and freedom. Another difference between the two is that authoritarian states usually don't have fair elections because the people are not considered while democratic have fair elections the majority of the time because they consider the people. However, while there are many differences, one similarity is that both can misuse their power.

4. Choose 2 of the following countries, research, and explain how that country is an authoritarian state.

Russia is an authoritarian state due to its highly centralized political system, which concentrates power in the hands of a select few. So Russia is authoritarian because the majority of people do not have freedom of speech. (“Russia: Country Profile”)

Thailand is characterized as an authoritarian state due to a series of factors that limit political freedoms and civil liberties. Since covid-19 Thailand had to buckle down and go authoritarian. (“Thailand doubles down on authoritarianism”)

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold the power in global politics?

The power of the "state" in global politics remains significant, but it has evolved in the context of an increasingly interconnected world. While states continue to be the primary actors in international relations, the nature of power has become more complex. States still wield substantial authority over their domestic affairs and have a crucial role in diplomacy, security, and sovereignty.

1.5 Questions

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words.

Sovereignty means a guarantee that a country has the ultimate power over what is happening within its country. When talking about international sovereignty, it's where there is certain equality between countries, allowing one to respect another. Sovereignty can be broken between two countries when one country risks the lives of the people in their country. One example of this is the holocaust. Sovereignty also helps limit wars and fights between authority and land. Over time, sovereignty has provided a central organization that has created today's modern world. In conclusion, sovereignty has benefited the world to become more peaceful, stable, and less deadly.

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means.

The billiard ball method is where realists argue that states are like billiard balls, and sovereignty is the hard exterior that protects them from external strikes.

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is.

The “Westphalian System of Sovereignty” is a system that has established the principle that all European nations should enjoy full sovereign rights and be shielded from outside intervention.

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1.4 Assessment Response

1. A state is a system dependent from other institutions and must meet the qualifications of a set population, defined borders, a central government, and the ability to have relations with another state. A state has its own structure of legislation and can freely exercise authority and sovereignty over its land.

2. A failed state is a state that is incapable of effectively governing its region. A failed state can’t provide the basic functions (military defense, law enforcement, justice, education, economic stability, etc.).

3. In the Democratic States, individuals have constitutional guarantees of rights and freedoms (freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of speech). Authoritarian states typically prioritize collectivism, traditional culture and values, and economic development and undermine the rights and freedoms of individuals and people of the minority. Unlike democratic states, authoritarian states generally don’t have fair elections where the people's will is considered. Though both are different, both can still misuse the power given and be repressive.

4. Thailand is an authoritarian state due to Thailand’s government not having an elected Senate, and the voting of leaders is regulated by the Election Commission of Thailand, with voters having to meet specific criteria to be able to vote. Brazil is an authoritarian state due to its history of military dictatorship, and political parties function as tools rather than an independent system.

5. Regarding global politics, a state may not have power on a global scale but can still hold influence, whether that be through economics, military, technological, political, and cultural strength, as well as diplomatic.

1.5 Assessment Response

1. Within a state, sovereignty is power and authority over the state and its people, but there are limitations on what the government can impose. In essence, sovereignty is equality and respect between states.

2. Billiard Ball: Sovereignty is the protective exterior that shields the state from external force allowing the state to function independently.

3. The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is the concept that a state has sovereignty and authority over its territory, and external states do not have the right to have governance over that state.

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1.4
1. A State is an independent, sovereignty government that has control over an area

2. A failed state is when the government has become so weak it loses all control and can no longer last. Somalia was a failed state because it had a weekend government and lost control over the people.

3.Democratic and authoritarian are similar because they past power equally throughout the states. Democratic states have fair and equal elections were authoritarian do not.

4. Poland has democratic activities by the people.
Russia is an autocratic country because they are centered around power and not by what the people want.

5.Global politics sill has power over anything. Power can either be passed around or kept for those who are part of the government.

1.5
1. Sovereignty gives government the authority to the people and have respect for the rest of the countries.

2. The theory of sovereignty is that the hard outside
powers and protects the people from outside forces.

3. Is a system that was made after the Thirty year war. this system is made up so that every country has an equal amount of right to sovereignty no matter the size of the country.

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Lesson 1.4-1.5 Questions (Go to Power, Sovereignty, IR; Lesson 4 and then Lesson 5; do not use ai)

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Lesson 1.4-1.5 Questions (Go to Power, Sovereignty, IR; Lesson 4 and then Lesson 5; do not use ai)

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1.4 Questions

1. Describe what a "state" is using information from the website AND the video.

2. Explain what a failed state is. Describe and explain how Somalia is an example of a failed state.

3. Compare and Contrast democratic and authoritarian states. Justify which type of state would be a better state to live in- explain your answer.

4. Choose 2 of the following countries, research, and explain how that country is an authoritarian state.

Poland

Hungary

Philippines

Thailand

Brazil

India

Russia

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold the power in global politics?

1.5 Questions

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words.

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means.

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is.

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1. The Oxford Course Companion identifies six common misconceptions of violence: (1) It is always physical, (2) it is always intentional, (3) it is always visible, (4) it is always a last resort, (5) it is always caused by mental illness, and (6) it is always directed at strangers.

2. Structural violence refers to systemic inequalities and injustices that harm individuals or communities indirectly, like poverty or discrimination. Direct violence involves physical harm inflicted intentionally, such as assault. Cultural violence involves norms and values perpetuating harm indirectly, like gender-based discrimination. These forms of violence differ in their manifestations and mechanisms but are interconnected in perpetuating harm within societies.

3. I believe religion causes conflict within any participating individual, but the level of conflict caused is situational and specific to the devotion and conception of religion to an individual. As seen in Al Quaeda attacks on 9/11; which caused mass conflict, and destruction, and started a long-lasting war; these were started out of their religious beliefs. Even so, I have my own religious convictions and they affect how I view specific people and the world. I have my own personal conflicts with people of other religions and can't help but admit my personal bias. However, Christianity is the one true religion and gives purpose to life on Earth, so in a sense, it solves humanity's conflicts as well. In conclusion, the disagreements and lack of alignment between religious groups cause conflict, but belief in Jesus Christ is healthy and the cure to humanity's biggest conflict, sin.

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1. Positive peace aims for the absence of structural violence, fostering justice, equity, and social well-being. Negative peace focuses on the absence of direct violence, often through ceasefires, but may not address underlying social and economic inequalities.

2. Johan Galtung describes peace as a sense of harmony and emphasizes proactively sustaining a cooperative and mutually beneficial society.

3. I completely agree with JFK's quote and find that it was very ahead of its time with much wisdom held within it. You can see its relevance and truth when compared to the process of civil rights being implemented for African Americans in the 1960's. Initially, the abolition of slavery was met with much controversy and hate; however, over the months, and even years, old barriers were eroded and new structures were being built to create a peaceful society.

4. A realist approach to peace prioritizes national interests and power dynamics. Realists believe that peace can be achieved through the balance of power and deterrence, often emphasizing military strength and self-preservation.
In contrast, a liberalist perspective on peace focuses on international cooperation, diplomacy, and institutions. Liberals argue that peace is attainable through collective security arrangements, economic interdependence, and the promotion of shared values and norms among nations.

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1. Conflict is caused by single factors, parties are (rational) unitary factors, is always visible, it is always undesirable, it always needs to be settled, always requires “third party intervention”

2.
Comparing them: Direct violence refers to literally harming people and threatening them, structural violence. Structural violence is a form of harm caused by social and economic structures or systems. It happens when people are disadvantaged or suffer because of unfair policies, poverty, or discrimination. Cultural violence is when a society's beliefs, traditions, or norms indirectly support or justify direct violence

Contrasting them: While they are all violence, they definitely are not the same. One harms people by harming, one harms people by society's beliefs, and one harms people by economic structures or systems.

3. Religion can create disagreements, beliefs, and some people even offensively say delusion. Reading this, some religious people can get extremely offended and therefore cause conflict. Atheist's and other people of different religions, can fight over religion because of people disrespecting it.

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1. Conflict is caused by single factors, parties are (rational) unitary factors, its always visible, it's always undesirable, it always needs to be settled, always requires “third party intervention”

2. Direct violence is the use of physical force. This is the most visible in news media but a very limited view because it blocks the other versions of violence beyond physical. Structural violence is more about social injustice and inequality. Structural violence is less noticeable and is not reported on the news. People don’t see it as violence but it still is because of healthcare, education, and civil rights. Cultural violence is taking control over a society. This makes structural and direct violence seem right. Slavery is a great example of this.

3. Religion can cause at most cultural violence because people that believe in their god might think they are inferior to those around them. They will use their religion against other people they believe are weaker than them and force it upon them.

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1. The six different misconceptions on violence. Conflict parties are rational unitary actors, Conflict is caused by single factors, Conflict is always visible, Conflict is always undesirable, Conflict desired third party intervention.

2. These three different types of violence are similar because they all involve conflict against one another. These three violences are different because structural violence is inequality violence towards different groups, direct violence is basically direct physical violence towards people. Culture violence is when someone is harmed because of the culture they are apart of.

3. I feel like religion can cause conflict between one another by the religions thinking that they’re better than the other or shaming other religions calling it false. Shaming another religion is a serious thing that can be escalated into violence.

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1. The six different misconceptions about conflict are it’s caused by single factors, parties are unitary actors, is always visible, is always undesirable, it always needs to be settled, and it always requires “their third-party party intervention.

2. Structural violence deals with social justice and equality. Direct violence involves the use of force to cause physical harm. Cultural violence is when an individual or group is harmed because of their culture.

3. Religion plays a big role in conflict because your religion changes your perspective on certain topics. That is why there is so much conflict in politics because of decisions based on religion. An example would be abortion because Christians believe it is morally wrong, whereas, people who aren’t Christian don’t think the same way and have the same perspective.

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1. Negative peace is peace with no war or violence. Positive peace is when both parties address the root of the conflict and come to an agreement

2. Johan describes it as both groups having an equal benefit from the.conflict. Johan believes that conflict and drama are the only two things that can harm positive peace.

3. I agree with the quote a lot because you can’t decide to have peace some days, it wouldn’t be true peace. I believe peace is a long process of the absence of negative conflict and violence.

4. Liberalists say that peace is a long-term thing. They believe both countries need to have mutual goals in order to have peace within another and to avoid conflict. Realists would say that peace is a short term thing. They say countries only do what’s best for themselves at the moment to keep everything well

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1. Positive peace is conflict that has been resolved; whereas, negative peace is the absence of war and conflict.

2. He describes positive peace as working together to gain benefits(equity) and empathy for one another(harmony)

3. I agree with the quote that we must always be in pursuit of peace because many factors can cause conflict, and that is why we always need to try to maintain peace so we can live peacefully with one another.

4. A realist would agree with the definition of peace and believe that peace is a product of power. Whereas, a liberalist believes that trade and democracy will decrease war rates, resulting in peace.

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1. Negative rights are rights that can't be obstucted while positive rights are rights provided specifically to people.

2.Universal rights are rights to us all, regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity, color, religion, language etc.

3.Human rights equality and liberty are related to power since 3 concepts are influenced by power people can gain power from the concepts meaning these concepts give power.

4.Liberty and equality are related to humans rights because equality has been a main issue in the past, due to racism not everyone used to have the same rights. Liberty is a like how people in America have the freedom of speech to say what they want.

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1.Hard power is a form of using force or a threat to get what you want this is influenced from sometimes military power.

Soft power is the power to genuinely persuade someone into doing something u want/doing something your way.

2.I think that the answer is no reason being we all have our own interest and we don't have the power to know what's best for others.

3.Power is getting what you want honestly,Jesus concept of power is prioritizing others over yourself

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1. The 6 different misconceptions about violence as seen in the Oxford Course Companion are conflict is caused by single factors; conflict parties are rational unitary actors; conflict is always visible; conflict is always undesirable; conflict always needs to be settled; and conflict always requires third-party intervention.

2. Structural violence, direct violence, and cultural violence are all different forms of violence that cause harm. Direct violence is violence that causes harm to someone else either physically or mentally, while structural violence affects marginalized groups and it limits their access to resources. In contrast, cultural violence is indirect violence by shaping norms in society and perceptions. All of these forms of violence are all related, with cultural violence often making direct and structural violence normalized. In addition, structural violence includes cultural norms that don't justify inequality. Despite their differences, they all serve the unfortunate purpose of harming individuals or groups in various ways.

3. Religions cause many conflicts because people are often very attached to their religion and beliefs, so when someone disagrees with their beliefs they often become very upset. This causes conflict because it is hard to hear others talk down about something that is a priority in your life and can be very frustrating. When someone says your religion is wrong it can be taken as very disrespectful and make you think that everything in your life is wrong. When people are mad at each other, or have different beliefs on something, it is very easy to get into conflict.

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1. Six misconceptions are that conflict is caused by single factors, conflicting parties are rational actors, conflict is always visible, conflict is always undesirable, conflict always needs to be settled, and conflict always requires third-party intervention.

2.  Structural violence represents a systemic form of harm that leads to disparities among specific demographic groups. Examples of individuals suffering from structural violence can be seen through societal, governmental, or legal systems. Direct violence involves the physical use of force to inflict harm upon others. Cultural violence, on the other hand, supports structural and direct violence through the use of societal norms and widespread exposure. These three forms of violence are interconnected and influence each other.

3. Religion can cause tons of conflict between groups of people because everyone has different backgrounds that lead to different religions. Conflict tends to be created by disagreements upon different religions or talking down on someone else's religion. We have seen throughout history wars being started based on religion. Religions itself doesn't support conflict, but it's the people that cause it.

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1. Conflict is caused by single factors, conflict parties are [rational] unitary actors, conflict is always visible, conflict is always undesirable, conflict always needs to be settled, and conflict always requires “third-party-intervention”

2. Direct violence is the most simple and well known form of violence. It’s the use of physical force that leads to harm, whether it be lethal or non-lethal. It's the most obvious form of violence and therefore gets more traction than the others in terms of media attention. Structural violence is more concerned about social justice or inequality. Here, people are harmed due to social, political, or legal systems formed within the system. This may come in the form of people lacking efficient housing, healthcare, and employment opportunities. It is different from direct violence in the way that people don’t notice it as much, and if they do, they do not consider it violence. However, it can still result in harm. Cultural violence is societal norms that essentially lead to the normalization of direct or structural violence. It explains how widely held beliefs can become so integrated into cultures that they eventually become absolute and unquestioned to the point where they can be spread from generation to generation without criticism.

3. I think religion can definitely cause conflict. But I personally wouldn’t go as far to say its the root of conflict. In terms of direct violence, absolutely. You have things like the crusades, 9/11, the situation in Israel/Palestine, etc. As for structural violence, look no further than the treatment of women in Middle Eastern countries or the camps Uyghur Muslims are being kept in in China. Cultural violence plays a part in the previous two as much of the time people within those places think that's the norm or acceptable because of their religious backgrounds. But the thing is, that many, many conflicts have risen from things besides religion. A lot of wars throughout history were either a domino effect where one bad politically-related event eventually led to a war happening or were simply feuds over resources. Many of the structural problems we exhibit in the US come from prejudices that have nothing to do with religion, such as race or class. And as for cultural violence, the ignorance that normalizes these types of things all has to do with whatever is perceived as normal.  Religion can be normal, but there are also many other personal beliefs that contribute to this.

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1. Outline the 6 different misconceptions about violence as seen in the Oxford Course Companion.

-conflict is caused by single factors, conflict parties are rational unitary actors, conflict is visible always, conflict is undesirable always; conflict always needs to be settled, and conflict always requires “third party intervention.”

2. Compare and Contrast: Structural Violence, Direct Violence, and Cultural Violence.

-Direct violence is the use of physical force that leads to harm, structural violence is where people are harmed due to social, political, or legal structures that have been created within the state, and cultural violence includes prejudices, stereotypes, and other attitudes that make violence seem natural or acceptable.

3. TOK Question: To what extent does religion cause conflicts?

-religion causes conflicts between people because different people believe in different religions, and people can get so deep into their beliefs that they assume every other person is wrong in their beliefs and will either hate that person and their religion or try to convince them they are right with harsh persuasion, and the other person might not respond well.

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1. Negative peace is the stopping of conflict, but with unrest still present. Positive peace is also the stopping of conflict or violence, but with no unrest and simply peace all around.

2. He says positive peace has two main components. They are equity and harmony. He says that equity is cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. Harmony is what is inside of you and basically feeling what others feel.

3. I agree with this quote because peace is not easy to have, and is a long process. And peoples definitions of peace and the world are ever-changing.

4. Liberalists would work to get to a point where peace was a constant and long term thing, while realists would only see peace as a nice temporary thing and not try at all to make it last longer much less make it long term.

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1. What are some competing or different views on development mentioned in Jonathan Pie’s rant in the video called "The Extinction Rebellion?"

Jonathan Pie rants about how no one is doing anything about climate change, but he also talks about how it doesn’t matter that the earth is getting warmer, and the small changes people make actually don't change anything. He talks about how humans are the problem, but quickly changes back to saying people ARE making a difference by protesting.

2. Explain the differences between economic development, human development, and sustainable development.

Economic development is the distribution of the economy between different parts. Sustainable development is the use of available resources in such a manner that present and future generations can reap the benefits. Human development is the process of expanding people's freedoms and opportunities to improve their well-being. Economic is more focused on well-being of the economy, while human is focused on the well-being of humans and sustainable is focused on all countries and the world as a whole.

3. Compare and contrast absolute poverty with relative poverty.

Absolute poverty is based on a set income level and is not in comparison to other incomes in the economy. Relative poverty is determined by income distribution over a given population and defined according to societal norms. Absolute poverty means that barely a dollar to a person to survive on in a day, while relative poverty is just that a person earns less than average income but still has an income.

4. How can economic and human development improve each other? (Own thoughts)

Human development focuses on the development of humans, and humans control currency in the world, so humans can help develop money and use of money and an abundance of money means more resources for humans.

5. How do you define success to serving those who are "poor"? (Own thoughts)

I think that success in serving those who are of less economic status could be simply encouraging them to try as hard as they can to get out of the rut they are in. Most people in poverty, such as homeless people, are there because they have spent all of their money on drugs and alcohol, and could easily turn their life around if they decided to, but they don't. Encouragement is the most beneficial for helping this situation.

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1. Positive peace views the causes of conflicts and violence. The violence and reasoning behind the conflict is resolved and violence doesn’t occur. Negative peace is the absence of war and violent conflict. There is a state of peace that we can visually see but internally the states could still not be at true peace with each other.

2. Positive peace has two components:equity and harmony. Peace gives each country equal benefits even though certain parts want more. Peace helps us feel and understand the hurt when there wasn’t peace.

3. I agree with this quote from JFK because peace takes time to develop and for people to understand. Everyday we try to make peace with things like school, sports,  or our parents so we can benefit from them,(“ Building new structures”). Peace won't come in a day or a month sometimes but if we take time to find it and let it grow it will make changes in our lives that will better ourselves.

4. A liberal would say that humans are good, war is a central problem, and states and individuals. A realist would say that humans are bad, but they also agree that war is a central problem and the state are key factors in that. Liberals also believe more in collaboration,long term interests, and believe that conflict is irrational, but realists want power as their motive, short term interests, and rational conflict

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1. Negative peace is the lack of conflict and/or violence, while positive peace focuses on working on the root cause of conflict/problems in society and finding solutions that produce equality for everyone.

2. Johan Galtung says that there are two main components of positive peace. The first component is equity which he defines as a cooperation for mutual and equal benefits. The second component is harmony, which means that you suffer from the suffering of others, and it is a feeling/attitude that is inside of you. Together, these positive peace components can work together to be a decent formula for a good marriage. Even after having to heal from violence, all it takes really is reconciliation.

3. I really agree with this quote, because I believe that peace is often changing. It is hard to get to a place of peace, because of the constant conflicts between people due to their differing opinions, views, and beliefs. But, peace is something to fight for, because it gives greater benefits in the end when people can be at peace with one another.

4. A realist would say that peace is almost impossible to achieve, and focus should be put on making sure our own nation is secured. However, a liberalist would say that peace can be achieved when nations cooperate with one another to find mutual understandings and agreements.

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1. Six misconceptions are: conflict is caused by single factors; conflict parties are rational unitary actors; conflict is visible always; conflict is undesirable always; conflict always needs to be settled;and conflict always requires “third party intervention”.

2. Direct violence is physical violence that diminishes one's capacity to meet human needs. For example, killing, maining, and sexual assault. Structural violence is harm coming to people through political,legal, or social structures of state. For example, limited access to education or healthcare. Cu;tural violence represents the existence of prevailing ot prominent social norms that make direct and structural violence seem natural, right, or acceptable. For example the belief that Africans are intellectually inferior to white people. These three forms of violence are interrelated.

3. Religion causes conflict because everyone comes from different religions and backgrounds. Beliefs can cause conflict if two people disagree on something to do with religions or lack of. People get into conflicts if people don’t believe in what they believe. Some people try to get them to believe what they do and if they can’t that may cause a conflict between those two people.

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1. Conflict is caused by single factors, Conflict parties are (rational) unitary factors, Conflict is always visible, Conflict is always undesirable, Conflict always needs to be resolved/settled, Conflict always requires a "third party" intervention.
2. Direct violence is the use of physical force that leads to bodily harm, lethal and non-lethal. Structural violence is more concerned with the issues of social, political, and legal structures. A lot of the time people who are victims of structural violence in third world countries tend to not have or lack access to healthcare. Cultural violence uses cultural (societal) norms to indirectly pressure people. Cultural violence   allows direct violence and structural violence to look "normal" or "reasonable". They are all similar because all three types of violence's are used to gain something in the end.
3. Religion causes conflict because everybody comes from different backgrounds and religions and not all religions are the same. Meaning that people are going to have opposing views and perspectives about certain things and a lot of the time people cannot accept others having different views on topics which can lead to conflict.

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1. One view of development is that it is the advancements in societies made by modern amenities and is only focused on the growth of the economy, because it provides more wealth. The other view of development is that to consider development expanding, humans should have the freedom to live their lives in the way that they choose.

2. Sustainable development is the plan to protect and save the environment by completing the goals set forth for a better world. Economic development is the development that will benefit humans and the societies that they live in, like economic growth and wealth. Lastly, human development is more about giving humans opportunities and more choices where they can decide for themselves what is best.

3. Absolute poverty is the fundamental definition of poverty which is where someone makes so little money ($1.90) a day that they literally cannot survive. Relative poverty is determined by different things like how much wealth someone has, and different countries have different views of poverty, because of the different levels of incomes.

4. Economic development is the growth of the economy which produces more wealth and money like higher salaries for example, or more jobs available. This economic growth aids in human development, because it gives more resources and opportunities to the people.

5. I define success to serving those who are "poor," because not all people have the same opportunities and resources, so being able to help others who are struggling is an amazing opportunity to have. Deuteronomy 15:11, "For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land” God commanded us to help the poor and we can find success in our relationship with God by doing so and showing love to others, as He loves us.

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1. Positive peace looks at the causes of violence and conflict. If there is conflict then everybody is equal and justice is provided fairly between all the parties. Positive peace resolves conflicts and why the conflict happened/ occurred.  Negative peace is the absence of violent conflict. Also, the absence of violence or fear of violence. People don’t have to be scared of wars or violence.

2. Johan Galtung describes positive peace as having two basic components, one being equity. Meaning cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. The second component is harmony and that is its attitude that we possess that means we suffer the suffering of other people. He says only two things threaten positive peace are drama and how drama is dealt with and conflict.

3. I agree with the quote because I believe that peace is something that we have to work for, not something that we just have. Peace with other people depends on what you do to deserve it back. To have continuous peace you have to pursue it. If you don’t then you might not always have constant and continuous peace.

4. Realists would say that peace is a short term thing and that peace is unattainable and not possible for any longer than a short period of time. They believe that we should take the focus off of trying to make peace and focus on something that they can attain. Things like security. However, Liberalists believe that peace is a long term thing and that peace can be possible if we work together to make it. They believe that countries can work with one another to create peace instead of conflict and violence.

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1. Negative peace is the absence of war, violence, and/or conflict. Positive peace is alike negative peace but instead of just stopping the violence with negative peace, positive peace finds solutions to stop what caused the outbreak of violence. Negative and Positive peace both involve violence. Negative tries to avoid it while Positive deals with the violence before it even occurs.
2. Johan Galtung describes positive peace as  countries agreeing and coming to a mutual decision that is fair and equally beneficial. In the video Galtung mentioned that there are only two things that "threatens" postive peace and that is 1.) Drama and the way you handle it and 2.) conflict. You cant have peace and conflict.
3. I agree with this quote because peace is not constant. Peace is always changing and you can almost never have constant peace in a conflicting world like ours. Everyday we experience different things, we learn new things and these things that we experience and learn can change our perspectives and how view certain situations or objectives. To have consistent and constant peace you must actively choose and chase it. If not, you will never be at peace with the world and within yourself if your never choosing peace.
4. Liberalists would say that peace should be a long-term thing. Liberalists believe that countries should be able to cooperate and work together to achieve a mutual goal without causing conflict. However, Realists would say that peace is more of a short-term thing and when trying to avoid conflict and violence countries typically choose the short-term option because they are only looking out for themselves. Realists will choose violence if it means they're national security is at risk, while liberalists would choose everything else before violence to protect their national security.

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1. The six misconceptions on violence are:
- Conflict is caused by single factors
- Conflict parties are rational unitary actors
- Conflict is always visible
- Conflict is always undesirable
- Conflict always needs to be settled
- Conflict always requires third-party intervention

2. All three forms of violence while being different in the means of doing so are all similar in that they are ways in which we harm each other. Direct violence is when one harms another whether it be physical or mental (such as murder, sexual assault, bullying, manipulation, etc.). Direct violence is the most different from the other two since both Cultural and and Structural violence may not be direct ways of harming another but they both harm marginalized groups or large groups of people as a whole. Structural violence for example is a systemic violence in which inequality is brought out upon marginalized people groups causing them to not be given the same opportunities as other groups have. While Cultural violence is a social violence that allows or even promotes the mistreating of a people group.

3. Religion can most certainly be the cause of many conflicts since many people hate to hear that others may view their religion as wrong or even illogical. This causes people to lash out as they are essentially being told that the whole structure or way of living they may have is wrong. We can look back to history for many many examples of cruel and outrageous conflicts caused because of differing views in religious or even disagreements between two parties. For example many rulers during the time period when Roman Catholicism was the enforced/ main religion they would burn or hang people who disagreed or chose not to partake in prayer. A great example of this would be the Spanish inquisition where they would enact violent and cruel torture on "heretics" and even specifically targeted the Jews and Muslims in their regions. All in all conflicts can definitely arise from religions especially when one side does not want to hear any other viewpoint besides their own.

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1. Six misconceptions are that conflict is caused by single factors, conflicting parties are rational actors, conflict is always visible, conflict is always undesirable, conflict always needs to be settled, and conflict always requires third-part intervention.

2. They are all forms of violence, which is an act that is viewed or believed to be harmful. Structural violence is harm coming to people due to the social, political, or legal structures of the state. Direct violence is the use of physical force that leads to harm. Cultural violence is cultural norms making types of violence seem acceptable.

3. Religion can definitely cause conflicts, violent or not. Some of the clearest cases of that in history are the Crusades and the conquest of the Islamic Empire. In a broader context, conflict can arise simply because of how most religious beliefs have no room for conflicting ones to be true.

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1. Both negative and positive peace have to do with the absence of conflict in a sense. However, positive peace revolves around the resolution of the conflicts' causes while negative peace has to do with the absence of war and/or violent conflicts.

2. John Galtung describes positive peace as the ability to share in not only peoples struggles but also their feelings (a sort of empathy if you will). Along with this he describes positive peace as equity which is the collaboration of others to gain equal assets or benefits.

3. I strongly agree with this quote. The reason being that peace is not something spontaneous or instant it is the collaboration of many over an extended period time so we can get to this common goal. To gain the closest thing to true peace we can would mean we not only have to better not our society as a whole but the individuals who reside in it.  This will of course take lots of time to slowly change our habits and just how we as a world or society run; however, if we truly put in the effort and true commitment needed to gain peace then we will be able to achieve what we can as a society through the slow process.

4. Even though Liberals and Realists both see war as a central issue both do not agree on peace and what should be done to prevent conflicts. As Liberals have more optimistic outlooks on peace and see that it should be promoted and we should work to establishing it Realists beg to differ saying peace is unattainable and unrealistic and that we should in fact not focus on peace but should instead focus on security since that is reasonable.

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1. Conflict is caused by single factors; conflict can be caused and influenced by multiple factors. Conflict parties are [rational] unitary actors; those in conflict are not always striving to achieve the same goal. Conflict is always visible; it is only visible when people express dissatisfaction. Conflict is always undesirable; conflict may be needed to resolve an issue. Conflict always needs to be settled; sustainability and harmony need to be restored, and that may require conflict. Conflict always requires third-party intervention; conflict can be resolved between the conflicting parties.

2. Cultural violence uses cultural norms to justify or legitimize ulterior motives. Structural violence, social structure, or social institutions may endanger people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs. Direct violence threatens life itself and/or takes away one’s capacity to meet basic human needs. Unlike direct violence, structural violence doesn’t directly physically hurt someone, and compared to direct violence, cultural violence uses cultural norms to pressure people. All three of the violent acts can be used to gain something or deprive someone of something.

3. Different people of different religions will have conflicting beliefs, which leads to disagreements with other ideas of religion and values in life. Religion itself doesn't necessarily cause violent conflict, but it's how people act upon their beliefs that causes violent conflict.

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1. Negative peace is when there's no violence or war, and people can live without being scared of fighting. Positive peace is like taking it up a notch because it not only stops violence but also deals with the reasons why it happened in the first place. It's all about making a society where everyone gets along, is treated fairly, and lives in harmony. So, while both are about no fighting, positive peace goes the extra mile by fixing what caused the trouble in the first place.
2. In the video, Johan Galtung talks about positive peace as countries teaming up for mutual benefits and fairness. He also mentions how important it is to have harmony, which means not just sharing in others' happiness but also understanding and helping with their troubles and hardships.
3. I strongly agree with this quote because peace and what peace is, is always changing and evolving. Peace now looks a lot different than peace did 50 years ago, which shows that what peace is never stays the same. Like it says in the quote, peace is a process where opinions change and old ways of peace are being taken down and replaced by new ways of peace. Peace will always change and the opinions about peace will be ever-changing as well.
4. A realist would say that peace is like a short break from fighting, mainly because countries are just looking out for themselves. They say that countries only go for peace when it's in their own interest, but they're ready to get back into conflict if they feel threatened. On the other hand, a liberalist would be all about making peace a long-term thing. They think that countries can work together, share values, and keep things chill through teamwork, talking, and using international groups.

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1. Conflict is caused by single factors; conflict parties are (rational) unitary actors; conflict is always visible; conflict is always undesirable; conflict always needs to be settled; conflict always requires "third party intervention"
2. Structural violence is a systematic way of violence that causes inequality towards certain people groups. This is different from direct violence because it does not use physical force to harm others like direct violence does. Cultural violence allows the other two types of violence to be seen as acceptable through the use of social norms and common exposure. They are all similar to each other in the way that each type of violence is able to promote each other in one way or another.
3. Religion primarily causes conflict when people of different religions disagree as they believe that they are in the right and everyone who believes otherwise is wrong. Many conflicts are started over religion because people are very passionate and serious about the religion they believe in.

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1. Negative peace is simply the absence of war and violent conflict. It doesn’t seem to look any deeper between the relationship of two countries other than that they are at peace because there is no war. Positive peace looks at the root of the problem. It ensures that both parties within the conflict are equal and that justice is provided for everyone. It dissolves the tension or contradiction leading to conflict and makes sure it no longer exists.

2. He describes it as having two basic components. One is equity/cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. The other is harmony, which he claims is inside of you. He describes it as “suffering the suffering of others, and enjoying the joy of others”. He says these two things make a good marriage, and the one thing threatening them is unresolved conflict. Trauma from the past, which can only be resolved through reconciliation.

3. I think I agree with this quote entirely. I like the last sentence, where he brings up that however undramatic the pursuit of peace is, it must go on. Peace isn’t something people race to win like war, it doesn’t get the same attention that conflict does. It happens slowly, quietly. And no matter how undramatic it is, it must go on.

4. Liberals emphasize the maintaining of peace due to their optimistic view of human nature, meanwhile realists dismiss the idea of maintaining peace as wishful thinking and emphasize national security as they view humans as inherently selfish or even evil. Another key contributor as to why liberals and realists think this way about peace is how liberals are more focused on cooperation while realists put importance on serving self-interests.

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1. The six common misconceptions are: conflicts are usually apparent; conflicts are always settled; conflicts always include a third party; conflicts are caused by single variables; conflict parties are rational.

2. Social justice and inequality concerns known as structural violence can have a significant impact on society and its citizens. Physical injury or social and political unrest are examples of direct violence. When they are actively attempting to harm you, that is.

3. When religion is applied strictly, conflict results. An excellent illustration would be when someone tries to convert someone to their religion, or present a defense.

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1. Negative peace is when peace is obtained through violence and Positive peace is when peace is obtained when people decide to forgive
2. John Maltung says positive peace is working together and cooperating with one another, he also emphasizes how important harmony is which is to suffer what others suffer
3. I agree with this quote because I feel like as Christians we should be showing love to each other and doing so would be fighting for peace.
4. A realist would say peace is impossible due to our human nature while a liberalist would say that peace is possible but that it would be hard to obtain

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1. Positive peace demands that the causes of conflict have been resolved, whereas negative peace does not. Both negative and positive peace involve a lack of violence.

2. According to John Galtung, a positive peace is when nations work together for their own interests and are at peace with one another (roughly speaking, sharing feelings of joy and pain).

3. I agree with this quote because it shows that peace isn't a short, abrupt process, but instead a long and lengthy one that takes time. This process involves changing people's viewpoints, removing preexisting barriers, and creating fresh conceptual frameworks. We must "shoot for the stars" even though world peace may never actually happen.

4. A realist would probably say that peace comes from somewhat of a balance of power, having everything balanced before power can actually come into place. Liberalists believe it's a product of cooperation, and a function of institutions.

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1. - Conflict is caused by single factors
- Conflict parties are (rational) unitary   actions
- Conflict is always visible
- Conflict is always undesirable
-  Conflict always needs to be settled
- Conflict always requires "third party intervention"

2. Structural violence is concerned more with issues of social justice and inequality. Direct Violence is concerned more with issues of social justice and inequality. Cultural Violence represents the existence of prevailing or prominent social norms that make direct and structural violence seem natural or right.

3. Religion causes conflict when it gets too harsh. A good example would be when someone attempts to force their religion on another person. Or give a religious argument.

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How to Mindmap: Going deeper into the 5 Basics

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1.
Conflict is caused by single factors
Conflict parties are unitary actors
Conflict is always visible
Conflict is always undesirable
Conflict always needs to be settled
Conflict always require 3rd party intervention

2.Structural Violence is when someone plans to harm something or someone.Direct Violence is when behaviors serve and threaten life itself.Cultural Violence is occurs when a person is harmed as a result of practices that are part of her or his culture

3.Religion causes conflict by other people not respecting each others religion.For example some people are Christians and some people are Judaist. They are totally different so they both have different perspectives.

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1. 1. Conflict Is caused by single factors
2. conflict parties are unitary actors
3. conflict is always visible
4. conflict is always undesirable
5. conflict always needs to be settled
6. conflict always requires 3rd party intervention

2. Structural violence is issues of social justice and inequality that can have a strong affect on society and people. Direct violence involves physical harm or social and political. It is when they are directly trying to hurt you.

3. Religion causes conflict when people try to force someone to believe in their religion. Or tear others religion down by degrading how good or bad it can be. These religious differences can cause harm on one an another and society as a whole. Religion can also cause war by generating certainty.

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1 outline the 6 different misconceptions about violence as seen in the Oxford course companion. 1Conflict is caused by single factors 2 conflict praties are rational unitary actors.3 conflict is always visible. 4 conflict is always undesirable.5 conflict always needs to be settled. 6 Conflict always requires third-party intervention.

2 Compare and contrast structural violence and cultural violence.  Structural violence is concerned more with issues of social justice and inequality. Cultural violence isrepresenting the existence of preventing or prominent social norms that make direct and structural violence seem natural or right.

3 TOK questions. To what extent does religion cause conflicts? Because they can have beliefs that others don't and they could get mad.

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1. One of the opinions that Jonathan Pie discussed was the idea that the primary concern is government with its own needs and well-being rather than that of the people.

2.The value of products and services consumed within an economy is referred to as economic development increase .
The goal of human development is to create a system that enables people to achieve their basic requirements and pursue happiness rather than just surviving.
Development of methods for living sustainably without using natural resources is known as sustainable development.

3. The idea that there is a fundamental or universal concept of poverty is known as absolute poverty. The idea that poverty is comparable to other people's wealth or income is known as relative poverty.Absolute poverty accentuates a person's wealth, but relative poverty emphasizes the wealth of another person, not the person themselves.

4. By counting on one another for specific things, economic and human development can both benefit from one another. For instance, adding jobs enables people to work and gain new skills while also generating cash and enhancing the economy.

5. Since a lot of the time "poor" people feel guilty that they live the way they do, I think that helping them without having them feel awful about themselves is what would be considered success in serving the "poor."  Now, people record themselves "helping" homeless and underprivileged people in order to be more famous online. The fact that they are making those people feel used and less like a human being and more like items is something that people either don't realize or do realize but don't care about. We may help "poor" people to be successful if it doesn't diminish their dignity as people.

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1. Negative peace is more like absence of direct violence. Positive peace is more like the absence indirect of structural violence

2. Johan Galtung describes positive peace in the video by saying it's "the integration of human society".

3. I agree with this quote a lot because som people think peace is revenge and that's not good.However, some people have to process in order to find peace mentally.

4. Realists find that the prospects for peace are conditioned on the distribution of power. Liberalists say that peace is something working towards the keys to operation.

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1. The six common misconceptions are, conflicts are caused by single factors, conflict parties are rational, conflicts are always visible, conflict always needs to be settled, conflict always involves a third party.

2. Direct violence involves the use of physical force that leads to harm, either lethal or non-lethal. Structural violence is concerned more with issues of social justice and inequality. In this situation, people are harmed due to social, political, or legal structures that have been created within the state. Cultural violence represents the existence of prevailing social norms that make direct or structural violence seem natural or right.

3. Religion causes conflict when it gets too extreme. For example if someone tries to force their religion on others. Or use their religion as an excuse to hurt someone.

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1. Outline the 6 different misconceptions about violence as seen in the Oxford Course Companion.

2. Compare and Contrast: Structural Violence, Direct Violence, and Cultural Violence.

3. TOK Question: To what extent does religion cause conflicts?

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1. In the video Jonathan believes that the government is more fixated on themselves instead of trying to help the real problems out in the world. Their priory isn’t the outside environment and they need to do better protecting the people.

2. economic development is the economy growing in resources and products and those products being successfully distributed.

3. Absolute poverty is not having enough money to get the resources you need for you to live safely, Relative property is not having as much money as the ones around you.

4. i believe that if we improve economic development, human development will be debeloped with it. More jobs are being created for people and have a better chance at making money.

5. success to serving someone who’s poor is being able to put yourself in their shoes and being generous enough to help what they’re in need of as much as you can.

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1. Positive rights are the basic rights that every human should have and they are normally provided by another source like the right to healthcare and education provided by the government. Negative rights are rights that people are entitled too and they take power away from the government and give power towards individual people.

2. The universal human rights are the rights that every human should have, and they are not determined by people's differences like culture, race, gender, and age (etc.)

3. The concepts of human rights, and liberty and equality are related to the concept of power, because the rights people are given can be seen as the amount of power someone is given. For instance, if someone is supposed to be treated "equally" and given the same basic rights others have, then they should hold the same level of power others have as well.

4. Liberty and equality are connected to human rights, because all humans should be treated equally and have the same rights to their freedom and voice as any other. These concepts are interdependent, because you can not have human rights without having the right to have free will and make your own choices and vice versa.

5. In real life, these concepts are portrayed in many ways, but still fail to be followed through sometimes. In order for a society to possess equality, everyone would have to be given equal opportunities for success. There must not be racism or oppression towards people, because that means they wouldn't be viewed as equal. Individuals must also have liberty only if they have the right to freely speak and make decisions for themselves when they need to.

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1. Both positive peace and negative peace mean a lack of a state of warfare/violence, but positive peace requires for the reasons for conflict to have been resolved and negative peace does not.

2. He describes it as countries cooperating for mutual/equal benefit and being in harmony (sharing feelings of suffering and joy appropriately).

3. I agree with this quote pretty strongly. Peace is certainly a process because real peace between two parties often requires hard work from the peacemakers, in order to reach an agreement that balances the needs of both. It's also a necessary process because failure to reach peace can lead to conflict and conflict can lead to people getting hurt. Therefore, we should always strive for peace to avoid people being harmed.

4. A realist would say that peace between states is unrealistic/wishful thinking and instead would prioritize the national security of their own state. A liberalist would say that peace is something important to be working towards and maintain, key to cooperation between states.

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1. Negative peace is the absence of violent conflict and war. Positive peace happens when the root causes of potential or prior violence have been addressed.

2.  Johan Galtung describes positive peace as cooperation for mutual and equal benefits. Its second component is harmony, and it means that you suffer the suffering of others, as well as the joy of others.

3. I strongly agree with this quote because it explains how peace is not sudden, but that it's a long process that unfolds gradually over time. This process involves changing people's opinions, breaking down old  barriers, and constructing new frameworks for cooperation and understanding. Even though world peace may never happen, we must strive for future development and peace, so we can make the world a better place.

4. Liberals advocate for the pursuit of peace and believe in the possibility of creating a system that can prevent conflict and encourage collaboration. In contrast, realists view peace as unlikely and prioritize national security. Liberalist interests are in long-term collective, while realists are short term, individual interest.

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1. In the video, Jonathan Pie talks about the government only caring about themselves and that they dont care about the Earth or its natural resources that it provides. He states that the government acknowledges the environmental issues, but they worry more about the economy rather than the environment. He also states that they see people who care and bring up environmental issues as disruptors.

2. The difference between economic development, human development, and sustainable development is that Economic development focuses on the efficiency of an economy, and supporting the processes of producing, consuming, and distributing goods and services. Key indicators for economic progress include GDP, sales, employment status, and stocks. On the other hand, human development is centered on addressing the essential needs and freedoms of individuals, allowing them to live fulfilling lives. Its objective is to advance and improve the overall well-being of a society. Meanwhile, sustainable development places a strong emphasis on issues related to social justice, such as inequality, environmental concerns, and poverty rates.

3. Relative poverty focuses on increasing income or living standards, while absolute poverty centers on evaluating how a person's own resources are utilized. Both absolute and relative poverty are measures used to assess and understand poverty, but they do so from different perspectives.

4.  Improved economic growth would improve human development because it would benefit the government and its economy by allowing individuals to have access to the resources they require to live happy lives. Human development can help the economy by allowing people to buy things they want and that satisfies them.

5. I define success to serving those who are "poor" by providing for those in need. We shouldn’t only give them resources, but instead help them help lead them into a better life. We should also guide them with people or places to turn to, and a good education.

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1. Compare and contrast the concepts of positive peace and negative peace.

-Positive peace is facilitating a peaceful society in which conflict is solved nonviolently. Negative peace is a state of no violence or fear of violence.

2. How does Johan Galtung describe positive peace in the video?

-Johan Galtung describes positive peace as cooperation for mutual and equal benefits. He also emphasizes the importance of harmony which is to suffer the suffering of others.

3. To what extent do you agree with this quote? Explain your response. "Peace is a daily, a weekly, a monthly process, gradually changing opinions, slowly eroding old barriers, quietly building new structures. And however undramatic the pursuit of peace, that pursuit must go on."- JFK

-I highly agree with this quote because peace is a battle that the world will always be fighting for and the importance of peace is extremely great and as such peace must be pursued.

4. Research- Research what a realist would say about peace vs. what a liberalist would say about peace- record answers here.

-A realist would say peace is inherently unachievable because of human nature.

-A liberalist would say peace is possible but would take work to be achieved and a promotion of cooperation.

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1. One view on development is that the government only cares about making money and they don’t care about the effects it has on the environment. Whereas, another view would be that over time development has helped the economy grow.

2.  Economic development is increasing the growth in the economy. Human development is the growth in a person’s life to make it better. Sustainable development is keeping our world balanced and not ruining it for future generations.

3. Absolute poverty is when someone doesn’t make a certain amount of money. Whereas, relative poverty is when someone makes enough money to pay bills, but compared to people in the society, they make nothing.

4. Economic development can help improve a person’s view on their life. It can help them live happier because they would have the basic necessities to live because of the growth in the economy.

5. I define success in helping others who are poor by giving them the access to the knowledge and tools to get them out of their situation.

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1. In Jonathan Pie’s rant, he expressed much anger towards the fact that the government, being hardwired to protect large corporations before the general public and their environment. He also expressed how their views of development are going towards things like rebuilding cathedrals rather than natural treasures that cannot be rebuilt once destroyed.

2. Economic development mainly focuses on the growth of a country's economy, and the circulation of wealth within it. Human development is all about the actual well-being of the people themselves and the quality of the life they are leading. Sustainable development centers around the productivity of the current generation while not putting the comfort of future ones in danger.

3. Absolute poverty is essentially when you’re so poor you lack the necessities to even live your life in a safe manner. Relative poverty is when the standard of living you have is comparably worse or “relatively” worse compared to those around you.

4. Economic development can be used to make the framework of the standard of living itself better, while human development can complement it by ensuring that those unable to to adequately gain money from this system be supported by a safety net.

5. Success in serving those who are poor I believe is different for each person. Some may be satisfied and feel good by committing an act that supports them temporarily, others are unsatisfied with this and won’t rest until that person is able to live a fulfilling life. Personally I identify with the latter.

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1. Positive peace seeks to create a durable and thriving peace by addressing the root causes of conflicts.

Negative peace does not necessarily address the underlying issues that caused the conflict and may not guarantee a lasting or stable peace.

2. He describes positive peace as equality and the ability to share feelings and struggles with others. Also "harmony" is just feeling the suffering and joy of others in your "chest"

3. I believe it is true. I think that that quote shows that peace can be taken away or improvised both in good and bad ways all at the same time. "That pursuit must go on." means despite all of these conflicts happening, we must still fight for peace.

4. Realist would probably not believe in any government or country at all as they think they are selfish and only do actions for their own needs. Probably see peace as something that needs to be handled individually.

While a liberalist would see peace being possibly obtained by countries working together as a team. Working through cooperation by sharing their goods and so on.

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1. Jonathan Pie talked about how the government does not care about climate change and how the news posts about it as a joke. Stating that the government does not take any action at all yet stating that "we get it, and we know to take action". Pissing off Jonathan Pie since he knows that they haven't done anything yet. Adding to this, Jonathan Pie also talked about how the view of the government is only focused on its own goals and does not care about the community's and people's needs.

2. Economic development is the development/improvement in the goods and values of goods and services consumed within an economy,

Human development is developing a way that helps improve the standard of living for human beings. To provide and have more than enough to just survive.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of the future.

3. Absolute poverty means having so little money that you can't afford the most basic things you need to survive, like food, clean water, and a place to live. There's a fixed line that says if you earn less than this amount, you're in absolute poverty, no matter where you live.

Relative poverty: is when you compare your income and living situation to the people around you. If you're doing much worse than most people in your area, you're in relative poverty, even if you have enough to cover your basic needs.

They are both similar because of how they can measure poverty. One measures it differently based on how much you have to make in order to cross an invisible line, and the other one depends on your surroundings.

4. Economic development can happen through an increase in more of jobs, which is the most common thing that can happen. Improved infrastructure, poverty reduction.

Human development mainly focuses on improving the standard of living.
Increased jobs: More employment, which then makes more money for people, reducing poverty.

Improved infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and many more.

5. I believe that this can make a person selfless. I do think serving the poor can help them become more human and connected to society.

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1. Jonathan Pie displayed his views and the people's views of the government and how the government displays and views these world problems. From the video, it was displayed that the government largely cares about its own development and prosperity rather than the conservation and preservation of the earth and the people on this planet that make it special. Just like Jonathan Pie said “the government cares more about the people and companies with more than a million pounds in the bank, than the people of the general community.

2. Economic development is the increase in physical items worth and use in society. Human development differs from that because it is developing an environment where people can be themselves and live a life they believe in. Sustainable development is protecting the future of the planet while still looking out for the people. All of these different forms of development have very different viewpoints. Economic prioritizes worth, human prioritizes individual lives, and sustainability prioritizes the future and the planet.

3. While both absolute and relative poverty measure or determine what is poverty, they look at two very different aspects or reasons for poverty. Relative poverty measures the wealth a person obtains and their living conditions, while absolute poverty measures the effect of an environment on a person's living.

4. Economic development can help improve individuals' lives by increasing pay rolls but there is a downside because when salaries increase so do the prices of goods and services. Human development can help economic development because when people are happy they usually buy more of what they want, which then creates profit for the economy.

5. I define success as serving those who are “poor” by providing them with the knowledge so that with the resources given to them they can be smarter to get themselves out of their hard situation.

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1. Positive peace includes harmony, fairness, and equality in addition to the absence of violence. Negative peace is the absence of concern for physical or armed conflict.

2. He describes positive peace as having two basic components. The first is equity, which is cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. The second is harmony, feeling the suffering and joy of others inside yourself.

3. I agree with this quote however I believe that when God comes down to earth again he will create full peace and we will no longer have to pursue peace.

4. Positive peace includes harmony, fairness, and equality in addition to the absence of violence. Realists and liberals both see war as the main obstacle to peaceful international relations. While realists believe that peace is unattainable and prefer to concentrate on national security, liberals advocate for the establishment of peace. Liberals value community and collaboration in international politics, whereas realists emphasize anarchy more. Liberals have a more positive outlook on the international system and believe it is feasible to establish one that can foster cooperation and peace while also preventing war. Realists are more pessimistic about the global system, yet they believe that stability is the most important goal we should pursue.

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1. Jonathan Pie displayed the opinions of those who thought that the "Extinction Rebellion" protests were horrible since they cost local companies millions of pounds and created travel disruption for roughly 500,000 people, making them very angry with the demonstrators. Jonathan Pie also shared the belief that we need to take action because the environment is perishing. We should hope that this protest will succeed as many others have in the past that have been similar to it. They think it is ridiculous that people are upset because they are taking action to rescue the world, not to purchase a pair of garments that will soon be disposed of in landfills. The government doesn't care about doing what is best for the environment; instead, it primarily cares about corporations and businesses with a lot of money.

2. Economic development refers to the quantity, quality, and productivity of the money in our economy. People's opportunities and freedom are growing as a result of human development. Additionally enhancing their health. Growth that satisfies current needs without compromising those of future generations is known as sustainable development.

3. The idea that there is a fundamental or universal concept of poverty is known as absolute poverty. The idea that poverty is comparable to other people's wealth or income is known as relative poverty. Absolute poverty emphasizes a person's whole wealth, but relative poverty emphasizes the wealth of another person, not the person themselves.

4. I think that economic and human development improve one another because human development changes the economic development. For example when a human decides to cut down on oil prices then the economy changes in the sense that they now make less money than they formerly were.

5. I define success to serve those who are poor as a Godly success because God seeks that us as his creation loves all as he loves us.

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1. In his tirade, Jonathan Pie complains that the administration is more concerned with itself and its own development than with the reality that our natural systems are in danger. He proceeded by noting that people who raise the real environmental issue are viewed as disruptors.

2. Economic development is the productivity of the economy, which is the mechanism for producing, consuming, and distributing products and services. GPD, sales, employment/unemployment, and stocks are the best indicators of an economy's progress. Human development focuses on the needs of people as well as their freedoms and chances to live fulfilling lives. Overall, it aims to advance and enhance the wellbeing of a society and/or population. Sustainable development emphasizes social justice issues such as inequality, environmental issues, particularly climate change, and poverty rates. There is much work for all nations and people groups to accomplish in order to achieve the goal we seek (a stable and sustainable country).

3. Since relative poverty measures income or living standards as opposed to absolute poverty, which concentrates on how one's environment affects their level of poverty, absolute and relative poverty both have different characteristics. For example, relative poverty concentrates on how one's environment affects their level of poverty while absolute poverty concentrates on how one's own resources are used. However, both are comparable in that they both gauge poverty levels.

4. Improved economic growth would lead to improved human development because it would benefit the government and its economy by enabling individuals to have access to the resources they require to live happy lives. As human development improved, it followed that economic growth may as well, since these contented people could see the worth in employment, income, stocks, and other things, improving the financial situation of their nations.

5. I think that in order to help the poor, we must not only provide them with the resources they need to live a decent, healthy life, but we also need to encourage them to not just seek out this healthy life but to put out the effort necessary to maintain it. This implies that in order to provide them with the essential encouragement, we don't simply provide them money or things; we also provide them with people or places to turn to. We must also provide adequate education and a pathway to achieve proper knowledge.

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1. In Jonathan Pie's rant he says how the government aren't focused on the fact that our environmental systems are in danger and are instead focused on themselves and their development. He then continued in saying that they see those who bring up the true environmental issue as disrupters.

2. Economic development- Economic development is the productivity of the economy (which is the system where goods along with services are produced, consumed, and distributed. The best way to detect a countries economic development is through GPD, sales, employment/unemployment, and stocks.
Human development- Focuses on human necessities along with their freedoms and opportunities to lead valuable and joy filled lives. All together its focus is on developing and improving a society and/or population's wellbeing.
Sustainable development- Sustainable development focuses on inequality or social justices, the environment more specifically climate change, and the poverty percentages. All countries and people groups have a lot to do in order to gain the result we wish (a stable and sustainable country)

3. Absolute poverty and Relative poverty both have differing qualities such as how they are measured (since absolute poverty focuses in minimal resources while relative poverty measures the income or living standards), and how they determine ones poverty (such as absolute focusing on a universal poverty standard while relative focuses on how those around one affects ones poverty levels) Even so both are similar in the fact that they both measure poverty levels

4. If economic development were to become better then human development would follow suit since it means the government and its economy is better off allowing peoples to be able to have the resources they need to live happy lives. Along with this human development became better that means that the economic development could also increase since these happier humans could find the value in jobs, income, stocks, etc bettering their countries economic standing.

5. I believe that to serve the poor we must not only support and give them the materials required to lead a good and healthy life but should also encourage them to not only seek this healthy life but to work hard to stay on it. This means we dont just give them money or supplies but places or people to turn to and show them how to lead a good life and why they should strive for this life in order to give them the encouragement necessary.

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1. Development, in the second video, is determined by a country's economy and GDP. GDP is the worth of all goods and services a country has and GDP per capita is the worth of all goods and services a country has divided by the population. A country with a high GDP is developed but a country with a low GDP is still developing. There are also conditions for economic growth: Peace & stability, education, access to capital, rule of law, and equality of opportunity. It is hard for certain countries to hold these five pillars of economic growth but with the help of other countries through treaties and agreements, they help each other in the categories they lack in.

2. Economic development is the value a society has by the amount of money, products, and the distribution of those products. Human development is the needs that a human needs physically, mentally, and spiritually. Sustainable development is the process of keeping and taking care of the place you govern for as long as possible. Less poor people, good jobs, and great choices keep a government successful.

3. Absolute poverty is a universal measurement of the amount of money a person makes a day and relative poverty is the measure of how much money you make compared to other people in your society.

4. Economic development can help improve human development because if the needs of the people are met then they will work hard to produce the needs of the government like produce, building, and distribution.

5. Success in serving those who are “poor” is praying for them after you have gotten to know their story and checking up on them consistently. Just giving them a couple dollars helps but it might not be enough for them to get to where they need to be. Making sure they are stable and bringing them to a resourceful group of people that can get them a job and housing makes them successful and builds character, care, and love for eachother.

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1. Some views include that the government is used to protecting the economy over the environment, the government has done little to protect the environment in the last 25 years, and development is brought about by civil disobedience.

2. Economic development is increasing the value of goods and services in an economy. Human development is creating an environment that allows people to live a life they value. Sustainable development is balancing human prosperity with protecting the planet for the future. They are all shown be to different in what they prioritize, whether it's the economy, quality of life, or the future.

3. Both absolute and relative poverty are ways of determining what qualifies as poverty. Absolute poverty says that it is making under $1.90 USD a day can't afford basic needs, whereas relative poverty says that it is dependent on the average income of the area.

4. Economic development can improve quality of life for people  by bringing in more financial resources through the creation of jobs or the raise of salaries. Human development can help the economy because one way that people better their lives is buying products.

5. I define success in serving those who are "poor" as providing for their needs and equipping them to provide for their own needs. By equipping them, they should now have the ability to climb out a state of poverty and create a more stable life for themselves.

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1. positive peace is involving everyone and trying make everyone happy, in other words it would mean that we as people were trying to have a peaceful society.It also means making sure that everyone has a goof environment and good work space.

2. In Johan Galtung video he talks about making sure everyone is heard and everyones feelings are out there and expressed.

3. I agree with this quote because I feel like no matter your circumstances you can have peace within your self. people and things can't be peace in your life, you have to have peace within you.

4. realist would probably say that peace comes from balance of power, we have to have everything balanced before we can have power, liberalist think its a product of cooperation, and a function of institutions

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1. Negative peace is the absence of violent conflict and war. In contrast, positive peace is when the underlying reasons for potential or past violence and war are resolved. They are similar with how they are both states of peace.
2. He describes positive peace as having two basic components. The first is equity, which is cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. The second is harmony, feeling that suffering and joy of others inside yourself.
3. I strongly agree with this quote because to me, it is saying that we must always strive for peace. Even though true world peace will never be fully achieved, humanity must put forth the effort to develop as much change for peace as is humanly possible in order to make the world better tomorrow than it was yesterday.
4. A liberalist would advocate for maintaining peace as it is a fundamental concern of liberalism, while a realist would likely consider the idea of maintaining peace to be nothing more than wishful thinking.

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1. What are some competing or different views on development mentioned in Jonathan Pie’s rant in the video called "The Extinction Rebellion?"-Jonathan Pie views that the government is well aware of the environmental problems and believes action should be taken but not right now. He was passionately saying how the government doesn’t care about the environment and isn’t willing to make a change.
2. Explain the differences between economic development, human development, and sustainable development. -Economic development is when a human system in which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed decreases and increases. Human development is about giving humans what they need and giving people more freedom. Sustainable development requires all members of society to take steps to guarantee abundance and good living situations.                                             3. Compare and contrast absolute poverty with relative poverty.  -Absolute poverty is the belief that there is an exact definition of poverty whereas relative poverty is the belief that poverty is based on wealth and income.
4. How can economic and human development improve each other? (Own thoughts)-Human development can contribute to the success of economic development, or if human development’s goal or focus conflicts with economic development.
5. How do you define success in serving those who are "poor"? (Own thoughts)-Success in serving those who are poor is helping those people, specifically those who can’t find a way to help themselves. Help can include financial aid or just a strong community.

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1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is determined by the total of goods and services in a country divided by the population. Countries with higher GDP per capita are considered developed, while countries with lower GDP per capita are considered developing. In order to develop, countries need 5 things. Peace and stability is needed so people can function and work without the threat of violence. Quality education makes people productive workers and spread innovation. Capital is important because countries must accumulate money in order to grow industries. Rule of law requires the government to abide by a legal written code that prevents them from only helping themselves and promotes strong property rights for more people to grow businesses. Equality of opportunity eliminates discrimination to allow more people to engage in jobs to their full economic potential. Some countries help other countries to develop when they fail in some of these aspects. Some reasons include humanitarianism (helping is the right thing to do), helping themselves in security and helping grow their own economy. Development has grown to include humans living how they want. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) help us work towards protecting the environment, encouraging democracy, and equality.
2. Economic development focuses mainly on the value of the economies goods and services. It is an average of the economy as a whole, unlike human development, which focuses more on the individual person and the different aspects of life they deal with. Sustainable development is different from both of these in how its main goal is to improve the well-being of all people everywhere and not just take care of themselves.
3. Absolute poverty gives a universal definition or guideline to poverty. It is similar to relative poverty in the way that they are both ways to determine the poverty level of an individual. However, relative poverty is much different because it determines ones poverty based on the income of those around them.
4. Economic development can help human development by providing a general basis for the economy that human development can further explain. Human development helps economic development by giving the details of human life for individuals needed to determine a country's overall development.
5. Success when serving those poorer than ourselves is when a noticeable improvement in development is made on the country we are putting in the effort to help.

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1. Some of the competing or different views is that the government is more concerned with helping themselves economically than helping the people. That they don’t let the Earth flourish, and the government only cares about themselves. That they are being selfish and are not protecting the Earth’s resources. However, the people who are aware of what the government is doing are getting in the way of the people who are depleting the resources of our planet.

2. Economic development is how much money we have in our economy, the value , and the productivity. Human development is making the freedom of people greater and their opportunities bigger. Also improving their wellbeing. Sustainable development is growth that meets the needs of people in the present without compromising the needs of future generations.

3. Absolute poverty is when people don’t have even the smallest amount of funds to afford basic living necessities for themselves for a period of time. It is used to describe when an individual does not have the financial means to live a obtainable lifestyle. Relative poverty is the level of poverty that changes based on the circumstances. It relates to what the economy looks like. Relative poverty refers to the the economy of where the individual is living and their surroundings.

4. If economic development improves, human development will get better because they are kind of linked. If economic growth happens that could create more jobs for the people. Which will help human development because that gives the people more opportunities. Those jobs will improve the wellbeing of the people and the economy.

5. Success in serving people who are poor is donating your time to help them emotionally and to give them basic necessities and resources that will help them. It is about helping them find their way to be able to support themselves. So they can have a sustainable life. I believe that serving people who have less than us right can improve their way of life and maybe if we help people with less they will too.

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1. Jonathan Pie showed the views of the people who believed that the protesting from the “Extinction Rebellion” was terrible because it cost the local businesses millions of pounds and caused travel chaos for about half a million people, making people extremely upset with the protesters. The other view that Jonathan Pie was a side of was the view that the earth is dying and we must do something about it. Many protests like this in the past have been successful, so we should hope that this protest will be successful too. They believe it is stupid that people are complaining because they are doing something to save the world, not to get a pair of clothes that will soon end up in landfills. The government only cares about businesses and incorporations with a lot of money and isn’t concerned about doing what is best to help our planet.

2. Economic development is increasing the value and productivity of goods and services in an economy, showing growth in the economy's total value through things like increased production or higher-value goods and services. Economic indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment rates, and stock market indexes are used to track economic development. In contrast, human development focuses on fulfilling basic needs, providing freedom, and happiness and well-being for individuals. It includes the development of human nature and the overall quality of life. Sustainable development, on the other hand, goes beyond the economic and human aspects. It involves addressing issues like poverty, global warming, and racial injustice while preserving the environment for future generations. Sustainable development emphasizes the need for action to ensure prosperity and a high quality of life for the entire population and the planet.
3. The concepts of absolute poverty and relative poverty are different ways of measuring and understanding poverty. In absolute poverty, poverty is defined as a universal and fixed standard. A good example is the international poverty line (IPL), which says anyone making less than $1.90 a day is poor. It's based on the idea that people below this threshold can't afford basic necessities. However, this has limitations because it doesn't consider that living costs are different in different places. In contrast, relative poverty is more complex as it defines poverty in relation to the income or wealth of others within a specific society. Here, someone might have enough income to meet their basic needs but still be considered poor to their wealthier peers in the same society. Relative poverty accounts for differences in average incomes globally and acknowledges that someone may be in poverty in a high-income country even if they earn more than someone in a lower-income country. It shows the importance of social and economic inequality in a specific context.
4. Economic development and human development can help each other out. When the economy grows and people earn more money, it makes life better for them. They can then use their money for things like education and healthcare, which makes their lives even better. Also, when more people are educated and healthy, they can do better at their jobs, which helps the economy grow more. This makes a cycle where both the economy and people's lives get better.
5. Success in helping those who are "poor" means making their lives better and giving them a chance to escape poverty. It's about giving them things like food, clean water, and a place to live to help right away, while also helping them learn new skills and get an education for the long term. Success is also treating them with respect, letting them be a part of decisions, and finding solutions that keep working even after we are gone. It's all about giving people the power to break free from poverty, so they can have a better life now and for the future.

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1. One of the views that Jonathan Pie spoke about was the view that the government is only focused and more concerned on their own needs and wellbeing instead of the people's needs.

2. Economic development is the improvement in the value of goods and services consumed within an economy.
Human development is developing a way/system that helps the people meet their basic needs and letting people be able to live happily and not just survive.
Sustainable development is the development of ways to live sustainably without the usage of natural resources.

3. Absolute poverty is the view that there is a universal or fundamental definition of poverty. Relative poverty is the view that poverty is relative to the wealth or income of others. Absolute poverty focuses more on the general wealth one person has while relative poverty focuses more on the wealth another person has and not of the person themselves but the other.

4. Economic and human development can improve each other by relying on each other for certain things. For example, creating more jobs allows for the people to learn new things and have a job while also creating income and bettering the economy.

5. I believe what would be considered success in serving the " poor" is helping them without making them feel bad about themselves for the way they live because a lot of the time "poor" people feel ashamed that they live the way they do. When they have no choice but to live how they do. Nowadays people video themselves "helping" poor and homeless people to become more "popular" on the internet. But what people don't realize or do realize and dont care is that they are making those people feel used and less of a human being and more of an object thats thrown to the side. So I would define success in serving the "poor" as helping them without making them feel less of a human.

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1. Some competing or different views is that the government isn't really concerned about the earth and the natural resources our Earth provides. And the people that do truly care about to preservation of the Earth's natural resources are being labeled as "disturbing/disrupting" others in the process.

2. Economic development is the value and productivity of the economy. Human development is the development of meeting the basic needs/standards and letting people have opportunities and live happily. Sustainable development is the development has something to do with the quality of the human and about the population we live in.

3. Absolute poverty is the view that there is a universal or fundamental definition of poverty. An example would be the International poverty line (IPL). The explanation behind this is that if anyone, anywhere in the world makes below this amount of money than they cannot afford basic needs. Relative poverty is that poverty is relative to the income or wealth of others. For example, someone may have enough money to take care of their basic needs, but compared to other people in their society, they're viewed as "poor".

4. They can improve each other by giving more job opportunities and possibly raising job incomes, which in all will boost the economy.

5. Success to serving those who are poor are by not being selfish, but instead selfless. Putting yourself last. Also by simply just supporting/assisting them so that they can overtime build their own independence and their own lifestyle.

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Soft Power vs. Hard Power vs. Smart Power in Global Politics

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1.The government is hard-wired to only protect animals and rich people. people talk about things that isn't gonna make people panic.The government isn't taking enough action and bio-diversity is essential

2. Human development is how much money the economy has and what we are doing to be successful as a economy
Economic development- is how much money is in the economy
Sustainable Development- the quality of the human and the population we live in

3. absolute power is where your income is at a certain level, relative poverty is how much money you have based on where you grew up. they both deal with money but they fall under different things.

4. economic and human development will help everyone be better people and the world will be better as a whole

5. I would listen first because they live alone and then provide them with what they need