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- sympathetic preganglionic neuron are in intermediolateral cell column (IML) = intermediate horn (IH)
> intermediate gray column of cells
- parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the sacral autonomic nucleus
> send their axons out the ventral roots to parasympathetic ganglia in target organ

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T1-L2 = sympathetic preganglionic neurons
S2 - S4 = parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

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dermatome: spinal segment whose corresponding skin region's sensory info travels to

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nerves: peripheral bundles of axons
roots: central bundles of axons that carry axons btw the CNS and the exit pt from the dural envelope

- spinal nerves have both sensory fibers ending in the SC and motor axons beginning in the SC

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corticospinal tract starts on opposite side of the muscles it influence

motor or pyramidal decussation: where corticospinal tract fibers cross (decussation)

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axons of corticospinal tract travel through forebrain, midbrain, and pons --> forms pyramids --> 2 parallel columns down either side of the ventral medullary midline

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- primary afferent nociceptors and thermoreceptors synapse on SC neurons in dorsal horn
- DHC neuron is a spinothalamic tract cell
- spinothalamic tract cell sends its axon to across the midline to continue up the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus
- spinothalamic tract axons travel in ventrolateral quadrant of SC
- spinothalamic neuron synapses thalamic neuron then sends info to primary somatosensory cortex

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minimum four neurons: primary afferent, dorsal column nuclear cell, thalamic neuron, and cortical neuron
minimum three synapses

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- perception of of light touch simulate afferent neurons that have cell body in DRG
- sends axon into SC that ascend through dorsal column of SC to DCN in medulla
- then neuron crosses midline, and axon continues to ascend contralateral to medulla mid line to thalamus
--> !!! lemniscus pathway always end on opposite side of body that is started on
- thalamic neuron receive info than send an axon via somatosensory radiation to primary somatosensory cortex

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- DCML and spinothalamic are sensory
> from body into CNS via SC > brainstem > forebrain
- corticospinal is motor
> down neuraxis > muscle contractions

DRG = dorsal root ganglia
DCN = dorsal column nuclei

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if there is a difference btwn C57 and 129 outcomes from an experiment, we can say that it's based on their genetic differences

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C57 is more active, 129 is more docile

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parts of mice that are involved in HTR:
cervical plexus control
cranial nerve 6

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DOI is the psychedelic

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higher DOI conc in frontal cortex than blood, higher in male then female in moth

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IP is a downstream effector of G q/11 signaling
test IP accumulation in frontal cortex
no sex related differences

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- most immediate and acute effects of psychedelic administration is mediated by 5-HT2ARs
> especially in forebrain pyramidal neurons
- other monoaminergic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also may be relevant to hallucinogenic effects
> 5-HT1A, serotonin 5-HT5A, dopamine D2

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diff pharmacokinetic properties of DOI in each sex

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diff pharmacokinetic properties of DOI in each sex

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brain and plasma concentration of DOI lower 30 and 60 mins after drug admin in female vs male

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accumulated IP1 (inositol monophosphate) in frontal cortex upon DOI administration --> no sex-related effects

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Volinanserin / M100907 is a 5-HT2AR antagonist
> fully prevented DOI-induced HTR in male and female C57BL/6J mice

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more HTR in female vs male C57BL/6Jmice, not in 129S6/SvEv mice

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- most psychedelic pharmacology focuses on male mice
> measure head twitch behavior (HTB) in male and female after DOI

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DOI = amphetamine 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane

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- preganglionic neurons originate T₁ to L2
- axons pass through ramus communicans to enter sympathetic trunk ganglion
- sympathetic trunk or chains near the SC

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- preganglionic neurons originate:
> cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
> S₂ to S₄ regions of SC
- preganglionic neurons synapse w terminal ganglia
- then postganglionic axons extend to organs served

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- rest and digest
- conserve energy
- D division
> digestion
> defecation
> diuresis

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- response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stress or threatened
- increases activity
- E division
> Exercise
> Excitement
> Emergency
> Embarrassment

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preganglionic axon in both release acetycholine

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parasymp (cholinergic) fibers release acetylecholine

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postganglionic (adrenergic) fibers release norepinephrine

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division that serve the same organ cause antagonistic effects bc of diff NT

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- organs serves by autonomic NS get nerve fibers from symp and parasymp divisions
- exceptions only get symp fibers
> blood vessels, skin structures, some glands, and adrenal medulla

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- chain of 2 motor neurons
> preganglionic neurons in brain and SC
> postganglionic neurons extends to organs
- 2 arms
> sympathetic and parasymp divisions

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- motor neurons originate in the CNS
- axons extend to skeletal muscles

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parasympathetic and sympathetic states of of autonomic

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- questions abt cranial nerves
> person presents this, what cranial nerves? or what SC nerve?
- questions will be clinical, case study
- get familiar w/ diagrams

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branching happens after nerves leave the dorsal/ventral roots

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nerve: PNS
neuron: CNS

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mininges: 3 protective layers in NS
goal: protect, allow everything in NS to stick together, make space for CSF to flow

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ganglia: clusters and bundles of neuronal tracts that come off the SC
peripheral nervous system ONLY

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- separate from tracts that originate in the cortex
- originates in the BS
- carries motor fibers to SC
- involuntary movement

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- lateral corticospinal tract axons weave out of tract into anterior horns of SC
- corticospinal tract controls fine movements of ipsilateral (same side of body) limbs, but corresponding motor cortex is contralateral
> distal to pyramidal decussation
- anterior corticospinal tract controls central axial and girdle muscles

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- pyramidal tract
- major neuronal pathway providing info necessary for voluntary motor fxn
- connects cortex and SC to the muscles for necessary movement

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- neurons in this tract are mainly from nucleus proprius in laminae III and IV or dorsal horn
- axons of these neurons cross obliquely via ventral white commissure to enter the contra-lateral white matter where they ascend in the lateral funic-ulus

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- two adjacent pathways
> anterior
>> carries info about crude touch
> lateral
>> carries info abt pain and temperature

- spinothalamic tract in SC has somatotopic organization

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- transmit info from body by primary somatosensory cortex
- receives info from sensory receptors throughout the body
- carried through nerve tract in white matter of dorsal column of the SC to the
>> medulla
>> medial lemniscus
>> thalamus
>> internal capsule
>> somatosensory cortex

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- dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML)
- sensory pathway of the CNS
> fine touch, vibration, pressure, proprioception

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- lemniscal pathway: dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML); sensory pathway of the CNS
> fine touch, vibration, pressure, proprioception
- spinothamalic pathway
- corticospinal pathway

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- plexus: network of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of limbs
- formed from ventral rami of spinal nerves in cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions
- 4 plexuses
> cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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- ramus: branch of spinal nerve
>both motor and sensory fibers
- dorsal rami: serve the skin and muscles of posterior trunk
- ventral rami (T1-T12): intercostal nerves that supply muscles & skin of ribs & trunk
- ventral rami (except T1-T12): form complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior

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not divisions w/in somatic & autonomic

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- PNS isn't protected (no skull, vertebrae, CSF)
- cranial & spinal nerves (except optic nerve) are in PNS
- cranial nerve cell bodies originate in the brain, but axons extend out of the skull

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- spinal nerve: peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
> combination of ventral and dorsal roots of SC

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- 12 pairs of nerves mostly for head and neck
- pair of vagus nerves extend to thoracic and abdominal cavities
- most nerves are mixed
- 3 sensory only nerves
> optic, olfactory, vestibulocochlear

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mixed nerves: both sensory and motor fibers
sensory (afferent) nerves: carries impulses to CNS
motor (efferent) nerves: carries impulses from CNS

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- nerve: bundle of neurons outside of CNS
- endoneurium: connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber; binds groups of fascicles
- perineurium: wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle

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- gray matter surrounds central canal
- central canal is filed with CSF

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- dorsal (posterior) horns contain interneurons
> receive info from sensory neurons in dorsal root
> cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion
- ventral (anterior) horns contain motor neurons of somatic (voluntary) NS
> sends info out of ventral root

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- white matter: ascending and descending bundles of myelinated axons
- white matter in SC is on the outside
> opposite in brain where white matter is on the inside
- gray matter: neural cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons
- gray matter in SC is on the inside

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meninges = 3 layers of SC and brain

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- dorsal root: spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
- ventral root: spinal root that contains incoming (efferent) motor fibers

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- spinal root: bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue tat occurs in pair, fuse and form --> spinal nerve
- cauda equina: bundle of spinal roots located caudle to end of spinal cord
- caudal block: anesthesia and paralysis of lower part of body produced by injection of local anesthetic into cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina

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- distribute motor fibers to effector organs (glands and muscles)
- collect somatosensory info to be passed to the brain
- some autonomy
> reflexive control circuits

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yellow = article

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green = textbook

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blue = lecture