# data[].attributes.body
"Select and Mask makes selecting easier by putting all of the Selection Tools in one place."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Blur Tool lives in the toolbar on the left side of the Photoshop workspace window."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Burn tool darkens areas of an image."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation"

# data[].attributes.body
"The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Smudge tool is a Photoshop feature that allows you to mix or blend the content in an area of your image."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Crop tool allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Straighten tool is designed for ease of use: You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you. So find the reference line that I encouraged you to determine in Step 1, then drag the Straighten tool across!"

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"The Paint Bucket tool fills an area, that is similar in color value to the pixels you click. You can fill an area with the foreground color or a pattern. Choose a foreground color."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images."

# data[].attributes.body
"Categories of hand tools include wrenches, pliers, cutters, files, striking tools, struck or hammered tools, screwdrivers, vises, clamps, snips, hacksaws, drills, and knives."

# data[].attributes.body
"Magnify or reduce the view of your image with the Zoom tool. Select the Zoom tool from the toolbar. In the tool options bar, choose the Zoom In option to magnify your view or the Zoom Out option to reduce the image view."

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"The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Rectangular Marquee Tool is used for making a rectangular selection. The Elliptical Marquee Tool is used for making a circular selection."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Quick Selection tool allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Polygonal Lasso Tool creates selections with straight edges."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image."

# data[].attributes.body
"

The Healing Brush and Patch tools allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another."

# data[].attributes.body
"The Patch tool is one of the most used and most helpful tools for photo editors."

# data[].attributes.body
"The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys."

# data[].attributes.body
"the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association."

# data[].attributes.body
"the state of being full of energy and life."

# data[].attributes.body
"a color or shade."

# data[].attributes.body
"the adjustment that in addition makes other colors in a displayed image appear to have the same general appearance as the colors in an original scene."

# data[].attributes.body
"the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added."

# data[].attributes.body
"A scrim is a popular light modifier used by photographers and videographers to soften or diffuse light. Scrims are generally made from steel and fabric, although a variety of materials can be used."

# data[].attributes.body
"A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there. A reflector is good for creating fill light or lessening shadows."

# data[].attributes.body
"Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter."

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"A full-frame camera is a camera with a full-frame sensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. The biggest advantage of a full-frame camera is that it has no crop factor. Crop factor means that the image is cut off because the sensor is too small to capture the entire image."

# data[].attributes.body
"In digital photography, the crop factor, format factor, or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference."

# data[].attributes.body
"Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them."

# data[].attributes.body
"Post-processing includes full-screen filters and effects performed on a camera's image buffer before displaying the image on the screen. Post-processing is commonly used to add cinematic qualities to our scenes by simulating certain qualities particular to film cameras, such as a motion blur."

# data[].attributes.body
"a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images."

# data[].attributes.body
"Metadata makes finding and working with data easier – allowing the user to sort or locate specific documents. Some examples of basic metadata are author, date created, date modified, and file size. Metadata is also used for unstructured data such as images, video, web pages, spreadsheets, etc."

# data[].attributes.body
"denoting or relating to a camera that combines the optics and mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, rather than photographic film."

# data[].attributes.body
"Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens."

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"A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens."

# data[].attributes.body
"Telephoto photography is a type of photography that brings distant subjects closer with the use of long focal lengths. While shorter focal lengths exaggerate subjects closest to you, telephoto lenses allow you to emphasize and bring faraway subjects closer, from people to wildlife to mountains."

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"a lens of fixed focal length."

# data[].attributes.body
"A macro lens is a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects. A true macro lens has a magnification ratio of 1:1 (or greater), and a minimum focus distance around 30cm."

# data[].attributes.body
"The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos."

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"It is that moment just before sunrise or after sunset when the sun dips below the horizon. This whimsical window of time is when a soft blue light fills the sky; creating a cool, peaceful setting that is every bit as beautiful as golden hour."

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"Red, blue, and yellow are three primary colors that create a triadic color scheme. Triadic colors create a vibrant color palette by separating each color, regardless of the specific hues. For example, the following are perfect triadic color combinations: Red, Yellow, and Blue."

# data[].attributes.body
"Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism."

# data[].attributes.body
"In photography, HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows."

# data[].attributes.body
"PSD stands for Photoshop Document, which is an image format that supports layers of graphics in a single file."

# data[].attributes.body
"What is a JPEG file? A Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file is a lossy raster file format that compresses an image to make the file smaller. JPEG files are some of the most popular and widely used image formats in the world."

# data[].attributes.body
"A RAW file is the uncompressed and unprocessed image data captured by a digital camera or scanner's sensors. Shooting in RAW captures a high level of image detail, with large file sizes and lossless quality."

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"

An image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Most formats up until 2022 were for storing 2D images, not 3D ones. The data stored in an image file format may be compressed or uncompressed."

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"

SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing."

# data[].attributes.body
"How does DPI differ from PPI? PPI (Pixels per Inch) refers to the number of pixels that make up every inch of a digital image. It's used to describe image resolution on a screen, rather than in print. DPI, meanwhile, refers to number of dots in every inch and is generally used for print purposes."

# data[].attributes.body
"In digital photography, resolution is the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image. The higher the resolution, and the richer the pixel count, the more detail and definition you will see."

# data[].attributes.body
"What is the image aspect ratio? The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Different cameras shoot in different aspect ratios, so whether you're using a digital camera, a 35mm film camera, or an iPhone, they can all vary."

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"To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio. In other words, photo cropping is the act of improving an image by removing unnecessary parts."

# data[].attributes.body
"The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen. Don't see the options bar? Bring it back by going to the Window drop-down menu and selecting Options (on both macOS and Windows)."

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"This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files. The Image menu allows you to make various adjustments like image size, while the Filter menu gives you access to more advanced tools and effects"

# data[].attributes.body
"Introduction to Palettes. Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal."

# data[].attributes.body
"The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!"

# data[].attributes.body
"Last updated on Dec 20, 2021. A workspace is an arrangement of elements, such as pods that you use frequently while working on documents. You can dock, stack, minimize, or make these elements free-floating in your workspace. You can select from several standard out-of-the-box workspaces or create one of your own."

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"A white balance card is an important tool for photographers to have in their arsenal. It can be used to help achieve accurate colors in photos, regardless of the lighting conditions. In this article, we'll show you how to use a grey white balance card for perfect color in your photography."

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"Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure."

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"In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index. (See Manual Exposure). Auto-exposure bracketing range."

# data[].attributes.body
"Basically, when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing. As a result, it's much less likely that you'll end up with a badly underexposed or overexposed photo."

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"An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame."

# data[].attributes.body
"Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time."

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"a brief evocative description, account, or episode."

# data[].attributes.body
"Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama."

# data[].attributes.body
"Within The Realm Of Photography, Midtones Refer To The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph. In photography, understanding light and its different aspects is fundamental."

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"Shadows are the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object. Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light."

# data[].attributes.body
"18% is an average according to what is called "grey world" hypothesis."

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"the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography"

# data[].attributes.body
"concentrates the metering on the central part of the viewfinder but also takes the rest of the frame into consideration."

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"one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness."

# data[].attributes.body
"the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot."

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"

Burst photos are perfect because they allow you to capture multiple shots as your subject moves. Just keep your finger pressed down on the shutter button while the subject moves through the scene. Once you've taken a set of burst photos, you can then select the best shots from the action sequence."

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"

Panning is a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object. It is a way to keep your subject in focus while blurring your background. Panning is typically done on a subject moving horizontally, such as a moving car, or a running dog."

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"

Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.” A light painting photographer opens a camera's shutter and keeps it open as they draw in the air with a light source."

# data[].attributes.body
"denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster."

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"

Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp"

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"Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup."

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"A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support with one leg (the “mono”). Much of the rest of the design is similar across both accessories. Both are height adjustable, for example."

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"Motion blur is the visual streaking or smearing captured on camera as a result of movement of the camera, the subject, or a combination of the two. The human eye naturally registers motion blur in real life, so a subtle blur in film often mimics reality better than if it were absent."

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"The Bulb setting (abbreviated B) on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button."

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"It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes."

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"
One of those modes is aperture priority. With it, the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects."

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"Shutter speed priority, also known as shutter priority mode, is when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed."

# data[].attributes.body
"In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. For any given brightness of light, the camera has been programmed to set a specific combination of shutter speed and aperture. In low light, for example, the camera might set 1/30 second and f4."

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"Auto mode works exactly the way it sounds: It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash. Therefore, with your camera set to Auto mode, your camera does all the heavy lifting, while you simply point and shoot."

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" bokeh is more than the blur, it is a word used to describe the aesthetic quality of blur."

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"the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera."

# data[].attributes.body
"Focal length is the distance measured in millimeters, between the optical center of the lens and the camera sensor, where the light information is recorded."

# data[].attributes.body
"F-stop, or aperture, specifically controls the size of the opening in the lens."

# data[].attributes.body
"Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes."

# data[].attributes.body
"Just like with sound, where noise refers to auditory disruptions, in photography, the term digital noise refers to visual distortion. Noise looks like tiny colored pixels or specks in your photograph, and sometimes resembles the grain that you may see in film photography."

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"Film grain is the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion."