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From the perspective of Giovanni Carpini (Perplexity), 1245-1246

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From the perspective of Giovanni Carpini (Perplexity), 1245-1246

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"My journey to Russia began in 1245 when the Pope tasked me with a vital diplomatic mission to the Mongol Empire. Despite my advanced age of 63, I embarked from Lyon on Easter day, April 16th, carrying a papal letter for the Great Khan. Our small party traveled eastward across Europe, into Mongol-ruled territories. I came to find that the crown jewel of Kievan Rus, Kiev itself, fell after a nine-day siege in December 1240. I was shocked to learn of the city's fate when I passed through the area six years later. Where once stood a grand and populous metropolis, I found only ruins, hardly two-hundred houses, and countless human bones scattered across the ground. Kiev had been reduced to almost nothing."

On the behalf of Giovanni Carpini, as an envoy that traveled through Russia shortly after the Mongol Conquest, his firsthand accounts describes the brutal behavior and detrimental impact that the Mongols left behind on Kiev. His purpose As an eyewitness to the aftermath of the invasion, his depiction of the mass destruction on the once flourishing capital of Kiev demonstrates how ruthless the Mongols can be on their conquest. He described in vivid detail the destruction he observed in Kiev, noting that the once-great city had been looted destroyed. Additionally the populous capital had been reduced to surrounding fields littered with "countless human skulls and bones from the dead", showing how warlike and willing to kill the Mongols are when invading other states and regions. Their carelessness and brutality towards other cultures and people suggest that they would be more than willing to terrorize and take over other empires throughout Eurasia.

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The Siege of Ryazan happened in Ryazan on December 1237 during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. Ryazan was capital of the Principality of Ryazan, and was the first Kievan Rus' city to be besieged by the Mongol invaders under Batu Khan

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The Mongols killed Prince Mikhail of Chernigov by order of Batu Khan in September 1246. The execution was reportedly the result of Mikhail refusing to "purify himself" by walking between two fires and bowing before an idol of Chingis Khan.

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What changes did Mongols bring to Russian civilization in the InSPECT Themes?

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What changes did Mongols bring to Russian civilization in the InSPECT Themes?

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Interaction with Environment:

The Mongols introduced new land management practices to Russia, particularly related to pastureland for their horses. They also established the yam system of communication and transportation routes, which altered how Russians interacted with and traversed their environment

Social:

The Mongols allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its position, leading to a new era of Russian religious art and architecture. They also introduced new social hierarchies and power structures, with Russian princes having to swear allegiance to Mongol rulers.

Political:

The Mongols centralized power in Moscow, weakening the political system of Kievan Rus. They imposed heavy taxes and tribute requirements, which strengthened local princes who could offer protection, setting the stage for later Russian autocracy.

Economic:

The Mongols implemented a census system for taxation and expanded trade routes through the yam system. This improved communication and commerce within Russia and with other regions, but also placed heavy financial burdens on the population.

Cultural:

The Mongol period saw the introduction of many new words and phrases into the Russian language, particularly related to government and commerce. The Orthodox Church also gained prominence as a preserver of Russian culture under Mongol rule.

Technology:

The Mongols likely introduced some military technologies and tactics to Russia. Their communication and transportation system (the yam) also represented a technological advancement that persisted long after Mongol rule ended.

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Who was Ivan III, and how did he help Russia recover from Mongol rule?

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Who was Ivan III, and how did he help Russia recover from Mongol rule?

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Ivan III, also known as Ivan the Great, played a crucial role in helping Russia recover from Mongol rule during his reign as Grand Prince of Moscow from 1462 to 1505. He significantly expanded Moscow's territory. Ivan III successfully united much of northern Russia under Moscow's control. In 1480, he decisively ended the Mongol yoke (Mongol rule over Kiev) by refusing to pay tribute to the Golden Horde and successfully repelling their attempts to reassert control. His actions laid the foundation for a unified Russian state and marked the emergence of Russia as an independent power on the European stage.

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The Mongols have been charged with the crimes of mass killing and destruction of cities through conquest. This case will cover a glimpse of Mongol brutality on Russia in how they burned cities to the ground, destroyed cultural and religious sites, and forced the surviving populations into tribute payments. The scale of destruction, loss of life, and long-term subjugation of the Russian people under Mongol rule constitute severe crimes against humanity that demand accountability.