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One of the most important inventions in human history, the wheel revolutionized transportation and led to countless other technological advancements. It was first used in Mesopotamia for pottery making before being adapted for chariots and carts.

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3000 BCE: Development of Writing Systems

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3000 BCE: Development of Writing Systems

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The invention of writing systems, such as Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs, allowed for the recording and sharing of knowledge across generations. This breakthrough laid the foundation for future technological and scientific progress.

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2700 BCE: Great Pyramid of Giza Construction

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2700 BCE: Great Pyramid of Giza Construction

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The building of the Great Pyramid showcased advanced engineering and architectural skills of ancient Egyptians. They used sophisticated tools and techniques to cut, transport, and place massive stone blocks with remarkable precision.

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1200 BCE: Iron Smelting in Ancient Middle East

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1200 BCE: Iron Smelting in Ancient Middle East

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The ability to smelt iron marked a significant technological leap. Iron tools and weapons were stronger and more durable than bronze, leading to advancements in agriculture, construction, and warfare.

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500 BCE: Pythagorean Theorem in Ancient Greece

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500 BCE: Pythagorean Theorem in Ancient Greece

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While the concept was known earlier in Babylonia, Pythagoras formalized the theorem that bears his name. This mathematical principle became crucial for architecture, navigation, and later technological developments.

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Though earlier forms existed, refined papermaking techniques were developed in China around this time. Paper revolutionized record-keeping, education, and the spread of knowledge, playing a vital role in technological progress.

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50 CE: Hero's Aeolipile - The First Steam Engine

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50 CE: Hero's Aeolipile - The First Steam Engine

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Greek inventor Hero of Alexandria created the aeolipile, a simple steam turbine. While it wasn't put to practical use then, it demonstrated the power of steam, foreshadowing the steam engines of the Industrial Revolution.

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105 CE: Improved Paper Making Process by Cai Lun

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105 CE: Improved Paper Making Process by Cai Lun

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Chinese official Cai Lun refined the papermaking process, using materials like tree bark and old rags. This improvement made paper production more efficient and accessible, further boosting its impact on civilization.

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300 CE: Invention of the Horseshoe in Roman Empire

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300 CE: Invention of the Horseshoe in Roman Empire

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The horseshoe greatly improved the efficiency and lifespan of horses used for transportation and agriculture. This seemingly simple invention had a significant impact on trade, warfare, and farming practices.

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500 CE: Development of the Heavy Plow in Slavic Lands

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500 CE: Development of the Heavy Plow in Slavic Lands

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The heavy plow allowed farmers to till heavier, more fertile soils effectively. This technological advancement led to increased food production, supporting larger populations and contributing to the growth of medieval European civilizations.