# data[].attributes.headline
1796: Edward Jenner and the samllpox vaccine

# data[].attributes.subject
1796: Edward Jenner and the samllpox vaccine

# data[].attributes.body
Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. In the West, Jenner is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have saved "more lives than any other man". Jenner married Catherine Kingscote (who died in 1815 from tuberculosis) in March 1788. Jenner was found in a state of apoplexy on 25 January 1823, with his right side paralysed. He did not recover and died the next day of an apparent stroke, his second, on 26 January 1823, aged 73. He was buried in the family vault at the Church of St Mary, Berkeley.

# data[].attributes.headline
1885: Louis Pasteur and the rabies vaccine 

# data[].attributes.subject
1885: Louis Pasteur and the rabies vaccine 

# data[].attributes.body
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist whose work changed medicine. He proved that germs cause disease; he developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies; and he created the process of pasteurization. He was born on Dec. 27, 1822, in Dole, France. In 1895, while still working part time at his lab, he suffered the first of a final series of strokes. Louis Pasteur died on Sept. 28, 1895. His last words were, “One must work; one must work, I have done what I could.”

For more information, visit Louis Pasteur: Biography & Quotes | Live Science

# data[].attributes.body
Jonas Salk was an American physician and medical researcher who discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Salk also wrote several books on philosophical topics. His works include Man Unfolding (1972) and The Survival of the Wisest (1973), which he co-wrote with son Jonathan.Salk died of heart failure on June 23, 1995, at his home in La Jolla, California.

# data[].attributes.headline
1954: Albert Sabin and the oral polio vaccine

# data[].attributes.subject
1954: Albert Sabin and the oral polio vaccine

# data[].attributes.body
Albert Sabin was a Polish-American medical researcher and microbiologist best known for developing the oral polio vaccine, which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease. In 1969–72, he served as the president of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. He was born in Białystok, Russian Empire, now Poland. Sabin refused to patent his vaccine, waiving commercial exploitation by pharmaceutical industries, so that the low price would guarantee a more extensive spread of the treatment. Sabin also isolated the B virus, conducted research that led to the development of vaccines for sandfly fever and dengue, studied how immunity to viruses is developed, investigated viruses that affect the nervous system, and studied the role of viruses in cancer. He died on March 3, 1993 in Washington, D.C., U.S.

For more information visit: Albert Bruce Sabin | American Microbiologist & Vaccine Developer | Britannica

# data[].attributes.headline
1981: Michiaki Takahashi and the chickenpox vaccine

# data[].attributes.subject
1981: Michiaki Takahashi and the chickenpox vaccine

# data[].attributes.body
Michiaki Takahashi was a Japanese virologist, best known for inventing the first chickenpox vaccine. Born at Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan, on February 17, 1928. He got experience caring for his 3-year-old son after the boy contracted chickenpox led him to develop a vaccine for the virus that is now used all over the world, died on Monday in Osaka, Japan. He was 85. The cause was heart failure

For more information, visit: Michiaki Takahashi, 85, Who Tamed Chickenpox, Dies - The New York Times (nytimes.com)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Michiaki Takahashi, 85, Who Tamed Chickenpox, Dies (Published 2013)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dr. Takahashi, a researcher of measles and polio viruses, was spurred to action when his 3-year-old son fell ill.

# data[].attributes.body
Ian Frazer is an Australian scientist known for developing the HPV vaccine. He was born on January 6, 1953 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-Australian immunologist, whose research led to the development of a vaccine against the strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause most cervical cancers. In February 2014, it was announced that Frazer's new vaccine against genital herpes has passed human safety trials in a trial of 20 Australians. The vaccine is designed to prevent new infections.

For more information, visit: Ian Frazer | Biography & Facts | Britannica

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ian Frazer, Scottish-born Australian immunologist, whose research led to the development of a vaccine against the strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause most cervical cancers. Learn more about Frazer’s life and career, including his research involving HPV.

# data[].attributes.headline
2008: Rino Rappuoli and the meningococo vaccine

# data[].attributes.subject
2008: Rino Rappuoli and the meningococo vaccine

# data[].attributes.body
Rino Rappuoli was born on 4 August 1952. He is an Italian immunologist. He is the head of vaccine research and development (R&D) at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines. Previously, he has served as visiting scientist at Rockefeller University and Harvard Medical School and held roles at Sclavo, Vaccine Research and CSO, Chiron Corporation, and Novartis Vaccinesis. He developed conjugate vaccines to fight meningitis. In 2017 he received the European Inventor Award 2017 in the category of "Lifetime achievement" by the European Patent Office.

For more information, vist: Rino Rappuoli, PhD | Kasper Laboratory (harvard.edu)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Rino Rappuoli, PhD, is Chief Scientist and Head External R&D at GSK Vaccines, based in Siena, Italy and Professor of Vaccines Research at Imperial College, London, UK. Prior positions were head of Vaccine R&D at Novartis, CSO of Chiron Corporation, and head for R&D at Sclavo. He earned his PhD in Biological Sciences at the University of Siena and has served as a visiting scientist at Rockefeller University in New York and Harvard Medical School in Boston. He was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and as Foreign Member to the Royal Society of London. He was awarded the Gold Medal by the Italian President for contributions to public healthcare in 2005. In 2009, he received the Albert B Sabin Gold Medal for his work in the field of reverse vaccinology and in 2010 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Institute of Human Virology in Maryland. In 2013 he was nominated third most influential person worldwide in the field of vaccines (Terrapin). In 2017 he received the Canada Gairdner International Award and the European Inventor Award for Lifetime Achievement. He has published more than 650 works in peer-reviewed journals.

# data[].attributes.headline
2003: Albert Calmette anmd the tuberculosis vaccine

# data[].attributes.subject
2003: Albert Calmette anmd the tuberculosis vaccine

# data[].attributes.body
Albert Calmette Albert Calmette was born on July 12, 1863, in Nice, France. He died on Oct. 29, 1933 in Paris. He was a French bacteriologist, pupil of Louis Pasteur, and codeveloper with Camille Guérin of the tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). He also described a diagnostic test for tuberculosis, known as Calmette’s reaction.

For more information, visit Albert Calmette | Vaccine Developer, Tuberculosis Researcher & Pasteur Institute Director | Britannica

# data[].attributes.location_name
Escuela Normal Superior del Estado de México, Natalia Carrasco MZ 028, Federal, Toluca de Lerdo, Méx.

# data[].attributes.headline
Escuela Normal Superior del Estado de México, Natalia Carrasco MZ 028, Federal, Toluca de Lerdo, Méx.

# data[].attributes.subject
Escuela Normal Superior del Estado de México, Natalia Carrasco MZ 028, Federal, Toluca de Lerdo, Méx.

# data[].attributes.body
What process was created to sterilize any liquid?