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The king needed money and the only solution was to tax the privileged classes. To approve this tax reform, Louis XVI convened the Estates General (nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie). The Third Estate´s request were ignored, as the privileged estates always outvoted the 2 to 1. The Third State formed the National Assembly. In the tennis Court of Versailles, the Third State vowed not to leave until a new constitution was appproved, so the privileged groups threatened military force so an angry mob stormed the Bastille in Paris. After this, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens was estabilished.

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The first liberal constitutons contained the following aspects:

The separation of powers

Equality before the law

Voting rights for men over the age of 25 with a certain amount of money

The beginning of a parliamentary monarchy in France

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French Constitution of 1791 | New Political structure of France in 1791 #4

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The Tuileries Palace was attacked by the sans-culottes and King Louis XVI and Marie Antoniette were imprisioned and the monarchy fell. The National Convention proclaimed the republic and abolished the monarchy. The Convention consisted of two main factions:

Girodins(moderate republicans)

Jacobins(sans-culottes)

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When Louis XVI and Marie Antoniette were executed by the guillotine, Great Britain, Holland and Spain joined Prussia and Austria to fight against France and end the revolution.

The jacobins ruled as a dictatorship through the Comittee of Public Safety, headed by Robespierre:

They approved a new constitution and Declaration of Rights

They suspended rights and freedoms

Revolutionary courts executed people suspected of opposing the Constitution (Law of Suspects)

Order of executed:

1. Monarchists

2. Girodins

3. Mr. Guillotin

4. Jacobins

5. Robespierre

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5th September 1793: The Reign of Terror begins in France

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Napoleon Bonaparte headed a new coup d´etat that ended both the Directory and the Revolution.

Napoleon, as First Consul, assumed most functions creating a personalist dictatorship.

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Napoleon defeated his enemies time after time, but one: Great Britain. He asked the Pope to crown him emperor and he sed to conquer Europe with a large army. He directly annexed some conquered territories, while others were governed by members of hisf family.

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Napoleon was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. His army was destroyed by the russians and by the winter.

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Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo 1815

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Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he died.