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Absolute gains – The overall benefit of a decision for a state or non-state actor regardless of the gains made by others. Actors therefore determine their actions on the basis of absolute rather than relative gains. The concept of absolute gain is rooted within the liberal perspective on International Relations.

Liberalism – A theoretical perspective which claims that international relations is characterised by complex interdependence, global governance and rational behaviour. In contrast to Realism, the liberal perspective adopts a normative tone. For instance, liberal figures advocate the democratic peace and the commercial (capitalist) peace theories. Liberals are also supportive of international institutions and globalisation. The liberal approach is therefore centred upon peace, prosperity and progress.

Realism – A theoretical perspective which claims that international relations should be understood via reference to a number of central tenants. Firstly, the state remains the most significant actor. Secondly, the anarchic political system is characterised by a system of self-help. States also pursue their own national interests and are driven to doing so either as a result of human nature or the anarchic structure of the international system. The realist lens adopts a far more negative view of human nature than liberalism.

Relative Gains – The actions of states in respect of power balances and without regard for other relevant factors (such as economics). Relative gains is based on a zero-sum formulation of power politics. Cooperation may be necessary due to power balance considerations, but the focus of states is on relative gains. The concept is more closely associated with the realist perspective on International Relations.

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1. Choose three words that you are least familiar with from the liberalism keywords
and their definitions.

2. Go to https://skell.sketchengine.eu/ and type in these three words you have found unfamiliar. Choose the second search option, word sketch, to see examples of how these word collocates.

3. For each word create an example sentence using the collocation you have discovered. Try to make the example ‘true for you’. This could be an opinion you hold, or something interesting you have learned recently.

4. Create a table resembling the one provided here, input your answers, capture a screenshot, and then upload it to this Pallet.

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Good colocations and great sentences.

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It is good that you wrote your own sentences using these colocation.

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You used the collocation correctly in the second and third sentences; however, you need to use interdependence and mitigate needs to be used together in your first sentence.

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Good sentences. However, you missed a comma after observation and before we.

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Good sentences. Please include your name in your post as well.

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Please upload this in Week 3

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Questions
1. Youth engagement in politics has been steadily declining since the beginning of the 21st century. Discuss possible reasons behind this phenomenon. Evaluate two solutions to the problem of political disengagement among young people in Western democracies.

2. A Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a regular government payment made to all citizens regardless of their income. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a Universal Basic Income. Evaluate the effectiveness of UBI in reducing poverty.

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of international responses to an epidemic which occurred within the last ten years. Discuss further policy measures that should be enacted by the international community to ensure optimal responses to future epidemics.

4. Discuss the ways that governments promote female education in developing countries. To what extent do you agree that female education is the key to progress in developing countries?

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Examine the two Research Questions (RQ) you chose for Coursework 1. Create a mind map (see the attached document) by incorporating information from Questions 1 and 2. Use the following link (https://skell.sketchengine.eu/#home?lang=en) to identify relevant collocations for the keywords in your questions. You need to write your two sources in the table below your mind map.

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Evaluate is also an approach verb.

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Well done Ivy. Your second source has a high quality.

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This is a good start.

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The involvement of young people in Western democracies is the topic.

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Good job. You need to write a few collocation of some key words from your topic on youth education. What you wrote is not collocation.

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The effectiveness of international responses to an epidemic is the topic.

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Good job!

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Look back at the sources that you selected for your CW 1.

First, write the name of the source using the following referencing format for your sources:

Books / chapters of books:
Surname, I. and Surname, I. (Year) Title of the book Place of Publication: PublisherSurname, I. (Year) ‘Chapter of the book’ In: I. Surname & I. Surname (Eds) Title of the book Place of Publication:Publisher pp.1 - 18

Journal articles (print/ online)
Surname, I. (Year) ‘The Title of the Article’ The Name of the Journal 1 (1), pp. 1- 18

Reports / articles online
Surname, I. (Year) ‘The Title of the Article or Report’ [Online] The Name of the Organisation or website. Available at: url [Last Accessed DD.MM.YY]

Then, it’s time to do the CRAAP test on these sources. You need to make notes on the currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority and purpose of the sources you found in the spaces below.

An example:

Source 1: Nelson, J. (2017) ‘Is Technology Making Us Lazy?’, Medium Magazine: Digital Society, [Online]. Available at https://medium.com/digital-society/is-technology-making-us-lazy-ec3a3e58140a (Accessed 2 October 2023).

Currency:
Relevancy:
Authority:
Accuracy:
Purpose:

Source 2:
Currency:
Relevancy:
Authority:
Accuracy:
Purpose:

Source 3:
Currency:
Relevancy:
Authority:
Accuracy:
Purpose:

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Source 1 :

Title: A universal basic income: the answer to poverty, insecurity, and health inequality?

Author: Anthony Painter

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26945537?searchText=Universal%20Basic%20Income%20poverty&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUniversal%2BBasic%2BIncome%2Bpoverty%26sd%3D2013%26ed%3D2023&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Ae22406ec68f9b03ab81dd44095ef2d03

Currency:  this journal was published in 2016, indicating that it is current for its field and is suitable to be used.

Relevancy: The article is relevant to my essay as it mainly discusses whether Universal Basic Income is the answer to poverty, insecurity, and health inequality.

Accuracy:  this paper has been peer reviewed as it is an academic journal article posted on JSOR. The text is academic as it contains in-text citations throughout and neutral language that lacks personal features.

Authority: the authors have a high level of qualifications to talk on this issue because the author has lots of previous publications. Plus, he is the Director of Policy and External Affairs of Chartered Management Institute, which is a professional institution for management based in the United Kingdom. Also, this journal was published by JSTOR and has been cited 53 times.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is trying to analyse whether universal basic income is the solution to issues like poverty, insecurity, and health inequality.

Source 2

Title: Socialism & Universal Basic Income

Author: Bryant W. Sculos

https://www.jstor.org/stable/48645472?searchText=Universal+Basic+Income+poverty&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DUniversal%2BBasic%2BIncome%2Bpoverty%26sd%3D2013%26ed%3D2023%26efqs%3DeyJjdHkiOlsiYW05MWNtNWhiQT09Il19&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Ab4eebddebf7fad164d710be8dd478abe&seq=5

Currency: this journal was published in 2018, indicating that it is current for its field and is suitable to be used.

Relevancy: The article is relevant to my essay as it mainly discusses offers replies to three common socialist criticisms of various basic income proposals, in an effort to defend the radical potential of UBI.

Accuracy:

I know that this paper has been peer reviewed as it is an academic journal article published on the JSTOR. The structure of the source follows conventional rules by using academic language. The author’s claims are fully supported with in-text secondary citations.

Authority: the authors have a high level of qualifications to talk on this issue because the author has 16 previous publications on JSTOR. Plus, he is a PhD in Political Science and an Adjunct Professor of Politics and International Relations in Florida International University. Also, this journal has been cited 16 times.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is trying to deliver a potential that is consonant with the fundamental goal of the socialist project—achieving a democratic, non-exploitative world beyond capitalism.

Source 3

Title: Exploring universal basic income: A guide to navigating concepts, evidence, and practices

Author: Ugo Gentilini, Margaret Grosh, Jamele Rigolini, Ruslan Yemtsov

https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=00XEDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT12&dq=universal+basic+income+economics&ots=HbWJPfmP4p&sig=lWsUV1bz0UIGXpQV7Axu0pn1YxI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=universal%20basic%20income%20economics&f=false

Currency: this book was published in 2019, indicating that it is current for its field and is suitable to be used.

Relevancy: The book is relevant to my essay as it mainly examines how UBI differs from or complements other social assistance programs in terms of objectives, coverage, incidence, adequacy, incentives, effects on poverty and inequality, financing, political economy, and implementation. It also reviews past and current country experiences, surveys the full range of existing policy proposals, provides original results from micro†“tax benefit simulations, and sets out a range of considerations around the analytics and practice of UBI.

Accuracy: This text is academic as it drew from global evidence, literature, and survey data, providing a framework to elucidate issues and trade-offs in UBI with a view to help inform choices around its appropriateness and feasibility in different contexts. The neutral language that lacks personal features.

Authority: Ugo Gentilini is Global Lead for Social Assistance with the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice at the World Bank. Margaret Grosh is the Senior Advisor of Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice. Jamele Rigolini is a Lead Economist at the World Bank and the Program Leader for Human Development for the Western Balkan countries. Ruslan Yemtsov is World Bank’s Human Development Program Leader for China, Mongolia and Korea. Also, this journal has been cited 218 times.

Purpose:  The purpose of this article is trying to answer what are the features of UBI? What is it meant to achieve? How do we know, and what don’t we know, about its performance? What does it take to implement it in practice?

Source 4

Title: Support for a universal basic income: A demand–capacity paradox?

Author: Zachary Parolin and Linus Siöland

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0958928719886525

Currency: this book was published in 2019, indicating that it is current for its field and is suitable to be used.

Relevancy: The book is relevant to my essay as it mainly Debate around a universal basic income (UBI) tends to focus on the economic and social implications of the policy proposal.

Accuracy: This text is academic as it drew the 2016 European Social Survey, investigate how trade union membership and left political ideology (central to power resources theory) and attitudes towards immigrants’ access to welfare benefits (central to welfare state chauvinism) affect individual support for a UBI. The neutral language that lacks personal features.

Authority: Zachary Parolin is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Social and Political Sciences and a Senior Fellow at Columbia University’s Center on Poverty and Social Policy. The other author, Linus Siöland, is a PhD Candidate and Researcher at the Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy of the University of Antwerp.  Also, this journal has been cited 42 tiimes.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is trying to discuss a universal basic income (UBI) tends to focus on the economic and social implications of the policy proposal

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Topic:

Topic 3

This information is useful because

It provides supporting evidence on the high percentage of homeless people suffering from mental health issues.

Topic:

Topic 2

This information is useful because

It provides relevant data on how substance dependence issues are deeply connected to homeless people.

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Key Point: Mental Health : Topic 3, the Third Problem That Homeless People Face: Mental Health.

This information is useful because

This information have used the material from the article and  there are data have show to the reader, the data of people have mental disorder episode and it is relevant to the key point and the topic 3 which “the third problem the homeless facing: mental health.”

Key Point: Drug dependency is a significant issue that homeless people face.

Topic 2, The Second Problem That Homeless People Face: Drug Abuse.

This information is useful because

Substance dependence means the abuse of the drug and got addicted, the information the student used is relevant to the key point and the topic about the drug abuse.

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Topic 3: The third problem that homeless people face: mental health

This information is useful because it provides accurate points and well-founded useful key point on the proportion of homeless people suffering from mental health problems.

Topic 2: The second problem that homeless people face: drug abuse

This data is helpful because it offers insights into the problems and circumstances that lead to drug dependence among the homeless and serves as a foundation for studies on drug analysis.

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Topic: 3

This information is useful because the key points is include mental health problem and the supporting evident they found from the article includes data analysis and research result about mantel health of homeless.

Topic: 2

This information is useful because the key points is include drug problem of homeless people and the supporting evident they found from the article includes data analysis and research result and survey report about drug dependency situation of homeless.

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Which topic from your outline does this point relate to and in what way?

Topic1 : homeless peoples suffer from mental health problems

This information is useful because

As mentioned in the previous two points, according to data analysis, 92% of homeless people do have mental problems. And the three points illustrate that very few people have access to relevant treatment, paving the way for the later point of expressing the need for an increase in treatment facilities

Topic 2: Drug dependence is one of the main causes of homelessness

The first two points point to the supporting data that drug dependence does contribute to homelessness, and point to the analysis of the evidence that this status quo does exist, and the last point is that drug dependence is really a problem that needs to be looked at and solved quickly, compared to the other contributing factors

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Topic:3

This information is useful because topic 3 provides that some people now have psychological problems in their lives, which explains why some people with psychological problems become homeless.

Topic:2

This information is useful because the article explains the causes of drug dependence among homeless people, who are also affected by alcohol

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Topic1:Homeless are sufffering mental health

This information is helpful because

There is a series of data to show that, a large part of homeless are suffering from mental health problems(92.8 % of participants met criteria for at least one current mental disorder or mental disorder episode).And mental illness can lead to an increase in suicide rates (16.4 % of participants were at moderate to high risk of suicide at the time of interview, only 2.4 % had accessed crisis or suicide prevention services in the previous year)

Topic2:Drug use is taking a toll in homeless

This information is useful because

The data suggest that homeless people are increasingly dependent on drugs(82.6 % met criteria for substance dependence in the 12 months prior to the survey) which can lead to a range of medical problems

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Topic1:Homeless are sufffering mental health

This information is helpful because

There is a series of data to show that, a large part of homeless are suffering from mental health problems(92.8 % of participants met criteria for at least one current mental disorder or mental disorder episode).And mental illness can lead to an increase in suicide rates (16.4 % of participants were at moderate to high risk of suicide at the time of interview, only 2.4 % had accessed crisis or suicide prevention services in the previous year)

Topic2:Drug use is taking a toll in homeless

This information is useful because

The data suggest that homeless people are increasingly dependent on drugs(82.6 % met criteria for substance dependence in the 12 months prior to the survey) which can lead to a range of medical problems

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Topic: 3

This information is useful because

All supporting evidence provide data to manifest the key point, such as the rates of how many participants met the criteria for mental disorder and possibility of committing suicide during the period of interview.

Topic: 2

This information is useful because

three of the evidence all provide the data about the substance dependence, one of them trying to compare with alcohol dependence

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Topic 1: The first problem that homeless people face: infectious diseases.

This information is useful because using specific figures to cited to show how many people are suffering from psychological problems with the high percentages.

Topic 2: The second problem that homeless people face: drug abuse.

This information is useful because according to the real survey results indicate exactly how many per cent of drug. Backed up the point with concrete data.

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Topic:3

This information is useful because

The data given in the information is very consistent with showing the impact of mental health on homeless, because basically it will account for at least one bad factor.And also many homeless is affected this problem. Mental health is a big issue in the homeless issue, and it is also related to the topic 3

While there are high rates of mental illness, few receive protection or treatment

Topic:2

This information is useful because The data shows that people are more dependent on drugs than alcohol, which also reminds us that homeless is more dependent on drugs. It also given to us is that the first two data are written to have a deep relationship, while the last one is about the problem of homeless.

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Topic 1 :Homeless who has mental health problems

This information is useful because it was mention the mental health problem and provide the data and summaries to supporting that, which is quite like a critical article.

Topic 2 : Drug dependent is one of the most important problems that people are suffered.

This information is useful because the information include three surveys and the last point which is mention that the people are more addicted to drug rather than alcohol

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Topic3: the problem that most homeless people face:mental health This information is useful because It gives a more convincing picture of the rates of different types of mental illness among the homeless.

Topic2:the second problem that homeless people face:drug abuse

This information is useful because The factors that explain why homeless people are affected by drugs are given clear figures, and they are more affected by drugs than by alcohol.

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Topic 3: The third problem that homeless people face: mental health

This information can be practically applied because the author demonstrated a specific data, which means the author exactly did an accurate method to get this outcome. Additionally, author made a comparison between different literature, and invited appropriate number of participants were joined this research.

Topic 2: The second problem that homeless people face: drug abuse

This information is quite useful in terms of the research that author hold was sustainable, it was showed that many of survey and investigations that author’s did

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Topic 3

This information is very useful as there is a lot of very detailed data on the mental health of homeless people and the conclusions drawn from it.

Topic 2

This information is very useful because it contains detailed data analyses of drug problems among homeless people as well as summaries.

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Topic3 The third problem that homeless people face:mental health

This information is useful because provide the data to support the key point. It gives the high percentage of homeless people .It can illustrate many homeless people face the mental health problem

Topic 2The homeless people face drug abuse

This information is useful because this imformation provides the impact of mental problems faced by homeless populations on them

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topic3

This information is useful because it provides accurate data to show that a high percentage of homeless are facing the mental health problems. It can be used to supporting the key point.

topic2

This information is useful because these three evidences are all about the substance dependence and provide a conclusion that the homeless are more depend on drugs rather than alcohol.

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Topic 3: The third problem that homeless people face: mental health.

This information uses concrete data to provide evidence that many homeless people have mental health problems. And the author uses the research all about the homeless people's mental health to evidence.

Topic 2: Drug dependency is a significant issue that homeless people face.

This information is useful because the research showed that many homeless people rely on drugs and alcohol to lead to illness.And the data has a strongly useful to evidence it.

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Topic 3: Mental Health

This data is useful since it presents statistics about the number of people who experience mental health episodes and integrates information from the article. These figures are relevant to topic 3's main theme, which explores the difficulties with mental health that the homeless community faces.

Topic 2: Drug dependancy

Because substance dependency includes drug abuse and addiction, this evidence is significant. The student's use of this knowledge is consistent with the topic's primary focus, which is drug abuse.