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What I have gathered about Gregorio Del Pilar is that "He was sent to represent the military and the President in the two peace missions offering a ceasefire to the Americans after the fall of Malolos."

Source:
Philippine Military Academy (n.d)

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Wikipedia says "Macario Sakay y de León (March 1, 1878 – September 13, 1907) was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine–American War. "

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macario_Sakay

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Macario Sakay y de León (March 1, 1878 - September 13, 1907) was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine-American War. After the war was declared over by the United States in 1902, Sakay continued resistance by leading guerrilla raids. The following year he established the Tagalog Republic with himself as president.

Macario Sakay de León was born on March 1, 1878, along Tabora Street, Tondo, in the City of Manila. He first worked as an apprentice in a (carriage) manufacturing shop. He was also a tailor and a stage actor, performing in a number of plays including Principe Baldovino, Doce Pares de Francia, and Amante de la Corona.

An original member of the movement, which he joined in 1894, he fought alongside Andrés Bonifacio against the Spanish throughout the Philippine Revolution. In 1899, he continued the struggle for Philippine independence against the United States. Early in the Philippine-American War, he was jailed for seditious activities, and later released as part of an amnesty.

Sakay was one of the founders of the Partido Nacionalista (unrelated to the present Nacionalista Party founded in 1907), which sought to achieve Philippine independence through legal means. The party appealed to the Philippine Commission, but the Commission passed the Sedition Law, which prohibited any form of propaganda advocating independence. Sakay took up arms again.

Contrary to popular belief, the Philippine resistance to American rule did not end with the capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo. Several forces remained at large, including one led by Sakay. Sakay's rank and association within Aguinaldo's Revolutionary Government is unknown. When Aguinaldo surrendered to the US, Sakay seized the leadership of the revolution and declared himself Supreme President of the Tagalog Republic. He said this included all the islands of the Philippines from Luzon to Mindanao. Taking over the Morong- Nueva Ecija command and assigning his deputies to take charge of the other Tagalog regions, Sakay wrote a constitution in which traitors, or supporters of the enemy, were to be punished with exile, imprisonment, or death. In May 1902, Sakay and his men declared open resistance to the US and conducted guerrilla raids that lasted for several years.

Around 1902, Sakay established the Tagalog Republic somewhere in the mountains of Rizal. His first military circulars and presidential orders as "President and Commander-in-Chief" were issued in 1903. Sakay's military circular No. 1 was dated May 5, 1903, and his Presidential Order No. 1 was dated March 18, 1903.

Military organization

In Sakay's military circular No. 7, dated June 19, 1903, the government of the Tagalog Republic (called the "Republic of the Philippines") affirmed the formation of an organized army. The army units were composed of Kabohans (eight soldiers, equivalent to a squad), Camilleros (nine soldiers), Companias (117 soldiers, equivalent to a company, and Batalions (801 soldiers, equivalent to battalion). However, in Sakay's Second Manifesto, dated April 5, 1904, it said the exact number of soldiers in the army could not be ascertained. There are insufficient documents to provide a basis for historians to speculate on the size of the Republic's army, but these demonstrate that Sakay's army existed and that it was led by officers appointed and commissioned by Sakay himself.

In Sakay's presidential order No. 2, dated May 8, 1903, the government, in search of sources of weapons to carry out its struggle against the Americans, said that it was willing to confer military rank on citizens who could turn over firearms to the Presidential Office or any of the headquarters under its command. Ranks would be conferred by the following schedule: 10 to 15 firearms, rank of lieutenant; 16 to 25 firearms, captain; 26 to 36 firearms, major; 40 to 50 firearms, colonel. In Sakay's military order No. 5, dated May 25, 1903, the government assigned the following color codes for the divisions of its army: artillery (red), infantry (light blue), cavalry (dark blue), engineering (dark brown), chief-of-staff (dark green), sanitary (yellow), and marines (gray).

Planned kidnapping

According to General Leon Villafuerte, his, Carreon's and Sakay's forces planned to kidnap Alice Roosevelt Longworth, the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, who was planning to visit the Philippines. The plan was to trade her to the Americans in exchange for the immediate recognition of Philippine independence. The kidnapping was not attempted since Longworth postponed her trip by train to Baguio.

In 1905, Filipino labour leader Dominador Gómez was authorised by Governor-General Henry Clay Ide to negotiate for the surrender of Sakay and his men. Gómez met with Sakay at his camp and argued that the establishment of a national assembly was being held up by Sakay's intransigence, and that its establishment would be the first step toward Filipino independence. Sakay agreed to end his resistance on the condition that a general amnesty be granted to his men, that they be permitted to carry firearms, and that he and his officers be permitted to leave the country. Gómez assured Sakay that these conditions would be acceptable to the Americans, and Sakay's emissary, General León Villafuerte, obtained agreement to them from the American Governor-General.

Sakay believed that the struggle had shifted to constitutional means, and that the establishment of the assembly was a means to win independence. As a result, he surrendered on July 14, 1906, descending from the mountains on the promise of an amnesty for him and his officials, and the formation of a Philippine Assembly composed of Filipinos that would serve as the "gate of freedom". With Villafuerte, Sakay travelled to Manila, where they were welcomed and invited to receptions and banquets.

One invitation came from the Constabulary Chief, American Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz, to a party in Cavite hosted by the acting governor Colonel Louis J. Van Schaick on July 17; it was a trap. Sakay and his principal lieutenants were disarmed and arrested while the party was in progress.

At his trial, Sakay was accused of bandolerismo "under the Brigandage Act of Nov. 12, 1902, which interpreted all acts of armed resistance to American rule as banditry." The American colonial Supreme Court of the Philippines upheld the decision. Sakay was convicted and sentenced to death, and hanged on September 13, 1907.

Before his death, he made the following statement:

Death comes to all of us sooner or later, so I will face the LORD Almighty calmly. But I want to tell you that we are not bandits and robbers, as the Americans have accused us, but members of the revolutionary force that defended our mother country, the Philippines! Farewell! Long live the Republic and may our independence be born in the future! Long live the Philippines!

He was buried at Manila North Cemetery later that day.

A life-sized statue of Sakay was unveiled at the Plaza Morga in Tondo, by the Manila Historical Heritage Commission on September 13, 2008, the 101st anniversary of his death.[17] That same month, the Senate adopted two separate resolutions honouring Sakay's life and his fellow freedom fighters for their contribution to the cause of independence.[18][19]

Camp General Macario Sakay in Los Baños, Laguna was named after the general in January 2016, when Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Gen. Hernando Iriberri issued General Order No. 30, changing the camp's name from Camp Eldridge, a name the camp had been given during the American occupation a century prior.[20]

A postcard depicting Macario Sakay

Sakay was noted for keeping long hair. His name is used in the Philippines to refer to persons needing a haircut.[21]

Portrayed by Julio Díaz in the 1993 film, Sakay.[22]

Portrayed by Dindo Arroyo in the 1997 TV series, Bayani and 2012 film, El Presidente.

Portrayed by Jerald Napoles in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan.

Portrayed by Remus Japitana Villanueva in the 2017 Tanghalang Pilipino musical, Aurelio Sedisyoso: A Rock Sarswela.[23][better source needed ]

^ Some sources claim that Macario Sakay was born on March 1, 1870. His death certificate said he was 29 at the time of his death, making 1878 his possible year of birth.

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Macario Sakay y de León (March 1, 1878 - September 13, 1907) was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine-American War. After the war was declared over by the United States in 1902, Sakay continued resistance by leading guerrilla raids.

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Miguel Malvar is the forgotten President of the Philippines. He was born September 27 1865 and died on October 13 1911. He was a filipino general who served in the Philippine revolution and assumed commands in the Philippine- American war with Emilio aguinaldo as his leader.

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According to Wikipedia (n.d.), "Antonio Luna was a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine-American War before his assassination on June 15 1899. He was also a member of the Malolos Congress. Besides his military studies, he also studied pharmacology, literature, and chemistry."

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Antonio Luna is a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine–American War before his assassination on June 5, 1899 at the age of 32. He also founded the Philippines first military academy, succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Commanding General of the Philippine Army.
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Antonio_Luna.html#:~:text=Antonio%20Luna%20y%20Novicio%20(October,the%20Philippines's%20first%20military%20academy.
-Google

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General Miguel Malvar largely contributed to the independence of the Philippines. According to Bulatlat.com, "On July 13,1901, he condemned the US and its aggression, and called on revolutionaries to carry on the resistance against the American colonial forces".

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Antonio Luna founded the first ever Philippine military academy. However, he has never won a battle in his life. He fought during the Philippine-American War.

-Google

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Miguel Malvar was the last Filipino general to surrender to the American forces during the Philippine-American war to gain independence.

sorce:https://kami.com.ph/108129-miguel-malvar-biography-quotes-contribution-books.html

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Miguel Malvar was the last Filipino general to surrender to the American forces during the Philippine-American war to gain independence. He is one of the national heroes who will be remembered by generations and generations to come.
Miguel stood out among all the other contemporaries during the Philippine revolutionary army. While the others seemed to waste a lot of time trying to sow political intrigues, he opted to lead on the battlefield. He spent practically all his time leading his men in battling for their independence from Spain between August 1896 and December 1897.

Miguel Malvar profile summary

Full name: Miguel Malvar

Date of birth: 27th September 1865

Place of birth: Santo Tomas, Batangas, Philippines

Miguel Malvar age at death: 46 years

Miguel Malvar cause of death: Liver cancer

Nationality: Filipino

Who is Miguel Malvar?

He is one of the greatest men in Filipino history. He served the Filipino during the Philippine Revolution and consequently, during the Philippine-American War. After the arrest of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 during the war, Miguel assumed duty as the commander of the armed forces.

Miguel Malvar biography

Miguel was born on 27th September 1865 in San Miguel Santo Tomas, Batangas. His parents are Maximo Malvar (father) and Tiburcio Carpio (mother). His family was known throughout the town due to their wealth, diligence, and generosity.

He joined the town school located in Santo Tomas, but later on, he transferred to a private school in Tanauan Batangas run by Father Valerio Malabanan. During that time, it was considered as the most prestigious institution in Batangas. After school, he opted to settle down as a farmer rather than pursuing higher education in Manila.

He joined forces in helping his intellectual smaller brother named Potenciano to further his education in medicine. He was later on chosen to become the Capitan municipal in his hometown. In 1891, he married Paula Maloles, the beautiful daughter of Capitan municipal of Santo Tomas, Don Ambrocio Maloles.

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Contribution of Miguel Malvar in the Philippines

General Miguel Malvar largely contributed to the independence of the Philippines by taking the forefront role in the Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War.

Philippine Revolution

The revolution started in August 1896, and Malvar emerged from becoming the leader of an army of 70 men to the military commander of the Batangas. As the commander, he worked with General Emilio Aguinaldo, who was the leader of revolutionaries in Cavite, and General Paciano Rizal, the leader of revolutionaries in Laguna.

On 1st November 1897, the provisional constitution for the Biak-na-Bato Republic was signed. Towards the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo de Rivera came to terms with the impossibility to subdue the revolution through force of arms.

I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I cannot answer that I could crush the rebellion, he said.

Pedro A. Paterno, a distinguished lawyer from Manila, proposed peace based on reforms and amnesty. The proposal led to a peace agreement known as Pact of Biak-na-Bato. It was made of three documents. Two were signed on 14th December 1897 while the third one was signed on 15th December 1897. It brought an end to the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

Miguel, together with Paciano Rizal, Mariano Trias, Artemio Ricarte, and Manuel Tinio, were against the pact. This group of generals claimed that the agreement was a trick to get rid of the revolution quickly. To counter the stiff resistance of Miguel, Aguinaldo allotted a circular that ordered all generals to cease the fight.

Philippine-American War

On 19th May 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in the company of 13 military staff. The delivery of arms arrived from Hong Kong, consisting of 2,000 riffles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition. On 13th August 1898, the Americans captured Manila.

The hostilities between Filipinos and Americans began on 4th February 1899. Malvar was tasked with the role of leading the war to regain the grounds that had been lost earlier by Filipinos. Unfortunately, the insubordination of the Kawit Battalion led to the collapse of the Filipino offensive.

On 23rd March 1901, Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston with the help of Macebebe scouts. General Trias had been chosen as the successor of Aguinaldo to become the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Filipino. Since General Trias had already surrendered on 15th March 1901, Malvar was declared the President of the Philippine Republic.

In January 1902, J. Franklin Bell, an American General, become the commander of operations in Batangas, where he practiced scorched earth tactics. The tactic took a heavy toll on the Filipinos; hence Malvar opted to escape the American patrol through disguises.

On 13th April 1902, Malvar surrendered to Bell in Rosario as a result of desertion by most of his top officers. He wanted to end the sufferings of his countrymen. When the Philippine and American war was over, he refused to take any position in the American colonial government.

He died on 13th October 1911 and was buried in his hometown in Santo Tomas, Batangas. Miguel Malvar's cause of death was liver cancer.

Children

Paula and Malvar bore 13 children, but only 11 survived. The 11 Miguel Malvar children who survived were Bernabe, Aurelia, Marciano, Maximo, Crispina, Mariquita, Luz Constancia, Miguel Junior, Pablo, Paula, and Isabel. General Miguel tended to take his wife and children to the battle.

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Miguel Malvar movie

Malvar is a Filipino biographical war film written by Ed Samson and directed by Jose 'Kaka' Balagtas. The video is aimed at depicting the life of Miguel. The plans to produce this film became more known by the public in late 2019 amidst the arising controversies. One of the Miguel Malvar descendants claimed that the production team did not seek permission to shoot such a film.

Quotable quotes

Here are Miguel Malvar quotes:

Meditation is known to change your life for the better by enhancing your physical health, improving your sleep, and helping you achieve your goals, both spiritual and mental.

I have read that there are two fears that cannot be trained out of us-the startle reaction upon hearing an unexpected noise and vertigo. I would like to add a third, to wit, the rapid and direct approach of a known killer.

You're like a man who loves nothing better than a thick steak but wouldn't last an hour in a slaughterhouse.

Birth isn't something we suffer but something we actively do and exult in!

Wherever you find a wife and mother-in-law slugging it out, you'll find a son who's not speaking up to either his mother or his wife

You are writing for your contemporaries, not for posterity. If you are lucky, your contemporaries will become posterity

Miguel Malvar books

The general wrote a book titled Miguel Malvar and the Philippine Revolution: A Biography, which was published in 1998. The book documents all the incidences, which took place while the general was leading his country in the fight for independence. It chronicles the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine American war occurrences.

Miguel Malvar history and commemoration

Miguel Malvar Class Corvette: A ship class of patrol corvettes of the Philippine Navy. Currently, they are the oldest class of corvettes in the Philippines.

General Miguel Malvar Essay Writing Contest: Conducted by Extra Mile Productions in commemoration of his 100th death anniversary.

Malvar Batangas: A second class municipality located in the Philippines.

Santo Tomas Museum: To celebrate the 150th anniversary of his birthday.

Miguel Malvar coin: In 2015, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) released a commemorative coin in honor of the general's 150th birthday. Miguel Malvar coin value is 10peso.

Miguel Malvar monument: The monument is found in Batangas

General Miguel Malvar Medical Foundation: General Miguel Malvar Hospital is a pediatrics hospital in the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City.

General Miguel Malvar Elementary School: It is located in Mangga Avenue, Barangay, in Metro Manila.

The government of the Philippine has done numerous historical things in celebration of the great revolutionary leader. Some of them include:

General Miguel Malvar is more than just a name to the Philippines. He is the man who led the war against the Americans and took the first position in the revolution of the Philippines. Many years after his death, Filipinos are still enjoying the fruits of his labor.

READ ALSO: Erin Ocampo: biography, age, height, family, Instagram

Source: KAMI.com.gh

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Fascinating details about Miguel Malvar that you should know

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MIGUEL MALVAR is remembered as the greatest man during the Philippine's struggle for independence. Discover his quotes, contribution, books and much more.

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General Miguel Malvar's Contribution-     Marianne Yupitun 34 

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General Miguel Malvar's Contribution-     Marianne Yupitun 34 

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According to  E. Arsenio Manuel in the Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume 1(1995) "He directed the operations in the fighting at Santo Tomas de Tana wan and Lemery. In the combat of May 31, 1897 at Talisay twice he nearly fell into the enemies’ hands. He was engaged in other encounters; he directed, together with General Trias (q.v.) the siege of San temporarily."

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Gregorio Del Pilar...

-"became a messenger for his uncle, Deodato Arellano, who took the responsibility of distributing propaganda materials to the different societies after his other uncle Marcelo Del Pilar left the country for Spain."
-"joined the Philippine Revolutionary Forces against the Spanish rule in August 1896 under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, as a field commander fighting Spanish garrisons in Bulacan."
-"he won in the Battle of Quingua in Bulacan, killing the highly-decorated Colonel John M. Stotsenburg"

Source:
Philippine News Agency archives (directly quoted with quotation marks)

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"Malvar may best be remembered for his manifesto, issued at the height of the Philippine-American War. On July 13, 1901 in Mt. Makiling, he condemned the US and its aggression, and called on revolutionaries to carry on the resistance against the American colonial forces." (2017) Bulatlat.com

Kami.com.ph (2022) said "General Miguel Malvar largely contributed to the  independence of the Philippines by taking the forefront role in the Philippine         Revolution and Philippine-American War."

💚6-Loyalty💚

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Antonio Luna Contribution (13 Sophia Gococo) 

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Antonio Luna Contribution (13 Sophia Gococo) 

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According to WIKIPEDIA "He sought to apply his background in military science to the fledgling army. A sharpshooter himself, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later named the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard" with Senyor Michael Joaquin. His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a difficult endeavor during their campaign in the provinces north of Manila. This defense line culminated in the creation of a military stronghold in the Cordillera." And this is his contribution in the Filipino-American war!

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Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (Spanish: [anˈtonjoˈluna]; October 29, 1866 - June 5, 1899) was a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine-American War before his assassination on June 5, 1899 at the age of 32.

Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Commanding General of the Philippine Army. He sought to apply his background in military science to the fledgling army. A sharpshooter himself, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later named the " Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard" with Senyor Michael Joaquin. His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a difficult endeavor during their campaign in the provinces north of Manila. This defense line culminated in the creation of a military stronghold in the Cordillera.[page needed ]

Despite his commitment to discipline the army and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of people, his temper and fiery outlashes caused some to abhor him, including people from Aguinaldo's Cabinet. Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were not without recognition during his time, for he was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal in 1899. He was also a member of the Malolos Congress. Besides his military studies, Luna also studied pharmacology, literature, and chemistry.

Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was born on October 29, 1866, at their house along Calle Urbiztondo (renamed Barraca Street) in Binondo (now part of San Nicolas), Manila. He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna de San Pedro y Posadas (1829-1891) from Badoc and Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio y Ancheta (1836-1906) from Namacpacan, La Union (now Luna). His father was a traveling salesman of the government tobacco monopoly. The tobacco monopoly was formally established in 1782. After their family moved to Manila in 1861, his father became a merchant in Binondo.

His older brother, Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in the Madrid Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. His Spoliarium garnered one of the three gold medals awarded in the Madrid Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884. Another brother, José, became a doctor. Yet another brother, Joaquín, fought with Antonio in the Philippine-American War, and later served as governor of La Union from 1904 to 1907. Joaquín would also serve as a senator from 1916 to 1919. His three other siblings were Numeriana, Manuel, and Remedios.

Luna (sitting, 2nd from left) and some of his scholars of Sala de Armas, a fencing club which was located in Sampaloc, Manila

At the age of 6, Luna learned reading, writing, and arithmetic from a teacher known as Maestro Intong. He also memorized the Doctrina Christiana, believed to be the first book printed in the Philippines. The book consists of 38 leaves and 74 pages of text in Spanish, Tagalog transliterated into roman letters, and Tagalog.

After his education under Maestro Intong, he studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1881. He went on to study literature and chemistry at the University of Santo Tomas, where he won first prize for a paper in chemistry titled Two Fundamental Bodies of Chemistry ( Dos Cuerpos fundamentales de la Quimica). He also studied Pharmacy. Meanwhile, his background in swordsmanship, fencing, and military tactics came from his studies under Don Martin Cartagena, a major in the Spanish Army. In addition, he acquired the skill to become a sharpshooter. Upon the invitation of his elder brother Juan in 1890, Antonio was sent by his parents to Spain. There he acquired a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at Universidad Central de Madrid).

Antonio Luna poses with a microscope at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.

Luna was active as a researcher in the scientific community. After receiving his doctorate in 1893, he published a scientific treatise on malaria entitled On Malarial Pathology ( El Hematozoario del Paludismo), which was favorably received in the scientific community. He then went to Belgium and France and worked as an assistant to Dr. Latteaux at the Pasteur Institute and to Dr. Laffen. In recognition of his ability, he was commissioned by the Spanish government to study tropical and communicable diseases. In 1894, he returned to the Philippines where he took part in an examination to determine who would become the chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila. Luna came in first and won the position.

In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted the Propaganda Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies under the pen-name "Taga-ilog". Also, like many of the Filipino liberals in Spain, Luna became a Freemason and rose to the degree of Master Mason.

He and his brother Juan also opened the Sala de Armas, a fencing club, in Manila. When he learned of the underground societies that were planning a revolution and was asked to join, he scoffed at the idea and turned down the offer. Like other Filipino émigrés involved in the Reform Movement, he was in favor of reform rather than revolution as the way toward independence. Besides affecting their property, the proponents of the Reform Movement saw that no revolution would succeed without the necessary preparations. Nevertheless, after the existence of the Katipunan was leaked in August 1896, the Luna brothers were arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago for "participating" in the revolution. His statement concerning the revolution was one of the many statements used to abet the laying down of the death sentence for José Rizal. Months later, José and Juan were freed but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned in Madrid's Cárcel Modelo.

His more famous and controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by the Spanish Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria herself, left for Spain to use his influence to intercede for Antonio in August 1897. Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Supreme Court and he was released. Upon his release in December 1897, Luna studied field fortifications, guerrilla warfare, organization, and other aspects of military science under Gerard Leman, who would later be the commanding general of the fortress at Liège. He also read extensively about the discipline when he was at the Ateneo de Madrid. The second phase of the revolution began with the return of Emilio Aguinaldo and the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines by the US Navy to Cavite in 1898. Upon arriving in Hong Kong, he was given a letter of recommendation to Aguinaldo and a revolver by Felipe Agoncillo. He returned to the Philippines in July 1898.

Luna courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was also courted by José Rizal, between 1889 and 1891. Boustead was reportedly infatuated with Rizal. At a party held by Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna made unsavory remarks against Boustead. This prompted Rizal to challenge Luna to a duel. However, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting a duel between the compatriots.

Philippine-American War

Since June 1898, Manila had been surrounded by the revolutionary troops. Colonel Luciano San Miguel occupied Mandaluyong, General Pío del Pilar, Makati, General Mariano Noriel, Parañaque, Colonel Enrique Pacheco, Navotas, Tambobong and Caloocan. General Gregorio del Pilar marched through Sampaloc, taking Tondo, Divisoria, and Azcárraga, Noriel cleared Singalong and Paco, and held Ermita and Malate. Luna thought the Filipinos should enter Intramuros to have joint occupation of the walled city. But Aguinaldo, heeding the advice of General Wesley Merritt and Commodore (later Admiral) George Dewey, whose fleet had moored in Manila Bay, sent Luna to the trenches where he ordered his troops to fire on the Americans. After the chaos following the American occupation, at a meeting in Ermita, Luna tried to complain to American officers about the disorderly conduct of their soldiers.

To silence Luna, Aguinaldo appointed him as Chief of War Operations on September 26, 1898, and assigned the rank of brigadier general. In quick succession, he was made the Director or Assistant Secretary of War and Supreme Chief of the Republican Army on September 28, arousing the envy of the other generals who were fighting since the first phase of the Revolution. Meanwhile, Luna felt that bureaucratic placebos were being thrown his way when all he wanted was to organize and discipline the enthusiastic but ill-fed and ill-trained troops into a real army.

On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the First Philippine Republic, was convened in Barasoain Church. Luna would be one of the elected representatives and was narrowly defeated by Pedro Paterno as President of the Congress with a vote of 24-23.

Seeing the need for a military school, in October 1898, Luna established a military academy at Malolos, known as the Academia Militar, which was the precursor of the present Philippine Military Academy. He appointed Colonel Manuel Bernal Sityar, a mestizo who was formerly a lieutenant serving the Civil Guard, as superintendent. He recruited other mestizos and Spaniards who had fought in the Spanish army during the 1896 Revolution for training. However, the academy had to be suspended indefinitely by March 1899 due to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War.

Luna (center row, seated left) and the staff of La Independencia in 1898

Group showing some of Luna's aides: General Manuel Tinio (seated, center), General Benito Natividad (seated, 2nd from right), General Jose Alejandrino (seated, 2nd from left)

A score of veteran officers became teachers at his military school. Luna devised two courses of instruction, planned the reorganization, with a battalion of tiradores and a cavalry squadron, set up an inventory of guns and ammunition, arsenals, using convents and town halls, quartermasters, lookouts and communication systems. He built trenches with the help of his chief engineer, General Jose Alejandrino, and had his brother Juan design the school's uniforms (the Filipino rayadillo). He also insisted on strict discipline over and above clan armies and regional loyalties, which prevented coordination between various military units. Envisioning one united army for the Republic, clan armies, and regional loyalties presented a lack of national consciousness.

Convinced that the fate of the infant Republic should be a contest for the minds of Filipinos, Luna turned to journalism to strengthen Filipino minds with the ideas of nationhood and the need to fight the Americans. He decided to publish a newspaper, La Independencia. This four-page daily was filled with articles, short stories, patriotic songs and poems. The staff was installed in one of the coaches of the train that ran from Manila to Pangasinan. The paper came out in September 1898 and was an instant success. A movable feast of information, humor, and good writing, 4,000 copies were printed, which was more than all the other newspapers in circulation put together.

When the Treaty of Paris, under which Spain was to cede the Philippines to the United States, was made public in December 1898, Luna quickly decided to take military action. He proposed a strategy that was designed to trap the Americans in Manila before more of their troops could land by executing surprise attacks ( guerrilla warfare) while building up strength in the north. If the American forces penetrated his lines, Luna determined that he would wage a series of delaying battles and prepare a fortress in northern Luzon, particularly the Cordillera. This, however, was turned down by the High Command, who still believed that the Americans would grant full independence.

The Americans gained the time and the opportunity to start hostilities with the Filipinos at the place and time of their choice. On the night of February 4, 1899, when most of the Filipino generals were at a ball in Malolos to celebrate the success of the American anti-imperialists delaying the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, the Americans staged an incident along the concrete blockhouses in Santa Mesa near the Balsahan Bridge. An American patrol fired on Filipino troops, claiming afterward that the Filipinos had started shooting first. The whole Filipino line from Pasay to Caloocan returned fire and the first battle of the Filipino-American War ensued. Two days later, in response to the incident, the US Senate voted for annexation. In doing so, the conflict became the war of conquest, occupation, and annexation that Luna, Mabini, and others had predicted and about which they had warned Aguinaldo and his generals previously.

Luna, after receiving orders from Aguinaldo, rushed to the front lines from his headquarters at Polo (present-day Valenzuela City) and led three companies to La Loma to engage General Arthur MacArthur's forces. Fighting took place at Marikina, Caloocan, Santa Ana, and Paco. The Filipinos were subjected to a carefully planned attack with naval artillery, with Admiral George Dewey's US fleet firing from Manila Bay. Filipino casualties were high, amounting to around 2,000 killed and wounded. Luna personally had to carry wounded officers and men to safety; of these, the most dramatic rescue was that of Commander José Torres Bugallón. After being hit by an American bullet, Bugallón had managed to advance another fifty meters before he was seen by Luna collapsing by the side of the road. As the Americans continued their fire on the road, Luna gathered an escort of around 25 men to save Bugallón, who Luna stated was equivalent to 500 men. Surviving the encounter, Luna encouraged Bugallón to live by giving them an instant promotion to lieutenant colonel. However, Bugallón succumbed to his wounds.

On February 7, Luna issued a detailed order to the field officers of the territorial militia. Containing five specific objects, it began with "Under the barbarous attack upon our army on February 4", and ended with "...war without quarter to false Americans who wish to enslave us. Independence or death!" The order labeled the US forces "an army of drunkards and thieves" in response to the continued bombardment of the towns around Manila, the burning and looting of whole districts, and the raping of Filipino women by US troops.

When Luna saw that the American advance had halted, mainly to stabilize their lines, he again mobilized his troops to attack La Loma on February 10. Fierce fighting ensued but the Filipinos were forced to withdraw thereafter. Caloocan has left with American forces in control of the southern terminus of the Manila to Dagupan railway, along with five engines, fifty passenger coaches, and a hundred freight cars. After consolidating control of Caloocan, the obvious next objective for American forces would be the Republic capital at Malolos. However, General Elwell Otis delayed for almost a month in hopes that Filipino forces would be deployed in its defense.

Nevertheless, with their superior firepower and newly arrived reinforcements, the Americans had not expected such resistance. They were so surprised that an urgent cable was sent to General Henry Lawton who was in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), with his troops. Illustrating the concern that the Americans had. The telegram stated, "Situation critical in Manila. Your early arrival great importance."

The Luna Sharpshooters was a short-lived unit formed by Luna to serve under the Philippine Revolutionary Army. On February 11, eight infantrymen, formerly under Captains Márquez and Jaro, were sent by then-Secretary of War Baldomero Aguinaldo to Luna, then-Assistant Secretary of War. The infantrymen were disarmed by the Americans. So, they journeyed to be commissioned in the regular Filipino army. Seeing their desire to serve in the army, Luna took them in and from their group grew and emerged as the Luna Sharpshooters. The sharpshooters became famous for their fierce fighting and proved their worth by being the usual spearheading unit in every major battle in the Philippine-American War. After the Battle of Calumpit on April 25-27, 1899, only seven or eight remained in the regular Filipino army. In the Battle of Paye on December 18, 1899, a Filipino sharpshooter, Private Bonifacio Mariano, under the command of General Licerio Gerónimo killed General Henry Ware Lawton, making the latter the highest-ranking casualty during the course of the war.

Luna also formed other units similar to the sharpshooters. One was the unit, which would later be named after Bugallón, commanded by Rosendo Simón de Pajarillo. The unit emerged from a group of ten men wanting to volunteer in the regular Filipino army. Luna, still thinking of the defeat at the Battle of Caloocan, sent the men away at first. However, he soon changed his mind and decided to give the men an initiation. After taking breakfast, he ordered a subordinate, Colonel Queri, to prepare arms and ammunition for the ten men. Then, the men boarded a train destined towards Malinta, which was American-held territory. After giving orders to the men, he let them go and watched them with his telescope. The men, succeeding their mission, eventually returned unharmed. Admiring their bravery, he organized them into a guerrilla unit of around 50 members. This unit would see action in the Second Battle of Caloocan.

Another elite unit was the Black Guard, a 25-man guerrilla unit under a certain Lieutenant García. García, one of Luna's favorites, was a modest but brave soldier. His unit was tasked to approach the enemy by surprise and quickly return to camp. Luna had admired García's unit very much that he wanted to increase their size. However, García declined the offer. He believed that a larger force might undermine the efficiency of their work. Jose Alejandrino, the chief army engineer and one of Luna's aides, stated that he never heard of García and his unit again after Luna's resignation on February 28.

A Filipino counterattack began at dawn on February 23. The plan was to employ a pincer movement, using the battalions from the North and South, with the sharpshooters (the only professionally trained troops) at crucial points. The sandatahanes or bolomen inside Manila would start a great fire to signal the start of the assault. Troops directly under Luna's command were divided into three: the West Brigade under General Pantaleon García, the Center Brigade under General Mariano Llanera, and the East Brigade under General Licerio Gerónimo. Luna even requested the battle-hardened Tinio Brigade from Northern Luzon, under the command of General Manuel Tinio. It had more than 1,900 soldiers. However, Aguinaldo gave only ambiguous answers and the Tinio Brigade was unable to participate in the battle. It was only partly successful because of two main reasons. Firstly, some of the successful Filipino sectors ran low on ammunition and food and were thus forced to withdraw to Polo. Secondly, Luna failed to relieve the Kapampangan militia, already past their prime, when the battalion from Kawit, Cavite, refused to replace the former, saying that they had orders to obey only instructions directly from Aguinaldo. Such insubordination had become quite common among the Filipino forces at that time as most of the troops owed their loyalty to the officers from their provinces, towns, or districts and not to the central command. As a result, the counterattack soon collapsed, and Luna placated himself by personally disarming the Kawit Battalion.

Luna, however, proved to be a strict disciplinarian and his temper alienated many in the ranks of the common soldiers. An example of this occurred during the Battle of Calumpit, wherein Luna ordered General Tomás Mascardo to send troops from Guagua to strengthen the former's defenses. However, Mascardo ignored orders by Luna insisting that he was going to Arayat to undertake an "inspection of troops". Another version of Mascardo's reasoning emerged and it was probably that which reached Luna. This version was that Mascardo had left to visit his girlfriend. Luna, infuriated by Mascardo's actions, had decided to detain him. However, Major Hernando, one of Luna's aides, tried to placate the general's anger by convincing Luna to push the case to President Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo complied to detain Mascardo for twenty-four hours. Upon returning to the field, however, the Americans had broken through his defenses at the Bagbag River, forcing Luna to withdraw despite his heroic action to defend the remaining sectors.

Luna resigned on March 1, mainly in resentment for the rearmament of the Kawit Battalion as the Presidential Guard. Aguinaldo hesitantly accepted the resignation. As a result, Luna was absent from the field for three weeks, during which the Filipino forces suffered several defeats and setbacks. One such defeat would be at the Battle of Marilao River on March 27. Receiving the depressing reports from the field through his La Independencia correspondents, Luna went to Aguinaldo and asked to be reinstated with more powers over all the military heads, and Aguinaldo promoted him to Lieutenant General and agreed to make him Commander-in-Chief of all the Filipino forces in Central Luzon ( Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, and Zambales).

The Luna Defense Line was planned to create a series of delaying battles from Caloocan to Angeles, Pampanga,[page needed ] as the Republic was constructing a guerrilla base in the Mountain Province. The base was planned to be the last stand headquarters of the Republic in case the Americans broke through the Defense Line. American military observers were astonished by the Defense Line, which they described as consisting of numerous bamboo trenches stretching from town to town. The series of trenches allowed the Filipinos to withdraw gradually, firing from cover at the advancing Americans. As the American troops occupied each new position, they were subjected to a series of traps that had been set in the trenches, which included bamboo spikes and poisonous reptiles.

Earlier in May 1899, Luna almost fell in the field at the Battle of Santo Tomas. Mounted on his horse, Luna then charged into the battlefield leading his main force in a counterattack. As they advanced, the American forces began firing upon them. Luna's horse was hit and he fell to the ground. As he recovered, Luna realized that he had been shot in the stomach, and he attempted to kill himself with his revolver to avoid capture. He was saved, though, by the actions of a Filipino colonel named Alejandro Avecilla who, having seen Luna fall, rode towards the general to save him. Despite being heavily wounded in one of his legs and an arm, with his remaining strength Avecilla carried Luna away from the battle to the Filipino rear. Upon reaching safety, Luna realized that his wound was not very deep as most of the bullet's impact had been taken by a silk belt full of gold coins that his parents had given him, which he had been wearing. As he left the field to have his wounds tended, Luna turned over the command to General Venacio Concepción, the Filipino commander of the nearby town of Angeles. Meanwhile, in recognition of his work, Luna was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal. By the end of May 1899, Colonel Joaquín Luna, one of Antonio's brothers, warned him that a plot had been concocted by "old elements" or the autonomists of the Republic (who were bent on accepting American sovereignty over the country) and a clique of army officers whom Luna had disarmed, arrested, and/or insulted. Luna shrugged off all these threats, reiterating his trust for Aguinaldo, and continued building defenses at Pangasinan where the Americans were planning a landing.

On June 2, 1899, Luna received two telegrams (initially four, but he never received the last two) - one asked for help in launching a counterattack in San Fernando, Pampanga; and the other, sent by Aguinaldo himself, ordered him to go to the new capital at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to form a new cabinet. In his jubilation, Luna wrote Arcadio Maxilom, military commander of Cebu, to stand firm in the war. Luna set off from Bayambang, first by train, then on horseback, and eventually in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men. During the journey, two of the carriages broke down, so he proceeded with just one carriage with Colonel Francisco Román and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort.[citation needed ] On June 4, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo confirming his arrival. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded to the headquarters, alone, to communicate with the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer whom he had previously disarmed for insubordination: Captain Pedro Janolino, commander of the Kawit Battalion, and an old enemy whom he had once threatened with arrest for favoring American autonomy. Captain Janolino was accompanied by Felipe Buencamino, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and a member of the Cabinet. He was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Nueva Ecija (he actually went to Bamban, Tarlac). Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told that the meeting was canceled.

Both exchanged heated words as he was about to depart. In the plaza fronting the church of Cabanatuan, a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Janolino, accompanied by some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his bolo at Luna, wounding him in the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna, while others started stabbing him, even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers. He staggered out into the plaza where Román and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but as he lay dying, they too were set upon and shot, with Román being killed and Rusca being severely wounded. Luna received more than 30 wounds, and uttered "Cowards! Assassins!" He was hurriedly buried in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and men from the field, including General Venacio Concepción, whose headquarters in Angeles, Pampanga was besieged by Aguinaldo on the same day Luna was assassinated.

Immediately after Luna's death, confusion reigned on both sides. The Americans even thought Luna had taken over to replace Aguinaldo. Luna's death was publicly declared only by June 8, and a circular providing details of the event released by June 13. While investigations were supposedly made concerning Luna's death, not one person was convicted. Later, General Pantaleon García said that it was he who was verbally ordered by Aguinaldo to conduct the assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan. His sickness at the time prevented his participation in the assassination. Aguinaldo would be firm in his stand that he had nothing to do with the assassination of Luna.

Felipe Buencamino succeeded Apolinario Mabini as Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the First Philippine Republic.

The death of Luna, acknowledged to be the most brilliant and capable of the Filipino generals at the time, was a decisive factor in the fight against the American forces. Despite mixed reactions on both the Filipino and American sides on the death of Luna, there are people from both sides who nevertheless developed an admiration for him. General Frederick Funston, who captured Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, stated that Luna was the "ablest and most aggressive leader of the Filipino Republic." For General James Franklin Bell, Luna "was the only general the Filipino army had." General Robert Hughes remarked that "with the death of General Luna, the Filipino army lost the only General it had." Meanwhile, Apolinario Mabini, former Prime Minister and Secretary of Foreign Affairs, had this to say: "If he was sometimes hasty and even cruel in his resolution, it was because the army had been brought to a desperate situation by the demoralization of the soldiers and the lack of ammunitions: nothing but action of rash courage and extraordinary energy could hinder its dissolution." Of the Filipino armed forces organized during Luna's service in the army, Major General Henry Ware Lawton commented, "Filipinos are a very fine set of soldiers, far better than the Indians... Inferior in every particular equipment and supplies, they are the bravest men I have ever seen... I'm very well impressed with the Filipinos!" Lawton later recanted this statement.

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses in the field, as he retreated northwards. On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo decided to disperse his army and begin conducting a guerrilla war. General José Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in his memoirs that if Luna had been able to finish the planned military camp in the Mountain Province and had shifted to guerrilla warfare earlier as Luna had suggested, Aguinaldo might have avoided having to run for his life in the Cordillera Mountains. For historian Teodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death did not directly contribute to the resulting fall of the Republic. In his book, Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, Agoncillo stated that the loss of Luna showed the existence of a lack of discipline among the regular Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness that was never remedied during the course of the war. Also, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as a result eventually surrendered to the Americans. Despite Aguinaldo denying the allegation of his being involved in Luna's death multiple times, an original copy of the telegram that was sent to Luna was discovered in 2018 showing the order for Luna to visit Cabanatuan, yet in recent studies and research about the telegram only gives more questions rather than answer that led to Luna's death.

English series ₱50 bill

The future BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151)

The famous University of the Philippines Diliman Sunken Garden was named General Antonio Luna Parade Grounds.[66]

The municipalities of General Luna, Quezon[67] and General Luna, Surigao del Norte are named after Luna.

Variants of "General Luna Street", like "Rizal Street", is one of the most common street names in the Philippines:

General Antonio Luna Avenue, a two-lane national road in San Mateo, Rizal, was named after Luna.

General Luna Street, stretching from Intramuros to Paco in the Manila, was named after Luna. Formerly Calle Real del Palacio (Intramuros) and Calle Nozaleda (Ermita-Paco), the whole stretch was integrated into one and was renamed Calle Gen. Luna during the American period.[68]

General Antonio Luna, a barrio in Mayorga, Leyte, is named after Luna.[69]

Hingoso, a town in the province of Quezon (formerly Tayabas), was renamed to General Luna, in honor of Luna.

In 1951, the first postwar Philippine fifty peso bill featured a portrait of Luna until it was replaced in 1969 by a portrait of Sergio Osmeña.

In 1958, a stamp featuring Luna was released on his 92nd birth anniversary.[70][71]

After the 102nd anniversary of Luna's birth (1968), former President Ferdinand Marcos delivered a speech about the general. He said that Luna's guerrilla tactics preceded that of China's Mao Zedong and Vietnam's Võ Nguyên Giáp and Ho Chi Minh.[3][page needed ]

In 1999, the second and last of the General Emilio Aguinaldo-class patrol vessels was commissioned by the Philippine Navy. It was named BRP General Antonio Luna (PG-141) .[72] A second ship of the Jose Rizal-class frigates, acquired from South Korea, is named after Luna, the BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151) .

A monument of Luna was erected at Plaza Lucero in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.[6]

Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim led a commemorative program on Luna's 144th birth anniversary (2010).[73]

A Philippine military base, Camp Antonio Luna in Limay, Bataan, was named after the general. It is currently the Office of the Director of the Government Arsenal.[74]

The defunct Philippine Constabulary Academy had a building known as Luna Hall.

"General Luna" a march by Julián Felipe in honor of General Luna.

"Kabanatuan" is a funeral march by Julio Nakpil dedicated to General Luna who was assassinated in Cabanatuan.

Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: C & E Publishing.

Agoncillo, Teodoro (1974). Introduction to Filipino History.

Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960). Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. ISBN 978-971-542-096-9.

Jimenez, Ruby Rosa A. (2015). Heneral Luna: The History Behind the Movie. Mandaluyong: Anvil Publishing.

Jose, Vivencio R. (1972). The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna. University of the Philippines. ISBN 978-971-17-0700-2.

Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). The development of Philippine politics. Oriental Commercial.

Linn, Brian McAllister (2000a). The Philippine War, 1899-1902. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3.

Linn, Brian McAllister (2000b). The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-4948-4.

Ocampo, Ambeth (2010). Looking Back. Anvil Publishing. ISBN 978-971-27-2336-0.

Guerrero, Angel (1933). Biag ni General Antonio Luna. Manila: Service Press.

Ocampo, Ambeth (2015). Looking Back 10: Two Lunas, Two Mabinis. Pasig: Anvil Press.

Ambeth Ocampo, "The way Antonio Luna died", Opinion, September 11, 2015, Philippine Daily Inquirer.

"History: General Antonio Luna, great soldier, scientist". Manila Bulletin. October 29, 2014. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016.

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Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (Spanish: [anˈtonjoˈluna]; October 29, 1866 - June 5, 1899) was a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine-American War before his assassination on June 5, 1899 at the age of 32.

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As one of the youngest generals in the Revolutionary Army, he was known for the successful assault on the Spanish barracks in the municipality of Paombong, his victory on the first phase Battle of Quingua and his last stand at the Battle of Tirad Pass during the Philippine–American War. [Wikipedia, n.d]

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According to Wikipedia, (no date), Katipunero as they both joined the Katipunan before the Philippine Revolution. When the Revolution began in August 1896, Malvar emerged from leading a 70-man army to becoming the military commander of Batangas. As a military commander, he coordinated offensives with General Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the revolutionaries in Cavite, and General Paciano Rizal, leader of the revolutionaries in Laguna.[2] On February 17, 1897, Malvar fought alongside General Edilberto Evangelista, Malvar's senior officer at the time, at the Battle of Zapote Bridge, where the senior died in battle. Succeeding Evangelista's generalship, Malvar had set up his own headquarters at Indang, Cavite, where he stayed until the Tejeros Convention.[2]

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Miguel Malvar is the forgotten president and general of the Philippines. He served his role as general during the Philippine American war. According to Wikipedia (N.D) He reorganized Filipino forces in southern Luzon and renamed the combined armed forces as "Army of Liberation", which possessed around 10,000 rifles at the time.

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As a military commander, he coordinated offensives with General Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the revolutionaries in Cavite, and General Paciano Rizal, leader of the revolutionaries in Laguna.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Malvar#:~:text=As%20a%20military%20commander%2C%20he,of%20the%20revolutionaries%20in%20Laguna.

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Gregorio Del Pilar was in his early 20's when he took part in the Philippine Revolution. He defeated the Spanish in a number of battles and was promoted many times because of this.  He was also the Captain General.

SOURCE:
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According to Wikipedia (N.D), " Malvar was born on September 27, 1865, in San Miguel, a barrio in Santo Tomas, Batangas, to Máximo Malvar (locally known as Capitán Imoy) and Tiburcia Carpio (locally known as Capitana Tibo). Malvar's family was well known in town not only for their wealth but for their generosity and diligence as well." While  he was the president he took over the affairs of the Republic, Malvar reorganized Filipino forces in southern Luzon, he renamed then and combined them into one army called "Army of Liberation".

Source:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Malvar#:~:text=As%20he%20took%20over%20the,10%2C000%20rifles%20at%20the%20time.

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Miguel Malvar y Carpio (September 27, 1865 - October 13, 1911) was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and, subsequently, during the Philippine-American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter, following the capture of resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901. According to some historians, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines but, as of 2022, is not recognized as such by the Philippine government.

Malvar was born on September 27, 1865, in San Miguel, a barrio in Santo Tomas, Batangas, to Máximo Malvar (locally known as Capitán Imoy) and Tiburcia Carpio (locally known as Capitana Tibo). Malvar's family was well known in town not only for their wealth but for their generosity and diligence as well.

Valerio Malabanan established a school that helped poor Filipino children as well as prominent children of wealthy Batangueños have a quality academic experience that was secular in nature.

For his education, Malvar attended the town school in Santo Tomas. He later attended a private school run by Father Valerio Malabanan in Tanauan, Batangas, a well-regarded educational institution in Batangas at the time. Here, Malvar had fellow revolutionary Apolinario Mabini as his classmate. He then transferred to another school in Bauan, Batangas. He decided not to pursue higher education in Manila and preferred to settle down as a farmer instead. Instead, he helped his more studious younger brother, Potenciano, study medicine in Spain. Malvar was later elected as Capitán municipal of his hometown.

In 1891, Malvar married Paula Maloles, the daughter of the Capitán municipal of Santo Tomas, Don Ambrocio Maloles. Don Ambrocio was Malvar's successor as Capitán municipal. Ulay, as she was locally known, bore Malvar thirteen children, but only eleven of them survived: Bernabe, Aurelia, Marciano, Maximo, Crispina, Mariquita, Luz Constancia, Miguel (Junior), Pablo, Paula, and Isabel. Malvar had the habit of bringing his family with him as he went to battle during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War.

Malvar and his family had a friendship with José Rizal and his family. Rizal mended the harelip of Malvar's wife and Saturnina Rizal lent Malvar 1,000 pesos as an initial capital to start a business. Saturnina's husband, Manuel, was a relative of Malvar's, and Soledad Rizal Quintero's daughter, Amelia married Malvar's eldest son, Bernabe. Also, Paciano was Malvar's fellow revolutionary.

Like Macario Sakay, considered his successor as president by some,[citation needed ] Malvar was an original Katipunero as they both joined the Katipunan before the Philippine Revolution. When the Revolution began in August 1896, Malvar emerged from leading a 70-man army to becoming the military commander of Batangas. As a military commander, he coordinated offensives with General Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the revolutionaries in Cavite, and General Paciano Rizal, leader of the revolutionaries in Laguna. On February 17, 1897, Malvar fought alongside General Edilberto Evangelista, Malvar's senior officer at the time, at the Battle of Zapote Bridge, where the senior died in battle. Succeeding Evangelista's generalship, Malvar had set up his own headquarters at Indang, Cavite, where he stayed until the Tejeros Convention.

After the Tejeros Convention, in which Aguinaldo won as president, Malvar opted to side with the Katipunan's Supremo, Andrés Bonifacio. In response to Malvar's support, Bonifacio gave them assistance in fighting their battles. Seeing the mutual relations between Malvar and Bonifacio, Aguinaldo decided to use his newly acquired position to put Batangas, as well as Malvar, under his jurisdiction. Malvar was also threatened with punishment if he did not break ties with Bonifacio, but this threat was never implemented. Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and they were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo 'issued a commutation of the sentence' to deportation or exile on May 8, 1897, but Pío del Pilar and Mariano Noriel, both former supporters of Bonifacio, persuaded Aguinaldo to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other bona fide supporters of Aguinaldo. The Bonifacio brothers were murdered on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of Maragondon.

After Bonifacio was murdered, the Spanish offensive resumed, now under Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera, and forced Aguinaldo out of Cavite. Aguinaldo slipped through the Spanish cordon and, with 500 picked men, proceeded to Biak-na-Bató, a wilderness area at the tri-boundaries of the towns of San Miguel, San Ildefonso and Doña Remedios in Bulacan. When news of Aguinaldo's arrival there reached the towns of central Luzon, men from the Ilocos provinces, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Tarlac, and Zambales, renewed their armed resistance against the Spanish.

On November 1, 1897, the provisional constitution for the Biak-na-Bato Republic was signed. By the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo de Rivera accepted the impossibility of quelling the revolution by force of arms. In a statement to the Cortes Generales, he said, "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion." Desiring to make peace with Aguinaldo, he sent emissaries to Aguinaldo seeking a peaceful settlement. Nothing was accomplished until Pedro A. Paterno, a distinguished lawyer from Manila perhaps wanting a Spanish nobility title, volunteered to act as negotiator. On August 9, 1897, Paterno proposed a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. In succeeding months, practicing shuttle diplomacy, Paterno traveled back and forth between Manila and Biak-na-Bato carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno's efforts led to a peace agreement called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three documents, the first two being signed on December 14, 1897, and the third being signed on December 15; effectively ending the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

Malvar, along with other generals like Mariano Trías, Paciano Rizal, Manuel Tinio and Artemio Ricarte, as opposed to the pact, believing it was a ruse of the Spanish to get rid of the Revolution easily, and therefore resumed military offensives. Aguinaldo, seeing the stiff resistance of Malvar and his sympathizers, issued a circular ordering the revolutionary generals to stop fighting. On January 6, 1898, Malvar ceased his offensives.

Philippine-American War

On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo, aboard the American revenue cutter McCulloch, returned to the Philippines with 13 of his military staff. After four days, the first delivery of arms from Hong Kong arrived. It amounted to 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition. With Aguinaldo's return, the Filipinos, numbering around 12,000, who enlisted under the Spanish flag in the war against America defected to Aguinaldo's banner. By June, Philippine independence was declared in Kawit, Cavite and Manila found herself surrounded by Aguinaldo's troops. But on August 13, 1898, it was the Americans who captured Manila.

On February 4, 1899, hostilities began between Americans and Filipinos. On February 7, Malvar was appointed second-in-command of General Trías, who was the overall commander of the Filipino forces in southern Luzon. On February 23, General Antonio Luna needed Malvar and his unit to take part in a Filipino counterattack that was planned to regain ground lost earlier by Filipinos and capture Manila. However, the Filipino offensive collapsed mainly due to the insubordination of the Kawit Battalion. During the following months, Malvar harassed American troops south of Manila as he and his 3,000-man brigade conducted offensives in Muntinlupa. By July 1899, the Americans under General Robert Hall captured Calamba, Laguna. With ten companies (around 2,000 men) of American troops in the town, Malvar unsuccessfully besieged Calamba from August to December 1899.

On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo disbanded the Filipino regular army, forming them into guerrilla units at Bayambang, Pangasinan and afterwards conducted his escape journey to Palanan, Isabela, which he reached by September 6, 1900. This change in tactics was not as successful as it had been against the Spaniards, and Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901, by General Frederick Funston with help from some Macabebe scouts. General Trías, Aguinaldo's chosen successor as president and Commander-In-Chief of the Filipino forces, had already surrendered on March 15, 1901. Therefore, as designated in Aguinaldo's decreed line of succession, Malvar became President of the Philippine Republic. The Hong Kong Junta affirmed Malvar's authority in succeeding Aguinaldo. As he took over the affairs of the Republic, Malvar reorganized Filipino forces in southern Luzon and renamed the combined armed forces as " Army of Liberation", which possessed around 10,000 rifles at the time. He also reorganized the regional departments of the Republic, which included the Marianas as a separate province.

Malvar lying in state in 1911

Beginning January 1902, American General J. Franklin Bell took command of operations in Batangas and practiced scorched earth tactics that took a heavy toll on both guerrilla fighters and civilians alike. Malvar escaped American patrols by putting on disguises. So, as early as August 1901, the Americans released an exact description of Malvar's physical features. According to the description given, Malvar was of dark complexion and stood around 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m). He weighed about 145 pounds (66 kg) and wore a 5 or 6 size of shoes. He surrendered to Bell on April 16, 1902 in Rosario, Batangas, mainly due to desertion of his top officers and to put an end to the sufferings of his countrymen.

After the war, he refused any position offered to him in the American colonial government.[citation needed ] His death in Manila on October 13, 1911, is suspected to have been due to kidney disease.

On September 18, 2007, Oriental Mindoro 1st district representative Rodolfo Valencia filed House Bill 2594, that declared Malvar as the second Philippine president, alleging that it is incorrect to consider Manuel L. Quezon as the second president of the Philippine Republic serving after Emilio Aguinaldo: " General Malvar took over the revolutionary government after General Emilio Aguinaldo, first president of the Republic, was captured on March 23, 1901, and [was] exiled in Hong Kong by the American colonial government-since he was next in command." In October 2011, Vice President Jejomar Binay sought the help of historians in proclaiming revolutionary General Miguel Malvar as the rightful second president of the Philippines.

The Miguel Malvar class corvette, named after Malvar, is a ship class of patrol corvettes of the Philippine Navy, and are currently its oldest class of corvettes.

Extra Mile Productions conducted the General Miguel Malvar Essay Writing Contest in commemoration of the 100th Death Anniversary of General Miguel Malvar.[17]

Malvar, Batangas, a second class municipality in the Philippines, was named after him.

Various streets were also named after him.

In 2015, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines will open a museum in Santo Tomas to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Malvar's birthday on September 27.[18]

In 2015, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) released the 10-peso commemorative coin in honor of Malvar's 150th birth anniversary.[19]

BRP Miguel Malvar (PS-19), the lead ship of the Miguel Malvar class corvette

Commemorative ₱10 coin released in 2015 by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in commemoration of Malvar's 150th birth anniversary. The obverse is shown on the left, while the reverse is on the right.

Malvar Shrine in Santo Tomas, Batangas

A postcard depicting Miguel Malvar

Abaya, Doroteo (1998), Miguel Malvar and the Philippine Revolution, Manila: Miguel Malvar (MM) Productions.

Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino people, R.P. Garcia, ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4

Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services, ISBN 971-8958-00-2 .

Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., ISBN 971-642-071-4

Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.

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Miguel Malvar y Carpio (September 27, 1865 - October 13, 1911) was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and, subsequently, during the Philippine-American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter, following the capture of resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901.

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My gatherings of Emilio Aguinaldo's contributions to the war.

According to Britannica, Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolutionary movement against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. He cooperated with the U.S. during the Spanish-American War but subsequently broke with the U.S. and led a guerrilla campaign against U.S. authorities during the Philippine-American War.
Again from Britannica, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation of war against the United States. Anti-imperialist sentiment was strong in the United States, and on February 6 the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty that concluded the Spanish-American War by a single vote.

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The Philippines Today states "Macario Sakay was among the original members of the Katipunan and the last Filipino resistance leader to surrender to the Americans. He joined the Katipunan 1894."

President Of Tagalog Republic "Macario Sakay" - The Philippines Today

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The President of Tagalog Republic (Macario Sakay) was born in Tondo, Manila, on March 1, 1878. His first job was that of an apprentice in a calesa shop. Later he became a tailor and stage actor before joining the Katipunan Movement led by Andres Bonifacio.

Macario Sakay was among the original members of the Katipunan and the last Filipino resistance leader to surrender to the Americans. He joined the Katipunan 1894.

While hiding in the mountains, Sakay organized his forces in Bulacan, Pampanga, Morong, Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas, and later created the Tagalog Republic or "Republika ng Katagalugan.' He became the President of the Tagalog Republic.

In the early years of the 20th century, as Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans, Macario Sakay, commander of the remnants of the Filipino revolutionary army, was branded a bandolero (bandit) by the US forces who had inflicted themselves upon the Philippines. ( inquirer)

On July 4, 1902, US President Theodore Roosevelt issued a proclamation officially ending what Americans referred to as the "Philippine Insurrection." In the proclamation, he announced that "peace had been established in all parts of the archipelago except in the country inhabited by the Moro tribes.

The so-called "insurrection" was expensive and bloody for both sides. Americans spent some $600 million or roughly $10 billion in today's currency and lost 4,234 men who were killed in action. Filipino losses came up to some 20,000 soldiers and 200,000 civilian casualties.

The surrender of Gen. Miguel Malvar in April 1902, provided the United States with a basis for declaring that the war was over. All other anti-American activities after Malvar's surrender were considered the work of bandits or tulisanes."

The reality of the situation was that the Philippine-American War continued for almost a decade after the Roosevelt proclamation.

One of the revolutionary heroes who continued the fight was Macario de Leon Sakay.

From 1902 to 1906, from his stronghold in the mountains of Laguna province, he led an effective guerrilla campaign against the Americans. The main area of operations of Sakay's resistance movement was in the southern Tagalog provinces of Rizal, Batangas, Laguna and Cavite. So successful were his exploits that the Americans resorted to "hamleting" (concentrating of villagers in one location for more effective control) in areas where Sakay had strong mass support.

In 1905, Governor-General Henry Ide sent an ilustrado, Dominador Gomez, to speak to Sakay with an offer of amnesty for him and his men. Part of the offer was the establishment of a Philippine Assembly as a starting point toward eventual independence. The idea appealed to Sakay who dreamed of Filipinos freely participating in determining their course as a nation.

As a result, he surrendered in July 1906. It was a trap. He was welcomed in Manila, but while attending a party tendered by the Constabulary chief Col. Henry H. Bandholtz, Sakay and his chief subordinates were disarmed and arrested. Accused of being a bandit under the Brigandage Act of 1902, he was sentenced to death and hanged on Sept. 13, 1907. (The Brigandage Act held that persons refusing to give allegiance to the American government in the Philippines were liable for arrest and execution.)

Camp General Macario Sakay in Los Baños, Laguna was named after the general in January 2016, when Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Gen. Hernando Iriberri issued General Order No.30, changing the camp's name from Camp Eldridge, a name the camp had been given during the American occupation a century prior.

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President Of Tagalog Republic "Macario Sakay" - The Philippines Today

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The President of Tagalog Republic (Macario Sakay) was born in Tondo, Manila, on March 1, 1878. His first job was that of an apprentice in a calesa shop.

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Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869 and died on February 6, 1964. He is the first president of the Philippines. He led the Philippine-American war against U.S., raised our flag in Kawit, Cavite while playing the Marcha National Filipina, achieved Philippine independence, and he was the leader of the Katipunan. He fought bravely until he was captured by the Americans in his secret base in Palanan and had to swear allegiance to the Americans. He was then granted a pension from the U.S. government and retired to private life.

Source: Britannica, 2023

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According to The Kahimyang Project (2011, September 13), "On September 13, 1907, Macario Sakay, revolutionary leader and among the last of the Filipino resistance fighters to surrender to the Americans, was hanged inside the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila, together with Col. Lucio de Vega.

Natividad and Lucio de Vega. Born on January 3, 1870 in Tondo, Manila, Sakay, a close confidante of Andres Bonifacio, was one of the early members of the Katipunan.

During the Filipino-American War, General Sakay fled to the mountains, organized the revolutionary forces in Bulacan, Pampanga, Morong (now Rizal), Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas, and later on proclaimed what he called the Tagalog Republic."

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According to Province of Bulacan (2022), Gregorio del Pilar is remembered as the "Hero of Tirad Pass". In this historic place, the young general fought and held back the strong invading Americans with only a handful of men, thus giving Aguinaldo ample time to escape the conquerors. It was a one-sided battle, but Gregorio del Pilar fought bravely. And he paid for this heroism with his life. He was shot and killed on that fateful day—December 2, 1899, commanding Aguinaldo's rear guard.

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Google said that, "Gregorio del Pilar is remembered as the "Hero of Tirad Pass". In this historic place, the young general fought and held back the strong invading Americans with only a handful of men, thus giving Aguinaldo ample time to escape the conquerors. It was a one-sided battle, but Gregorio del Pilar fought bravely."

Source: Google

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Macario Sakay was known as The President of the Bandits. Macrio Sakay was from the Katipunan. He Fought with Andres Bonifacio against the Spaniards. He was the person who lead the last Filipinos in the Philippine American War. When he surrendered, him and his men with to the mountains to make a government called The Tagalog Republic. They fought the Americans using ambushes and raids. He surrendered 1906 on the condition of amnesty for him and his men.

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Emilio Aguinaldo is one of our National Heroes. He sacrificed is life for us. He achieved independence from Spain and raised our national flag in Kawit, Cavite. He fought against Spain while they were colonizing us. He was elected the first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress. He was the first and youngest president of the Philippines. He also led the Philppine-American War.

Source:
https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/people/7365/general-emilio-aguinaldo#:~:text=Emilio%20Aguinaldo%20was%20born%20on,U.S.%20resistance%20to%20Philippine%20independence.

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He joined the Katipunan alongside Emilio Jacinto. He worked closely in the Katipunan alongside Andres Boniafcio and Emilio Jacinto. He also fought with them in the Katipunan. According to bayaniart.com, "Gregoria de Jesus states Sakay also helped in operating the Kalayaan newspaper press of the Katipunan. Being an actor by profession and in the public eye allowed him to go unsuspecting from other districts and towns recruiting for the Katipunan movement and distributing revolutionary paraphernalia. From his dedication and sacrifices he quickly emerged as the leader of Tondo’s “Dapitan Council” of the Katipunan."

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Macario Sacay who hails from Tondo is a Filipino revolutionary during the Spanish and Amreican colonialism.

He is a close confidante of Andres Bonifacio and one of the first members of the Katipunan that attempted to free the Filipinos against the colonialism of Spain.

During the Filipino-American War, General Sakay fled to the mountains, organized the revolutionary forces in Bulacan, Pampanga, Morong (now Rizal), Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas, and later on proclaimed what he called the Tagalog Republic.

However, Sakay and his men enjoyed popular support mostly evident in the countryside. Rural folk offered them food, refuge and shelter. They contributed 10 percent of their income to the revolutionary coffers. They even celebrated Sakay in a popular

Sakay was hanged on Friday the 13th of September 1907 on charges of banditry and armed rebellion, along with Lucio de Vega.

He is also considered as the last Katipunero.

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Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first president of the new republic after he achieved freedom from the Spaniards on June 12, 1898. He also led the war against the Americans.

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Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was born on March 22 He led the Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution  (1896–1898), then in the Spanish American war (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine American war
(1899–1901).

Source: wikipedia

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Antonio Luna y Novicio (October 29, 1866 - June 5, 1899) was a Filipino pharmacist and military general who fought in the Philippine-American War. He founded the Philippines's first military academy. - google

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Emilio Aguinaldo is the founder of the KKK (Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan). In 1996, KKK became the most powerful source of resistance to the Spaniards.   Aguinaldo made his contribution to Philippine Independence when he joined the KKK to fight against the Spaniards.

Source: YouTube.