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January 1776 - Thomas Paine Publishes "Common Sense"

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January 1776 - Thomas Paine Publishes "Common Sense"

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Thomas Paine publishes a brochure named "Common Sense", that argues for American independence

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March 1790 - Congress Passes the Naturalization Act of 1790

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March 1790 - Congress Passes the Naturalization Act of 1790

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Congress passes the first law about who should be granted U.S. citizenship. The Naturalization Act of 1790 allows any free white person of 'good character' who has been living in the United States for two years or longer to apply for a citizenship.
Without citizenship nonwhite residents are prohibited basic constitutional protects, including the right to vote, testify in court, and own property.

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August 1790 - The First United States Census Takes Place

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August 1790 - The First United States Census Takes Place

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The first U.S. census takes place. The English are the biggest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people that were counted, although nearly one in five Americans were of African heritage.

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1815 - Immigration from Western Europe explodes into the United States

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1815 - Immigration from Western Europe explodes into the United States

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Peace is re-established between U.S. and Britain after the war of 1812. Immigration from Western Europe causes a shift in the demographics of the United States. This wave of immigration lasts until the Civil War.
In this time period, the Irish account for an estimated one-third of immigrants to the United States. Around 5 million German immigrants also went to the United States, many of them making their way to the Midwest.

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1819 - The United States Passes The Steerage Act of 1819

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1819 - The United States Passes The Steerage Act of 1819

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Many newcomers arrive sick or dying from the long journey across the Atlantic in cramped conditions. Immigrants overwhelm major port cities. In response the U.S. passes the Steerage Act of 1819, calling for better conditions on ships arriving to the country, calls for ship captions to submit demographic information on the passengers, which creates the first federal records on the ethic compostions of immigrants to U.S.A.

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The Know-Nothing Party forms, becoming America's first anti-immigrant political party, as a backlash to the increasing number of German and Irish immigrants who were settling in the U.S.

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1875 - Supreme Court Declares Immigration Laws Now Are The Federal Governemnt's Responsibility

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1875 - Supreme Court Declares Immigration Laws Now Are The Federal Governemnt's Responsibility

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After the Civil War, some states passed their own immigration laws. The Supreme Court declares that it is the responsibility of the federal government to make and enforce immigration laws.

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Between 1880 and 1920, more than 20 million immigrants arrive to the United States. The majority of immigrants are from Southern, Eastern and Central Europe, including 4 million Iltalians and 2 million Jews. Many immigrants settle in major U.S. cities and work in factories.

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The Chinese Exclusion Act passes, barring Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. Beginning in the 1850s, a steady flow of Chinese workers had immigrated to America.
Anti-Chinese sentiment grew as Chinese workers became successful in America. Even though Chinese immigrants made up only 0.002 percent of the United States population, white workers blamed them for low wages
The 1882 Act was the first in American history to place broad restrictions on certain immigrant groups.

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1891 - Immigration Act Excludes Who Can Enter The United States

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1891 - Immigration Act Excludes Who Can Enter The United States

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The Immigration Act excluded who could enter the United States, barring the immigration of people convicted of certain crimes, the sick or diseased, and polygamists. The Act also created the federal office of immigration to coordinate immigration enforcement and corps of immigration inspectors stations at ports of entry.

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The United States' first immigration station, Ellis Island, opens in New York Harbor. More than 12 million immigrants entered the United States through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954.

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February 1907 - The United States and Japan Sign the Gentlemen's Agreement

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February 1907 - The United States and Japan Sign the Gentlemen's Agreement

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Among prejudices in California that United States and Japan sign the Gentlemen's Agreement. Japan agrees to limit Japanese emigration to the United States to certain categories of business and professional men. In return, President Theodore Roosevelt pushes San Francisco to end the segregation of Japanese students from white students in San Francisco schools.