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Chapter 2(Cells):

•The nucleus consist of nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, and chromatin.

• Red blood cell has no nucleus to be able to carry more oxygen. It also has a biconcave shape which increase the surface area to volume ratio.

• There are cell wall and chloroplasts present in the plant cell while they are absent in an animal cell.

• Chromatin is made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• cells>tissues>organ>organ system>organism

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• Cells is made up of protoplasm. Protoplasm is made up of three parts nucleus, cell surface membrane and cytoplasm.

•Cell wall is made of cellulose and is found only in plants and not animals

•Cytoplasm contains organelles. Mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosomes and vacuoles

•Nucleus contain nuclear envelope , nucleoplasm and nucleolus

•Plant cell have a large central vacuole meanwhile animal cell have small and many vacuole

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1- differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

2- under a light microscope, only the protoplasm (nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm) are seen

3- complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. E.g xylem and phloem

4- a green plant cell has chloroplast which contains chlorophyll that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

5- Food substances that is oxidised to release energy is called aerobic respiration

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•Protoplasm is made up of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
•cytoplasm forms the larger part of the cell
•nucleus controls all the activities in the cell
•the vacuole stores substances within the cell
•cell wall is made out of cellulose and it is fully permeable and protects the cell

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Cells chapter 2
1) differentiation is the process where a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

2)xylem vessels do not have cross Walls and protoplasm

3)chromatin is made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that stores hereditary information

4) cellulose is a type of carbohydrate

5)The haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body

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Cells
1) Cells are the basic unit of life.
2) Plant cells have more organelles than animal cells (cell wall & choloroplast).
3) Cells can change their shape/form to suit their function(s).
4) Plant cells have one large vacoule while animal cells have many small vacoules.
5) The nucleus contains DNA.

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1) Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell💪

2) Reb blood cells 🔴 does not have a nucleus and it has a biconcave shape.

3) Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised fora specific function.

4) Chromatin is made up of proteins and DNA

5) we can only see cells under a microscope

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1. The meaning of cell :
-blocks of life
-characteristics of life
eg(grow in size,carry nutrients,reproduce)
-chemical reactions
2.The red blood cell consist of Haemogob in the cytoplasm that transports oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body
3. Cell wall is made out of cellulose
4. In the nucleus; chromosomes can be counted but chromatin are threads-like structured
5.Protoplasm : 3 main points
- cell surface membrane/cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-nucleus

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1-cells are made up of nucleus,cytoplasm,cell membrane and cell wall.
2-there are 4  parts in the nucleus:,the nuclear envelope,necleoplasm,nucleolus and the chromatin
3-each chromatin are made up of proteins and compound called DNA.
4-Differentiation is the process whereby a cell becomes specialised for a specific function
5-cell wall is made up of cellulose and is found only in plants and not animals

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1. nucleus is made up of four parts: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin).
2. mitochondria performs aerobic respiration to release energy
3. some cells are specialized for different functions (eg. root hair cells have a protruding root hair so that water + mineral salts can be absorbed at a faster rate by increasing the surface area to volume ratio)
4. chromatin threads condense to form chromosomes
5. the vacuole in a plant cell is enclosed by a tonoplast, which is a partially permeable membrane.

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(a) The main constituent in protoplasm of a cell is water.

(b) Ribosomes makes protein

(c) Cytoplasm acts as a medium for metabolic chemical reactions

(d) Cell membrane controls substances moving in and out of the cell

(e) Cell wall is absent in an animal cell however, cell wall is present in a plant cell

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Cells

- mitichondria releases energy during aerobic respiration
- red blood cell and root hair cells both have adaptations to carry out their functions faster
- ribosome synthesise proteins
- cell wall is fully permeable
- animal cells have smaller, multiple vacuoles

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1. Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration to release energy for the cell thus different cells have different number of mitochondria depending on their function.

2. Root hair cells have a long and narrow root hair structure to increase their surface area to volume ratio to allow faster absorption of water from the soil.

3. An organ is made up of several tissues working together to perform a specific function.

4. Xylem vessels have no cross walls and protoplasm to allow water and mineral salts to move easily through the lumen.

5. The walls of the xylem are thickened with lignin to prevent it from collapsing.

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1. Cells are the basic units of life
2. Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus make up the protoplasm of a cell
3. Only plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall made of cellulose. The cell wall is rigid and acts as an important support for the plant
4. A tissue is a group of specialised cells working together to carry out a particular function (eg. Muscle tissue, xylem tissue)
5. Cell differentiation is the process in which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

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1) cells are the building blocks and smallest units of life
2) cells have small parts in them called organelles that have specific functions in the cell. The cell membrane is partially permeable, meaning it only allows certain substances to pass through it.
3) cell differentiation is the process whereby the cell is specialised for a specific function
4) Root hair cells have an elongated protrusion which increases surface area to volume ratio which increases the rate of absorption of mineral salts and water.
5) A red blood cell is biconcave, it increases surface area to volume ratio which allows the cell to carry and transport more blood. it also has a lack of nucleus which allows the cell to store more haemoglobin, which is a red pigment that binds with and transports oxygen
6) The nucleus is responsible for cell reproduction and repair of worn out parts. the Mitochondria, aerobic respiration occurs where food substances are oxidised for energy

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1.The protoplasm is made up of cell membrane, nucleus  and cytoplasm
2.Chromosomes are condensed chromatin threads
3.The cell wall is fully permeable and the cell membrane is partially permeable
4.Red blood cells have haemoglobin which binds with oxygen
5.Xylem vessels are thickened with lignin to prevent collapsing of the vessel

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1. Cells consist of a mass of matter called protoplasm. A protoplasm is made up of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.

2. Chromatin is made up of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During cell division, they become chromosomes, chromosomes carry hereditary materials called genes.

3. An organelle is a discrete structure within a cell that has a specific function.

4. Differentiation is the process in which normal cells becomes specialized for a specific function.

5. Division of labour refers to the allocation of specific functions among cellls in different parts of an organism

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- each living cell consists of a living material called protoplasm which consists of a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell surface membrane
- the cytoplasm contains organelles such as vacuole, nucleus, centriole, ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
- the nucleus has 4 parts : chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm
- chloroplasts and cell wall are present only in plant cells and not in animal cells
- cells -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism