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Parathyroid glands are located on the posterior side of the thyroid glad. Each is about the size of a pea

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1. Urinary: PTH stimulates the kidneys to absorb more calcium which can produce kidney stones

2. Skeletal: Stimulates calcium levels from the bones causing them to become weak and brittle.

3. Digestive: PTH  stimulates the intestines to absorb more calcium resulting in stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and constipation

4. Nervous: Hypercalcemia can interfere with how your brain works, resulting in confusion, lethargy and fatigue. It can also cause depression.

5. Cardiovascular: Rarely, severe hypercalcemia can interfere with your heart function, causing palpitations and fainting, indications of cardiac arrhythmia, and other heart problems.

6. Muscular: Hypercalcemia can cause muscle cramps in the body.

7. Respiratory: A severe symptom of hypocalcemia is laryngospasm which affects the larynx making it difficult to breathe or speak.

8. Immune systems: The disorder of hypocalcemia is affected by deficiency in Vitamin D which affects the immune system.

9. Circulatory system-Regulates amount of calcium in the blood.

10. Integumentary System-Lack of parathyroid hormone can cause dry, roughened skin.

11.  Reproductive system- Lack of parathyroid hormone can cause dysmenorrhea (painful periods).

12. Endocrine system- Parathyroid hormone works as a parallel to calcitonin which is produced by the thyroid gland.

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Hypersecretion of the Parathyroid Hormone

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Hypersecretion of the Parathyroid Hormone

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Hypercalcemia - excessive calcium in the blood

Your bones to release calcium into your blood

Your digestive tract to absorb more calcium

Your kidneys to excrete less calcium and activate more vitamin D, which plays a vital role in calcium absorption

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Hopkins Medicine

Mayo Clinic

National Center for Biotechnology Information

Interrelationships of Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in Calcium Homeostasis

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Hypocalcemia- low blood calcium

Caused by lack of vitamin D and lack of parathyroid hormone

Most cases are asymptomatic but symptoms can include muscle cramps, confusion, and tingling in lips and fingers.

Unstable nerve and muscle membranes that continuously fire.

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Hypocalcemia is a condition that is due to low levels of parathyroid hormone or low levels of Vitamin D.

A patient experiencing a mild case of hypocalcemia can suffer from no symptoms, to mild symptoms such as muscle cramps, the sensation of pins, and confusion. An extreme case of hypocalcemia can lead to symptoms such as seizures, heart failure or laryngospasm(Spasm of the vocal cords making it hard to breath or speak.) Some other symptoms include: Tetany, anxiety or depression.

Treatment of hypocalcemia differs from case to case, if a case is less severe a patient can receive medicine to receive their necessary calcium dose. Vitamin D is also recommended with patients taking calcium orally to promote better absorption. For patients with severe or quickly onset symptoms they can receive an IV to administer the calcium they are missing.

Doctors' prognosis of this disorder is good because it can be easily corrected by the patient receiving calcium.

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Controls the release of calcium from bones into the blood.

Controls the absorption of calcium from food by the intestines.

Controls how much calcium is conserved by the kidneys.

Stimulates kidney cells to transform weaker forms of vitamin D into a form that is strongest at absorbing calcium from the intestines.

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Hypercalcemia is a condition that is a result of excessive calcium in the blood. Patients with mild hypercalcemia may not show signs or symptoms. However, in more severe cases their body will be affected by high levels of calcium.

A very common symptom is bone pain and muscle weakness. Because PTH can cause calcium to be leached from your bones, this can cause them to become weak and brittle.

An excess in calcium causes the kidneys to absorb large amounts of calcium (to release back into the blood) which can produce kidney stones. The increase in calcium can also cause the kidneys to overexert themselves while trying to filter it. Because of this, the patient may experience excessive thirst and frequent urination.

Hypercalcemia can also cause stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and constipation as a result of calcium being absorbed by the intestines.

Hypercalcemia can interfere with how your brain functions, resulting in confusion, lethargy, and fatigue.

In very rare cases, severe hypercalcemia can interfere with your heart function, causing palpitations and fainting, indications of cardiac arrhythmia, and other heart problems.