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STEP 1:   Find the theory that was assigned to you (see below):

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME A-D are assigned to Diffusion of Innovation Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME E-H are assigned to Social Cognitive Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME I-L are assigned to Transtheoretical Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME M-P are assigned to Theory of Planned Behavior

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME Q-T are assigned to the Health Belief Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME U-Z are assigned to the Social Ecological Model

STEP 2:   Choose one (1) concept from the theory that was assigned to you.  Please include the following:

1. TITLE: NAME OF YOUR CONCEPT

2. EXPLANATION OF HOW PHOTO/PICTURE IS RELATED TO CONCEPT

3. PHOTO OR PICTURE THAT REPRESENTS YOUR CONCEPT

STEP 5:   COMMENT ON AT LEAST 2 POSTS FROM YOUR CLASSMATES

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The Transtheoretical Model is a process that an individual goes through in order to change a health behavior. The process usually involves six stages. The stages are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. This photo represents the transtheoretical model because on the left side of the image, the individual is unaware of her behavior and has no intention of changing. The right side of the image shows her end result, which she had to go through the stages in order to get to that point.

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Social Cognitive Theory was originally created by psychologist, Albert Bandura. It is the belief that social influences can affect how individuals learn behaviors. Social influences can include the environment that the individual is placed in as well as the experiences that they gain from observing others. This photo of a student and a teacher working together is an example of Social Cognitive Theory because the student is learning new behaviors by observing the teacher. It is also in a classroom environment, which can influence the student’s ability to learn.

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The Transtheoretical Model is a process of multiple steps to achieve behavior change among an individual. Like Vanessa stated above there are six stages to this model that include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. With this model we need to take into consideration that there is a chance the individual will back track to the prior stages without a support and motivation system. In the picture I have chosen she has already went through the preparation stage to understand the benefits of exercising and is now in the action stage. She is starting her exercise journey to take care of her overall health.

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Health education specialists needs to identify what a persons intentions are which can be achieved by their attitudes toward behavior- why he or she wishes to perform the behavior and what expectations, both positive and negative, regarding the behavior. The picture below shows a girl's negative behavior toward the vegetables as it seems that she does not wish to perform that
behavior.

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The Health Belief Model deals with the roles of perception and vulnerability to an illness and how effective the treatment is. One of the many concepts is susceptibility. Which is the state of being influenced by a particular thing, from genetics or from the environment. For example, a person may be susceptible to a particular disease or cancer if it is in their genetic information and most of their family already obtain the cancer. The image below shows a mother taking care of a sick child. The mother is being put at risk and increasing how susceptible she is to obtaining that illness due to the germs floating around in the air and on items.

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It is innovation where individual's readiness to adopt the method, product or program. Best understanding of the readiness of characterized adopters ( Innovators, Early Adopters, Early major adopters, Late majority adopters, late adopters/ laggards) This is the effective way to integrate new idea to people. Health education specialist are in charged of trying to implement them or diffuse them into programs. It is up to them in order to get it to the priority population. They need to see what strategies and methods are needed by using opinion leaders, media, public health campaigns.This picture shows that with the COVID-19 vaccine Health education specialist and those in charge to educating to the public to take the vaccine. It starts with the Innovators are the first to adopt which are Healthcare workers, elderly, essential workers who feel they have a duty to slow the spread.Early adopters who are skeptical about the side-effects, worried about efficacy and want to do a wait and see approach since the Vaccine was created in record breaking time. For early majority adopters it is where public figures, politicians are taking the vaccine to appeal to this crowd because people are waiting to see if people they respect are taking them and through these figures it helps promote the use of the vaccine. Then there is Late adopters who probably are the very last few to take it. Possibly waiting for majority to get the vaccine to see how things go or they are possibly mandated by government or employment to obtain a vaccine.

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The health belief model is an individual's belief and perception of health. The model's central focus is an individual perception of procuring or being at risk for a disease or illness and the effectiveness of treatment. It proposes behavioral health actions are influenced by whether a person regards a health threat to be serious or not. This photo reflects the health belief model as people are more likely to change their health behavior if they feel they are at risk. In this case, those who think they are unlikely to get skin cancer will not take the measures similar to those who believe they are at risk. They are less likely to wear sunscreen, wear protective clothing, or limit their sun exposure. However, those who perceive this risk will consider wearing sunscreen, avoiding the sun or seek shade, and covering up protectively.

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Theory of Planned Behavior is a theory that predicts one’s intention to exhibit a behavior based on their attitudes toward the behavior. A health education specialist might use this theory to identify someone’s behavior by observing their attitudes. An example of this theory is portrayed in the picture below. Getting praise from his parents will likely influence the kid into developing a positive attitude toward his previous behavior. He will likely perform this behavior again since he shows a positive attitude towards it by smiling.

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Late adopters, or laggards, are individuals who are the last to get involved, if they even choose to get involved. Following the late majority adopters, who include individuals who are skeptical and late to adopt, these laggards need more motivation than the other types of adopters to embrace or even endorse a new idea. Senior citizens tend to fall within this category of late adopters. Being that technological items tend to be geared towards the general public, this group has the least understanding and will take more of a push to truly diffuse its usage into their life. A great example is the use of Facebook and the most recent surge of older adults finally choosing to join the program. After seeing all their family of early and late majority adopters join, they may have finally found the motivation they needed to join the sight and connect. Being the last age group to do so, they will be considered late adopters of this innovation.

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The Health Belief model emphasizes on the role of how an individual perceives their vulnerability to an illness/condition could affect how they recognize the need to take any actions. The model is based on the belief of health-related behavior such as whether individuals perceive themselves to be susceptible to a health problem, see the severity of the health problem, are convinced that they will benefit from treatment/prevention activities, and recognize the need to take action. The image I used represents the HBM by showing how people are more likely to change their behaviors if they see risks in developing health problems. This dietician is explaining the importance of eating healthy to prevent developing chronic diseases. She provides a variety of fruits and vegetables and uses MyPlate as an example of how much of the fruits/vegetables the kids should be intaking. By explaining how kids are affected by their choices they make in their early stages of life, it can get them to realize how susceptible they are to health problems.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior concludes that a person's behaviors are based on the attitude that person has towards the behavior, subjective norms derived from loved ones and society for example, and how hard the individual feels it will be to fulfill/ maintain this behavior.  This theory highlights that because individuals have different motivations/ reasons for behaviors, that if an individuals feels that a certain behavior will benefit them, they are more likely to follow through with this behavior. This photo illustrates the little girl's negative personal attitude towards jumping off the diving board as you can see she is unsure about jumping. The little girl may be scared of the height of the diving board and therefore does not with to perform the behavior.

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The Health Belief Model essentially states that a person will perform a healthy behavior based on a number of constructs that determine their benefits/consequences and severity of the issue. The picture I have attached is on individual getting a flu vaccine. Someone who believes they are likely to get the flu would be more likely to get the vaccination than someone who doesn’t think they will get the flu. For example, if an individual works with kids, they might get the vaccine as a precaution for the flu season. So, because the person believes they are at high risk of contracting the flu, they will pursue the healthy behavior in order to combat this. This also goes along with the construct, perceived benefits. If they choose to take the vaccine, this will give them benefits such as not having to take sick days and not spreading the flu to their family.

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One of the construct of the Theory of Planned Behavior is subjective norms. Subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to engage or not to engage in a certain behavior. It results from normative beliefs, which are things we believe important people in our lives want us to do. Some of these people would include significant others, parents, children, religious leaders, friends, health care providers, and teachers. Here is a picture of a well-known doctor. Doctors are people with credibility so people would follow their advice in regards to their health.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior is based on the assumption that behavior, or intentions to behave a certain way are determined by the person's attitude toward that behavior or those subjective norms. When good or positive behavior is reinforced, it is reinforced in the person that it will be rewarded or acknowledged if they perform that action again. This picture of a teacher praising or acknowledging a student for their good behavior or academic achievement reinforces that good behavior in that student. I she repeats what she did again she knows she will excel in school.

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With this concept representing health belief model, this one refers to a person's feelings and thoughts among the issue of trying to perform a recommended health action and their belief in the efficacy in reducing the risk or seriousness of the condition. It showcases what type of concerns there could be on doing a certain health initiative which was stated to perform actions meant to make people healthier. There can be huge obstructions among many people's personal feelings in this concept which can possibly lead to a cost and benefit risk analysis. The person within this issue weighs the effectiveness as well as speaks clear and effectively of their opinion towards the mental and physical risks as well as overall cost value at stake. I chose this picture due to it representing how people can get very lost and overall confused when their are health initiatives stated to be placed among the community but really people have many concerns. This image represents the overall concerns that one person could have when trying to list any serious risks among someones own health as well as trying to decide the best strategy in overcoming the worry among the enactment of the health behavior.

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The Social Cognitive Theory is based off of the human behavior being interacted and influenced by personal factors, environmental facts, and behavior. A concept applied within the SCT is reinforcement. According to Hector's program and example of this would be positive reinforcement. Changing one's viewpoint on themselves into a more positive uplifting way, can help motivate people to achieve their goals.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior explains that individuals’ behaviors are determined by their attitude towards a particular action or event. Individual's behaviors and attitudes are defined by their perception of the action or event having a positive or negative outcome, which are based on social norms or an individual's upbringing. An example is when parents or teachers reward children for good behavior or having good grades. This picture highlights the mother explaining the rewards chart to her son where stars are given if he does his chores or does well in school. Children will see the rewards chart as a positive outcome, so they would try their best to exhibit positive behaviors and actions to gain more stars on the rewards chart.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior is based on the intentions to behave a certain way. It is based on subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Health education specialist identify a persons intentions by regarding a performance in a prescribed behavior. Planned behavior is mainly a positive attitude and outcome. An example of the theory of planned behavior is singing. The practice of a singer and/or performer is a planned behavior activity. This is because it is an aspiration for glorification that many singer what to receive. Singers want to known, they want to be glorified, they want to be aim to be treated as a celebrity, and they want to be memorable to their audience.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior is based on the behavior or intention of an individual to act a certain way. Health education specialists are able to identify what a person's intention is based on their prescribed behavior. The picture shown below shows a young female doing yoga. By exercising (yoga) she is showing her intentions to engage in this behavior. She wishes to do yoga because of the positive outcome of it like health benefits, positive attitude and other positive outcomes.

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The theory of planned behavior is a link between behavior and one's own beliefs or perception. This behavior is based off a preconceived idea or attitude that influences a certain behavior. Additionally, it also correlates to following subjective norms, in which one considers their own beliefs before engaging in a certain behavior. The last component that makes up the theory is behavioral control. The behavioral can show a link between intentions and the actual behaviors that take place. The photo shown below is of a child winning a race. This picture represents a child showing positive emotions towards winning a race or even finishing it. The younger girl has associated winning the race with a positive attitude that can be seen from her facial expressions. The child is most likely showing positive emotions because she knows that what she has accomplished. Additionally, this action will most likely also have a positive feedback and reward from the child's parents and peers.

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The book describes cognitive process with "discovering or finding reasons or intentions to behave in a certain way." In other words, it is the thinking process that we perform if we want to learn more about our current situation, which later can be use to take a decision or problem-solving. Which is what often takes us to reasoned actions rather than compulsive actions. This picture exemplifies what i believe involved cognitive process within the Theory of Planned Behavior. We can see that this person is learning about the product's nutritional label to understand what it contains and compare it to other products of the same category. Once she learns which product is most convenient and beneficial to her through her cognitive process, she will take the reasoned action of picking her best-fitting choice.

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The social-ecological model has several levels of interventions. The theory of planned behavior is an intrapersonal level which deals with one individual behavior. The theory of planned behavior is based on the intention to behave in a particular way and it is determined by the individual's attitude towards the behavior. The reason why this theory is crucial is that health educators need to identify the individuals' intention when regarding a prescribed behavior. There are several variables that can affect behavior such as self-esteem and self-efficacy. The picture shows a person starting a dance class because it will have positive outcomes. The intention behind this is to change her lifestyle into having good health benefits. Overall, become a healthy individual.

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The social cognitive theory states that we learn through behaviors through observation, modeling, and motivation.

A perfect example of this would be a mother who works out every morning in front of her child everyday. The child will see that the mom is prioritizing her health by making time in her day to workout. The child will begin to try the workouts as well. Not only that, it may even create a lifetime influence on the baby. A result of this would be that 15+ years in the future, the baby will work out everyday and one day teach her kids the importance of being active.

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The transtheoretical model consists of 6 initial stages. These stages are, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. This image I posted helps provide a clear imagine of the model. It shows how our behavior changes from the start of a habit to the end. In the above scenarios listed by Vanessa, you can see how the ladies body turns from the left side to the right side. This image is essentially the breakdown of what the model is.

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The transtheoretical model consists of six stages of a person's behavior to react and take actions towards situations, meaning you change the way you act or behave. The six stages include precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance , and termination.This picture I posted is a good example of the transtheoretical model because it shows the process of someone wanting to change their lifestyle of a unhealthy diet versus an healthy diet. There are processes you go through in order to continue to have motivation to make the changes you want to make. The picture shows the cycle you go through in order to get to where you want to be. All in all it breaks down the transtheoretical model from step 1 all the way to step 6.

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The Health Belief model is a model that is centered around how a person or an individual perceives their illness and health. Since the health belief model is based on an individual, it is cornered on the basis of perceived susceptibility and severity. These two factors in turn lead to the modifying factors which then gives us an idea of the likelihood of actions.The likelihood of actions are due to perceived benefit and barriers. These factors allows a person to realize if they want to take the course of action. The picture I chose is a person trying to stop smoking. Smoking is related to the HBM because it is about the individuals perception of if smoking is really affecting their health. If they see that their whole family smokes and they live to a good age, they will not have a likelihood of trying to quit because their is no need to since their perception of it being detrimental to their health is low. Compared to if someone has a whole family dying from lung cancer, the person might be more in tune to want to quit smoking.

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The Health Belief Model (HBM) is used to predict whether a person will choose to engage in healthy behaviors in order to reduce or prevent the chance of disease and premature death based on the theory that a person's willingness to change their health behaviors is primarily due to specific factors. The HBM model is based on the belief that health-related behavior is determined by individuals whether or not they:

1) Perceive themselves to be susceptible to a health problem/ issue

2) See the health problem as serious

3) Are convinced that they will benefit from treatment or prevention activities

4) Recognize the need to take action and any barriers that would interfere with this action

In this image that I’ve shared, it shows how someone with high cholesterol can affect their heart health. When someone has too much LDL cholesterol, it builds up in the arteries (the blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen around the body). The build-up of cholesterol causes lumps of hard fat called plaque to form on the artery walls. These can break off, block the artery, and cause heart attacks and strokes. If an individual knows that they are at risk with high cholesterol, it may change their perspective on their lifestyle choices as well as encourage them to take action towards positive health. This may influence them to participate in more physical activity, choosing to eat more good fats than bad fats, changing their diet, and avoid smoking.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior is a model that corresponds to the behaviorisms of an individual, in which are deliberately planned. There are a wide variety of reasons that may affect the way our behaviors change; however, commonly stems from the attention drawn towards the performance of the behavior. The picture below exemplifies an individual that is lifting heavy weights in the gym. One can apply the theory of planned behavior by assuming that he may be lifting heavy in order to gain positive esteem in himself.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior is the concept that a person's attitude towards a certain behavior or experience will essentially affect the end result. For example, the phrase "you are setting yourself up for failure" is great way to understand this theory because if a person truly believes from the beginning that they will fail then it's more likely to happen. This image relates to this concept because as you can see the man on the left has a positive mindset about the goal they're discussing and sees potential in the future. While, the man on the right has a more negative mindset about the goal and does not believe it can be a success. They both have different attitudes about the situation but the man on the left has a better chance of getting positive results because he's had the right attitude from the start.

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Health Belief Model - Perceived severity

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Health Belief Model - Perceived severity

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The health belief model was designed as a way to give individuals the encouragement of taking positive action in becoming healthy by addressing beliefs surrounding their health. This model is unique because it focuses on the individual and their own perceptions in being susceptible or vulnerable to a health condition. There are four factors that go into the health belief model: 1) if the individual thinks they are susceptible to a health condition, 2) if they view the health condition as something serious, 3) if they believe they will benefit from any treatment or actions taken to the health condition, and 4) if they are able to recognize that action needs to be taken and barriers need to be removed. The following image I decided to share is that of alcohol misuse, focusing on the perceived severity aspect to the HBM. When an individual recognizes that their alcohol consumption is becoming something very serious, this relates to the HBM because they will begin associate the negative consequences that can occur if change is not made. For example, heavy alcohol misuse can lead to a multitude of health issues like liver disease or heart disease. When an individual begins to wonder if their behavior is serious, their feelings and perceptions can begin to arise. By knowing the consequences and severity of the situation, the individual can begin to take action in making healthier habits and limit or avoid their heavy intake of alcohol.

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The theory of planned behavior is when a person's outward actions and behaviors are affected by their inner thoughts and attitudes toward a subject. That is, because one views a certain behavior or outcome positively, he or she may choose to do actions that lead to that outcome. For example, in the image provided is a group of friends at the gym together. Collectively, they view going to the gym as a positive bonding experience and all attend. The person themselves may not actually like going to the gym, but the experience that they get from going is perceived as positive because they can meet their friends and since they're already there, they can workout as well, which means the behavior is not difficult to perform.

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The Social Ecological Model is used to understand the effects of personal and environmental factors that determine behavior. Sectors, settings, social and cultural norms also influence food and physical activity choices. For example, a person with diabetes may be more likely to eat healthy, if fresh produce is available at his/her local store. The image below shows Fred standing in the center of a complicated chart, demonstrating the complexity of this model. There are many factors that contribute to one’s health. Our family, community, culture, and many other external factors affect how we act. Therefore, it’s important to create opportunities to support healthy choices by influencing environmental factors.

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Diffusion of Innovation is the concept of incorporating innovative ideas, this can include a health product or a program, and introducing them to people to help motivate and integrate better and healthier life style choices. As these continue to develop these ideas are then spread throughout the health community in hopes of better educating the audience that particular idea may pertain to. Depending on the particular person they may be ready to incoporate the new innovation right away, innovators, or take more time to be included, late adopters, either way the message is being spread and implemented as swiftly as possible.
An example of diffusion of innovation was seen when COVID-19 originally started last year. The CDC released that masks would help prevent the coronavirus and it was mandated that everyone must wear one when out in public. The innovators were the ones to swiftly join and start wearing masks to help protect one another and make sure that everyone could get out of having to socially distance and so forth sooner. However, late adopters would soon arise as some would question whether or not masks actively made a difference, as well as, the concept that masks would cause them to get sick or stop them from getting fresh air. Although, it could be found that some of the late adopters did not have much of a choice to continue not wearing a mask as most indoor establishments mandated that everyone must wear a mask in the establishment.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior is a theory or explanation for the way people behave/act. By behaving or acting a particular way it's based on that person's feeling leading towards that certain behavior/action. Health Education Specialists need to find the cause for a person's intention in causing that certain behavior to occur and expecting the results if they come out to be positive or negative experience for the person behaving. Based on the outcome (positive or negative) it can lead to this action being done again in the future. An example as seen in the picture below is a woman getting enough sleep for the day. The woman chose to sleep early because she knows it reduces stress and boosts energy for the following day. In comparison to days where she stays up late she noticed a difference in rest and mood. On those days where she didn't get enough sleep it made it difficult to complete tasks due to lack of energy.

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The Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) is a theory that focuses on the integration or spread of new concepts, policies, tools, and innovations. This theory can be beneficial in health education when applied to educational methods or practices that encourage health promotion and wellness to different communities and individuals. The Diffusion of Innovation also separates individuals based on categories known as “adopters” which include innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and late adopters (laggards).
An example of Diffusion of Innovation includes accessing basic healthcare needs through online and mobile services rather than in-person visits especially now during the pandemic we are currently experiencing which helps to prevent the potential spread of COVID in hospital settings. To explain this example in terms of adopters, innovators and also early adopters are individuals known to first adopt a method or are interested in a method. These individuals may be the first to download a hospital’s app or call the hospital appointment center to set up a mobile appointment or video call appointment with a doctor in order to access health care without going to a hospital. In contrast individuals who are known as early majority adopters or late majority adopters may be skeptical about on call/video medical advice and would wait longer to adopt the method unless individuals they knew or respected positively reviewed the method as helpful and convenient. Lastly, late adopters are individuals who are the last to adopt the method or may not adopt the method at all, this can include individuals who did not trust the idea of having online or mobile hospital visits or did not need to use these services at all.

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The Social Ecological takes into consideration the individual and their connections to people, organizations, and their surrounding community in relation to their health status or behavior.  The model consists of levels (Intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy.)  Many surrounding  factors influence the individual's health.  For example, this photo shows a stressed individual.  Stress can be caused my a lot of factors and can be related to any one of the levels provided by the social ecological model.  Her stress could be due to unsupportive family members, due to schoolwork, having too much pressure from social media, not having the resources to be seen by a health professional to get treatment etc.

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Diffusion of innovation is one of the oldest theories. Diffusion of innovation is a theory that helps explain why, how and at what rate new ideas spread. The theory was developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962 and over time was used to study the spread of new innovations in a specific population or social system. This photo of an X-Ray machine is one example of how diffusion of innovation was applied in the health care system. In 1895 a German engineer, Wilhelm Rontgen, had an invention that would allow to vie the internal organs and bone structure in a non- invasive way. It was later found that there was some disadvantages although not enough to discontinue the usage. The innovation had great observability and trialability since they were able to see the immediate results. Therefore, the x-ray machine was rapidly diffused around the world and still till this day is widely used.

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Diffusion of Innovation is a theory that provides the process of distributing new ideas, products, or practice programs into health education initiatives. Health specialists need to be informed about the new developments so that they can apply them when appropriate. Also, diffusion of innovation explains how ready people are to accept an innovation. An example of diffusion of innovation is Covid-19 vaccine. The innovators, the first people to adopt vaccine, are the health care and essential workers. Early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters are the next ones who will get vaccine. Lastly, late adopters (laggards) are the last ones to get vaccine because they are worried of the safety and efficacy of the Covid 19 vaccine. They want to make sure that everything is safe for them.