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the tendency to overestimate predictions

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a test's ability to measure what it is supposed to

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the consistency of a research study or measuring test

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the tendency for subjects to alter behavior because they know they are being observed

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motivation stems from biological needs

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when respondents answer questions in a way to be viewed favorably

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performance increases due to arousal, but only to a certain point.

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behavior is driven by external rewards.

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part of hypothalamus that controls hunger.

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An eating disorder where a person binge eats, then takes extreme steps to avoid weight gain.

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connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

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the part of the brain involved in language production

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ability of the brain to change

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nerves that carry signals away from the CNS to initiate action

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regulates the sleep/wake cycle and alertness

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1. Roger Sperry: received Nobel Price for split-brain research & discovered left and right hemisphere functions

2. Michael Gazzaniga: (worked with Sperry) discovered an essential asymmetry between human brain hemispheres

3. Paul Broca: known for research on the Broca's are located in the frontal lobe.

4. Carl Wernicke: known for his study of aphasia & the discovery of Wernicke's area located in the temporal lobe.

5. Thomas Bouchard: directory of Minnesota center for Twin & Adoption research; his study seek to identify genetic & environment influences on development of psych traits.

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Carl Wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for
A. Visual perception
B. Memory consolidation
C. Language production
D. Language comprehension
E. Balance & coordination

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When Jadon was driving to school, he saw a semi truck driving towards his yellow Ford Focus. Quickly, he swerved the wheel but ended up hitting a tree. He was taken to the hospital with a head injury.

Explain how these five terms relate to the prompt.

Efferent Neurons: Jadon's efferent neurons initiated action and caused him to swerve the wheel to avoid hitting the semi.

Brain Plasticity: Since Jadon is older, his brain is not able to change and heal as well as it would have when he was much younger.

Reticular Formation: Jadon's reticular formation helped him be alert when he saw the semi heading towards his car.

Broca's Area: Shortly after Jadon's accident, he was having trouble speaking because of damage to his Broca's area in his front lobe.

Corpus Callosum: Jadon was experiencing seizures after his accident. In order to stop the seizures and sending impulses from one hemisphere to another, the doctors had to cut his corpus callosum.

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1. Abraham Maslow: created the hierarchy of needs, a motivational theory composed of a 5-tier model of human needs

2. Sigmund Freud: known for his famous psychoanalytic theory of personality: ID, Ego, & Superego.

3. Carl Rogers: emphasized the importance of self-actualization tendency in shaping human personalities.

4. William James: believed that love, anger, fear, shame, and cleanliness were essential instincts for survival & known for relationships between internal states and external behaviors.

5. Hans Seyle: founder of the stress theory, states stressors lead to 3 responses: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (GAS).

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immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating something

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monitors the body's sense of balance and orientation

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difficulty learning new information because of already existing information

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tendency to recall information present at the start of a list better

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smallest intensity to detect a stimulus

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memories that cannot be consciously recalled

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sound frequencies affect basilar membrane at specific places

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ability to perfectly remember information

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the tendency to perceive some sensory stimuli and ignore others

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the ability to adapt to the environment by filtering out distractions

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1. George Sperling: recorded & studied existence of sensory memory, or iconic memory.

2. George Miller: presented that STM can only hold 5-9 chunks & recognized the human mind can be understood using info-processing model

3. Herman Ebbinghaus: discovery of the "forgetting curve" & the spacing effect

4. Noam Chomsky: believed that from birth, children are born with inherited skills to learn & pick up any language (primarily linguistics).

5. Benjamin Whorf: known for his idea that language influences thought, and developed the principles of linguistic relativity.

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1. Ernest Weber: introduced the concept of the "just noticeable difference" known as Weber's Law.

2. Eleanor Gibson: focused on reading development & perceptual learning in infants & toddlers. (test visual depth perception).

3. David Hubel: studied structure & function of the visual cortex, and discovered ocular dominance

4. Torsten Wiesel: studied visual information processing & development in the U.S. (performed visual experiments on cats)

5. Gustav Fechner: "Fechner's Law"- the sensation experienced is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus magnitude.

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the ability to control your own thoughts

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the inability to see other points of view

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fitting new information into existing schemas.

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reinforcement after a random number of responses

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the tendency to revert back to instinctual behaviors

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learning that is not exhibited until there is some reinforcement to demonstrate it

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revising existing schemas

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objects still exist even If they are no longer in sight

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1. Erik Erikson: stated that all people go through a series of 8 stages "this vs. that".

2. Jean Piaget: believed that driving force behind intellectual development is out biological development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete, & formal).

3. Lawrence Kohlberg: created theory of moral development & moral reasoning (grouped into 3 levels: pre-con., conventional, & post-con.)

4. Mary Ainsworth: known for "strange situation" & identified 3 major attachment styles

5. Lev Vygotsky: stated that learning is social not solitary, and created theory of continuous cognitive development (zone of proximal development).

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learning that happens all of a sudden through understanding various parts of a problem

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stimulus that increases behavior using pleasant rewards

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1. Ivan Pavlov: discovery of classical conditioning, "Pavlov's dogs".

2. B.F. Skinner: father of operant conditioning, "Skinner's box".

3. Albert Bandura: discovered social learning theory which emphasizes the importance of modeling behavior, and known for "Bobo Doll Experiment".

4. John Watson: known for his "Little Albert" experiment which showed aversive conditioning.

5. Edward Thorndike: the original, but not the father of operant conditioning, and best known for his "Puzzle Box" experiment with cats.

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1. Wilhelm Wundt: Father of psychology who distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology, used introspection (structuralism).

2. Sigmund Freud: founder of psychoanalytic psychology, and known for theories of unconscious mind.

3. William James: father of America psychology & though psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior (functionalism).

4. John B. Watson: the founder of behaviorism, he preferred to focus on observable behavior.

5. Charles Darwin: evolutionary psychology, and developed natural selection theory; applied ideas of natural selection to the mind.

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A researcher wants to study newborn pandas and how they react to different environments. What kind of study should he use?
A. Correlational study
B. Case study
C. Observational study
D. An experiment
E. Survey

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The workers at Meijer were given a test to see how well they handled customer service. This test was given multiple times over a period of one year. During each test, the manager was inside the room to monitor the process.

Explain how the five terms relate to the prompt.

Validity: The test accurately measured how well a worker handled customers.

Reliability: The test was given multiple times to measure the consistency of the test.

Hindsight Bias: The manager thought everyone would receive high scores and they did. He said he "knew it all along" that his workers would do well.

Hawthorne effect: Since the manager was inside the room, the workers quietly took the test even though they are usually loud.

Social Desirability: Some workers may have changed their answers to  be viewed favorably by their boss.

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Sara and Matt attended a New Years party. They were able to continue their conversation although the music and background noise was very loud. How was this possible?
A. Top-down processing
B. Olfactory Bulbs
C. Absolute Threshold
D. Cocktail Party Effect
E. The Trichromatic Theory

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What type of reinforcement schedule has the greatest resistance to extinction?
A. Variable Ratio
B. Continuous
C. Fixed Interval
D. Variable Interval
E. Fixed Ratio

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In which stage of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development does a child show egocentrism?
A. Preoperational
B. Sensorimotor
C. Concrete Operational
D. Formal Operational
E. Post Conventional

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Sara wants to learn how to speak in Spanish, but she struggles to do so because of her former knowledge in English. What is causing this?
A. Retrograde Amnesia
B. Proactive Interference
C. Retroactive Interference
D. Shaping
E. Chaining

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What disorder is it when someone binge eats and then takes excessive measures to lose weight?
A. Bulimia
B. Anorexia
C. Bipolar
D. Body Dysmorphia
E. Sociopathic Tendencies

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Sara attends a gymnastics class every week.

Explain how these five terms relate to the prompt.

Vestibular Sense: Sara's vestibular sense allowed her to walk across the balance beam without falling off.

Absolute Threshold: The smallest intensity to hear a watch ticking is twenty feet away. When Sara was leaving the gym, she heard a man's watch ticking from twenty feet away.

Place Theory: Sara's female coach has a high pitched voice while the male coach has a lower pitched voice. Every time each of the coaches talk, the frequencies of the pitch affect Sara's basilar membrane in a different spot so she can tell the tones apart.

Perceptual Set: When Sara is performing a gymnastics routine on the floor, she only concentrates on the mat in front of her and ignores the balance beam in the background so she can focus.

Sensory Habituation: There is a loud train near the gymnastics gym. After a few weeks of practice, Sara begins to adapt to the environment of the gym and filter out the train noises.

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Sara is trying to teach her dog how to how to stop barking at her house guests.

Explain how the five terms relate to the prompt.

Variable Ratio: Sara gives her dog treats at random times when he doesn’t bark at people who enter the house.

Instinctive Drift: After 6 months, Sara realizes her dog has gone back to his instincts to bark at strangers in her house.

Latent Learning: The dog only began to show his ability to control his barking after being offered a treat.

Insight Learning: It took several weeks, but suddenly Sara’s dog had learned to stop barking at house guests.

Positive Reinforcement: Sara uses her dog’s favorite treats when he doesn’t bark at her guests to reinforce his good behavior.

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A family that has a four year old child brings home a cat as a family pet.

Explain how the five terms relate to the prompt.

Metacognition: The child has the ability to control his own thoughts. He tries to plan how to train the cat.

Egocentrism: Since the child is only five years old, he displays egocentrism. He doesn't realize his parents only see the cat as a pet instead of a friend like he does.

Assimilation: The child has only seen a dog before. Since dogs are four legged animals, he assumes all four legged animals are dogs.

Accommodation: The child's mom tells him that the animals is a cat and not a dog. His schema for dog gets modified to not include cats.

Object Permanence: the child understands that although the cat is in a different room, the pet still exists.

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Residents at an Assisted living Home were given multiple questions to answer and tasks to perform.

Explain how the five terms relate to the prompt.

Availability Heuristic: A resident was told to watch a video on dogs and respond to it, but the whole time all the resident could think about was when they were attacked by a dog and had to go to the hospital.

Proactive Interference: Bill, one of the residents was asked to write a letter to a loved one and mail it to them. However, he couldn't remember the address of the nursing home because he could only recall the address of his house that he lived in previously.

Primacy Effect:  When residents were asked to look at and memorize a grocery list for 1 minute, they were able to only recall the items listen in the beginning of the list

Implicit Memory: A resident heard a song playing in the distance and started singing the whole song without even realizing that he remembered the lyrics.

Eidetic Memory: When Jean, a resident, was shown a picture for 10 seconds, she was able to recall what was in the image because of her eidetic memory.

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Sara decided to go on a diet and exercise plan to live a healthier lifestyle.

Explain how the five terms relate to the prompt.

Drive-Reduction Theory: While Sara was running she started getting a headache and feeling light headed, so she found the nearest gas station on her run to purchase water.

Yerkes-Dodson Law: Since Sara's friends and family supported her though this transition in her healthier lifestyle, her performance in eating cleaner and exercising more frequently increased.

Extrinsic Motivators: Sara felt motivated to workout because her reward in the end would be her dream body.

Lateral Hypothalamus: After an intense workout, Sara had an increase in appetite because of stimulation to her lateral hypothalamus.

Bulimia: One day Sara had the ultimate cheat day, however after binging , Sara realized she didn't stick to her diet and purged afterwards.

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Psychological Research: Crash Course Psychology #2

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The Chemical Mind: Crash Course Psychology #3

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Feeling All the Feels: Crash Course Psychology #25

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How We Make Memories: Crash Course Psychology #13

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Sensation and Perception: Crash Course Psychology #5

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How to Train a Brain: Crash Course Psychology #11

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The Growth of Knowledge: Crash Course Psychology #18