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- Over millions of years, gravity pulls rocks together to form planets
- Earth was over 2,000° degrees
- Air is toxic, comprised of CO2, N, H2O vapor

- Endless ocean of lava

- Mars collides with Earth liquefying both

- Ejected trillions of tons of debris into space

- Ring of rocks surrounds Earth

- Over next 1,000 years, gravity pulls together to form our Moon

- 14,000 miles away

- Earth’s rotation is fast; 1 day = 6 hours

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- Earth is bombarded with meteors made up of debris left over from formation of the solar system

- Tiny crystals inside meteors contain trace amounts of H2O

- 20 My of impact adds H2O to the planet
- surface cools enough to form crust 170°F, interior still hot

- mega storms form due to planet’s rapid rotation

- Huge tides

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- H2O covers surface

- many tiny islands made by molten rock volcanoes
- over time, islands join together to form first continents (shields)

- Earth has land and water, but toxic atm, scorching temps

- meteorites bring minerals to bottom of ocean
- carbon & primitive proteins made up of amino acids

- hydrothermal vents form on ocean floor

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- microscopic organisms form

- single celled bacteria 1st life
- shallow ocean

- stromatolites use sunlight to transform CO2 into glucose releasing O2

- iron rust falls to ocean floor

- O2 levels rise over next 2 billion years

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- Earth slows; 1 day = 16 hours

- no complex life

- plate tectonics (heat convection) move rocks below crust

- Rodinia 1st supercontinent surrounded by shallow seas

- stromatolites work for more than 2 billion years

- SFC temp 85°, 18 hour days

- Earth looks more like Mars

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- Washington state: heat form interior rips apart crust
- supercontinent splits in half

- massive release of CO2 by volcanoes

- CO2 + H2O = acid rain

- rocks exposed due to (tearing apart of continent) absorb CO2 out of atm

- not enough CO2 to heat Earth

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- temps drop -60°F nicknamed ‘snowball Earth’
- longest, coldest ice age

- ice sheets spread from poles to meet at equator

- thick ice 10,000 ft.

- sunlight reflected
- remains cold for 15 million years until volcanic eruptions break through the ice

- CO2 builds up warming temps (rocks covered by ice)
- ice begins to melt

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- more volcanoes erupt, more ice melts, CO2 temps and O2 increase

- ice melting reacts with sunlight to produce hydrogen peroxide

- massive amounts of oxygen released

- temperatures are warmer, days are 22 hours

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- life in oceans

- bacteria evolve surviving the big freeze

- plants on seafloor

- seas contain life multicellular organisms

- CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
- increased O2 = larger creatures

- bony skeletons, worms, sponges, trilobites & anomalocaris

- picita 1.5” long, 1st with spine

- life diversifies and explodes in the ocean

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- Gondwana forms (next supercontinent)

- 90°F at surface

- no life on land = Sun’s radiation too strong
- 30 mi. above SFC, O2 + sunlight = O3 (ozone)

- ozone layer forms absorbing lethal radiation

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- ozone layer thick enough for life to develop on land

- mossy plants at first, produce O2

- Tictaalik (fish) swim

- use fins to move out of water & evolve over 15 million years

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- plant life explodes

- tetrapods make landfall, lead to 4-legged vertebrates, dinosaurs, birds, mammals and eventually humans

- trees produce seeds spread by wind

- increase in O2 by plants

- Megamura (huge dragonfly) size of an Eagle

- large insects; millipedes 6 ft. long

- scorpions size of wolves

- Hylonomus laid eggs on land, led to reptiles

- dead plants make peat, over time heat + pressure = coal

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- small lizards evolve into giant reptiles

- huge, massive eruption over large area (present day Siberia)

- flood basalt lava covers entire landscape

- ash suffocates animals & blocks out sunlight

- sulfur dioxide fills the atmosphere

- sulfuric acid rain burns everything

- atmosphere hot, H2O evaporates, plants die

-*greatest mass extinction Permian extinction* 95% all species gone

- oceans turn pink (only pink algae remain)

- sea life perishes

- oceans hot, no O2

- bubbles of methane gas (GHG) escape from sea bed increasing temps

- 105°F few mammals burrow underground to survive

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- Pangaea (supercontinent)

- temps stabilize

- acid rain more neutral

- vegetation returns

- dinosaurs flourish

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- Pangaea breakup

- Tethys sea forms (over current Middle East)

- dead marine organisms cover sea floor, over time become oil
- North American & Eurasian plate grow farther apart

- North America breaks away from Africa

- continents begin to take shape

- Atlantic ocean forms with Mid Atlantic Ridge in the center

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- giant asteroid strikes Earth

- smoke & ash block Sun

- plants combust & die, animals starve, mass extinction

- mammals living underground survive

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- mammals evolve

- 1st monkeys (eventually led to humans)

- atmosphere - 75°F

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- plants look like today

- no humans yet

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- African rift forms

- mountains created acting as a wall

- rainforest dries and becomes savannah

- causes great ape migration

- stopped dragging knuckles & begin to walk upright

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- humans

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- Homo Erectus
- Sea levels fall

- Homo Sapiens populate the world (~200 indigenous)

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- humans head north out of Africa
- Ice travels South
- Homo Sapiens arrive in Europe
- ice age, sea levels fall

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- land bridge between Siberia & Alaska
- ice retreats, Earth warms
- Great Lakes form

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- ice retreats to the poles
- Long Island Sound forms