# data[].attributes.body
- 생산과 소비의 분산화 확대 방안
- 분산에너지체계에 적합한 송배전 운영체계 확립
- Energy Sector와 Economic Sector의 커플링 활성화 방안

# data[].attributes.body
- 계통안정성 확보방안
- 스토리지 믹스 구축방안
- 안정적인 계통운영을 위한 제도 및 규제 혁신

# data[].attributes.body
재생에너지 수용성 극대화를 위한
- 계통접속설비 및 규정의 개선
- 재생에너지 연계 송배전망 확충 및 고도화
- 송변전설비투자계획의 강화

# data[].attributes.headline
분산에너지 활성화 추진전략

# data[].attributes.subject
분산에너지 활성화 추진전략

# data[].attributes.headline
2050 탄소중립 시나리오 위원회 공개초안

# data[].attributes.subject
2050 탄소중립 시나리오 위원회 공개초안

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
2050_탄소중립_시나리오_위원회_공개초안

# data[].attributes.headline
허견 교수님이 알려주신 기사

# data[].attributes.subject
허견 교수님이 알려주신 기사

# data[].attributes.body
회의중 허견교수님이 알려주신 링크입니다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Study after study over the past decade has concluded that expanding the U.S. transmission grid will play a key role in decarbonizing the country's electricity system.

But a new Massachusetts Institute of Technology study indicates that a massive U.S.-wide transmission build-out could also slash the costs of reaching a zero-carbon grid with wind, solar and battery technologies that are cost-effective today.

Whether it's politically possible for the U.S. to meet the study's assumptions of doubling its transmission network capacity and creating new interregional and cross-country links to shift clean energy from where it's most efficiently generated to where it's needed remains an open question.

But according to Patrick Brown, the MIT researcher who conducted the study, the costs of doing so would be much lower than forcing regions without transmission connections to overbuild renewables and energy storage to reach the same decarbonization goals.

"It has a huge impact," Brown said. "The costs are relatively small, and it delivers oversize benefits."

There are two main reasons for this. First, nationwide transmission allows power-sharing across regions facing widely different weather systems that drive variation in wind and solar generation. This geographic diversity reduces the likelihood that renewables won't be able to meet demand, thereby decreasing the amount and duration of energy storage required to cover those gaps, he said.

Second, it allows wind and solar development to be concentrated in the sunniest and windiest parts of the country so that more clean energy can be supplied by less installed generation capacity, as well as requiring it to be curtailed less often, Brown said.

All of these benefits can be captured with solar, wind, existing hydropower and lithium-ion battery technologies at projected 2030 prices, he added. That means building out transmission could avoid the need for long-duration energy storage, new nuclear power technologies or green hydrogen and other carbon-neutral replacement fuels for natural-gas power plants - technology options that are often seen as necessary to reach 100 percent carbon-free electricity but which are untested and may not reach cost-effectiveness in the next few decades.

"We don't want the whole decarbonization plan to be riding on something like that," he said in an interview. "It's important to consider the contingency options with technology we can deploy at scale now."

Breaking down transmission's costs and benefits

The chart below indicates the linkage between transmission build-out and electricity cost, with costs falling as the integration between existing transmission grid regions increases.

The current status of U.S. transmission integration is approximately represented by the "US-AC-DC" category, which presumes the existence of significant transmission links within the footprints of the country's existing regional transmission organizations (RTOs) and independent system operators (ISOs) but with relatively little linkage between them.

In this scenario, a zero-carbon electricity system would drive wholesale power costs of about $90 per megawatt-hour on average. That's roughly three times higher than typical average prices today, but still much less than the estimated $135 per megawatt-hour for reaching zero-carbon in a system limited to state-by-state action alone.

Adding new links between ISOs and RTOs - a major challenge under today's regulatory and cost-recovery environment - could reduce those costs further to a little more than $80 per megawatt-hour.

And establishing high-voltage direct-current links between North America's three macro-grids, the Eastern, Western and Texas interconnections, could cut average wholesale costs to just over $70 per megawatt-hour. That's an even more challenging prospect, but one that the Energy Department's interconnection seam study indicates could yield a nearly 3x cost-benefit ratio in terms of sharing generation capacity and flexibility across regions.

These results come from a linear optimization model that uses hourly weather data from 2007 to 2013, encompassing heat waves, winter storms and other weather events that can disrupt renewable power supply, Brown noted. It co-optimizes grid capacity investments and hourly operations costs of generation, storage, and transmission to meet projected electricity demand in 2040.

The differences in costs add up to big numbers over the course of the next two decades, he said. Each $10 per megawatt-hour in savings equates to roughly $44 billion per year by 2040.

But the biggest savings may well come at the final stages of decarbonization, which are acknowledged to be the most costly.

"If you want to go to zero-carbon, there's a very steep additional cost, to go from, say, 90 percent decarbonization to 100 percent," Audun Botterud, principal research scientist in the MIT Laboratory for Decisions and Information Systems and a consultant on the report, said in an interview. "[But] when you allow for transmission coordination across the country, the cost of going to zero is much lower."

Translating transmission's theoretical benefits to the real world

Johannes Pfeifenberger, a principal at energy and economic consultancy The Brattle Group who advised on the MIT study as a visiting scholar, said it adds to a growing body of research indicating the value of transmission when it comes to greening the U.S. grid.

"Over the past 10 years there have been a dozen, maybe two dozen, studies showing that if a higher share of renewable generation is the objective, then a more robust regional and interregional transmission grid is the most cost-effective solution," he said in an interview. "Patrick's study shows that even with low-cost storage and renewable resources now available, implementing clean energy policies on a national scale, rather than state by state or region by region, is quite compelling in its ability to reduce the total cost of supplying electricity."

Similarly, a study from the University of California, Berkeley and GridLab released in June 2020 indicates that achieving a 90 percent clean-powered grid by 2035 could deliver wholesale electricity costs 13 percent lower than today, boosted by about $100 billion in transmission expansion investment.

Another study led by Princeton University released last month, which charts a $2.5 trillion pathway to a zero-carbon U.S. economy by midcentury, indicates that $350 billion in transmission investment will be needed to increase the size of the country's high-voltage network by 60 percent by 2030 and as much as triple its current scale by 2050.

And a Wood Mackenzie analysis from last month shows that the biggest driver in achieving a 37 percent carbon-free grid by 2030 could come from roughly $70 billion in transmission investment - a relatively small share of the $690 billion in total investment needed to replace fossil fuel power plants with clean energy and batteries.

The big question for studies like these is how their findings might be translated into action in expanding the U.S. transmission grid. After some significant build-outs in the first half of the decade, transmission developments have slowed significantly in recent years, weighed down by the complexities of building massive capital projects across multiple jurisdictions, each capable of halting decade-long development processes through legal or regulatory challenges.

The incoming Biden-Harris administration's goal of decarbonizing the U.S. electricity sector by 2035 will almost certainly require major changes in transmission planning, siting and cost allocation policies to achieve, according to industry groups and regulators.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Department of Energy will play key roles in creating coordinated planning regimes that can shift from current models, which primarily look at relieving existing congestion, toward new approaches that take future clean energy growth needs into account, these observers agree.

"Because transmission has such a long lead time, it's important to start thinking about these things now," Brown said.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
MIT Study: Transmission Is Key to a Low-Cost, Decarbonized US Grid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Study after study over the past decade has concluded that expanding the U.S. transmission grid will play a key role in decarbonizing the country's electricity system. But a new Massachusetts Institute of Technology study indicates that a massive U.S.-wide transmission build-out could also slash the costs of reaching a zero-carbon grid with wind, solar and battery technologies that are cost-effective today.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This White Paper from the IDLES Programme at Imperial College London explores cost-efficient portfolios of generation and storage technologies that could achieve a net-zero carbon emissions electricity system for Great Britain. The report identifies the scale of investment needed in various technologies and examines how system configuration and investment changes in light of variations in the cost of available technologies and the availability of flexibility.

The findings presented were reached via a Whole-electricity System Investment Model (WeSIM) that balances long-term investment decisions against short-term operation decisions, across electricity generation, transmission, and distribution.

Authors: Dr Marko Aunedi, Dr Kathryn Wills, Prof. Tim Green, Prof. Goran Strbac
Click here to download this White Paper
The datasets behind all of the charts in this White Paper are available for download here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Net-zero GB electricity: cost-optimal generation and storage mix

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This White Paper from the IDLES Programme at Imperial College London explores cost-efficient portfolios of generation and storage technologies that could achieve a net-zero carbon emissions electricity system for Great Britain. The report identifies the scale of investment needed in various technologies and examines how system configuration and investment changes in light of variations in the cost of available technologies and the availability of flexibility.

# data[].attributes.body
에기평에서 제공한 미국의 에너지계획(2050년 )을 보니까, 2020년에서 2050년에 늘어나는 설비량은 당연히 제일 크게 늘어난 신재생에너지와 복합화력과 디젤발전이 담당하는 것 같네요. 연료전지는 거의 현재 수준에서 늘어나지 않고 미미한게 눈에 띄고요.

# data[].attributes.headline
[발표]분산에너지 활성화 추진전략

# data[].attributes.subject
[발표]분산에너지 활성화 추진전략

# data[].attributes.body
산업부 신산업분산에너지과 김상운 사무관님

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
210722-분산에너지 활성화 추진전략_발표자료_v5

# data[].attributes.headline
[발표]탄소중립을 위한 전력망 기술

# data[].attributes.subject
[발표]탄소중립을 위한 전력망 기술

# data[].attributes.body
연세대 전기전자공학부 허견 교수님

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
탄소중립을 위한 전력망 기술-허견

# data[].attributes.body
한국전지산업협회 김유탁 부장님

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
배터리 생산용량 자료_김유탁_210908

# data[].attributes.body
허견교수님 올려주신 사이트입니다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
First things first - what is inertia?

If you look in the dictionary, inertia is defined as an object's tendency to continue in its existing state of rest or motion. In other words, it stays still if it's still, or keeps it moving if it's moving. For moving objects, only an external force (like friction) will make it stop.

This makes inertia incredibly important to the stable operation of the electricity system. Many generators producing electricity for the grid have spinning parts - they rotate at the right frequency to help balance supply and demand, and can spin faster or slower if needed.

The kinetic energy 'stored' in these spinning parts is our system inertia. If there's a sudden change in system frequency, these parts will carry on spinning - even if the generator itself has lost power - and slow down that change (what we call the rate of change of frequency) while our control room restores balance.

Inertia behaves a bit like the shock absorbers in your car's suspension, which dampen the effect of a sudden bump in the road and keep your car stable and moving forward.

Read our announcement in full: ESO outlines new approach to stability services

What's different about our new approach to inertia?

Traditionally inertia has been provided by the spinning power of big coal and gas-fired generators. But this means inertia is a by-product of burning coal and gas. Renewables like wind and solar don't synchronise with the grid in a way that provides inertia, so as the older coal and gas plants come off the system we need to find new ways to provide stability.

With our new approach, either new assets or existing infrastructure that has been modified, will draw energy from the grid to power their turbines and create inertia - rather than inertia being a by-product of producing electricity. So the same generators can continue providing inertia for the system, but with dramatically reduced need to burn fossil fuels.

This is a world-first initiative, will save millions for the consumer, and marks another significant step towards us meeting our ambition to be able to operate the electricity system carbon free by 2025. We're looking forward to moving onto the second phase of our stability pathfinder, and continuing the transformation of our system to ensure reliable, affordable energy for Great Britain.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Our new approach to inertia and other stability services

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you look in the dictionary, inertia is defined as an object's tendency to continue in its existing state of rest or motion. In other words, it stays still if it's still, or keeps it moving if it's moving. For moving objects, only an external force (like friction) will make it stop.

# data[].attributes.headline
3차회의 발제 -전력수급 및 전력망 인프라

# data[].attributes.subject
3차회의 발제 -전력수급 및 전력망 인프라

# data[].attributes.headline
3차회의 발제 - 계통계획

# data[].attributes.subject
3차회의 발제 - 계통계획

# data[].attributes.headline
3차회의 발제 - 탄소중립을 위한 전력망 기술

# data[].attributes.subject
3차회의 발제 - 탄소중립을 위한 전력망 기술

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
탄소중립을 위한 전력망 기술-허견

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Research Priorities and Opportunities in US Competitive Wholesale Electricity Markets

# data[].attributes.headline
전력망혁신과제 관련 주요이슈 (박종배 교수님)

# data[].attributes.subject
전력망혁신과제 관련 주요이슈 (박종배 교수님)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
20210915 전력망혁신과제 관련 주요 이슈

# data[].attributes.headline
IEA Wind TCP Task 25 의 최종 보고서 요약본 (2021, in Press)

# data[].attributes.subject
IEA Wind TCP Task 25 의 최종 보고서 요약본 (2021, in Press)

# data[].attributes.body
Design and operation of energy systems with large amounts of variable generation
Final summary report, IEA Wind TCP Task 25, Sep. 2021 in Press

풍력 태양광 비중이 높은 국가들(특히 유럽)에서 power system (아니 energy system)을 어떻게 design and operation 하고 있는지 구체적인 (현재) 데이터와  (미래) near 100% renewable 을 향한 방향도 담고 있는 최신 보고서 입니다. (아직 공식 출간되기 전입니다)

Task 구성원(과 소속)을 보시면 대부분의 나라에서 TSO, DSO 등이 많이 포함되어 있습니다.

특히 아래 6장 목차를 보시고 꼭 한번 읽어보시길 바랍니다. (가장 앞선 국가들의 경험들을 모아서 정리해 놓았습니다.)

6. Maximizing the value of wind power in operations .................................... 91
6.1 Estimating the value of wind energy ........................................................ 91
6.2 Curtailments ............................................................................................. 92
6.2.1 Experience in curtailments ........................................................... 93
6.2.2 Estimating future curtailments in integration studies .................... 97
6.3 Using wind power plants for grid support services ................................... 98
6.3.1 Balancing services with 10- … 30-minute response times ........... 99
6.3.2 Regulation/AGC/secondary response .......................................... 99
6.3.3 Primary frequency response from wind power ........................... 100
6.3.4 Fast frequency support from wind power ................................... 101
6.3.5 Services for voltage support ....................................................... 102
6.3.6 New services for stability support ............................................... 103
6.4 Operational practices: Grid .................................................................... 108
6.4.1 Congestion management ........................................................... 108
6.4.2 Security margins and forecasting for transmission ..................... 112
6.4.3 Dynamic line rating ..................................................................... 112
6.4.4 Transmission and distribution system operators’ coordination ... 117
6.5 Operational practices: Market design .................................................... 118
6.5.1 Challenges and solutions for electricity markets with high shares of variable generation ..................................................................... 118
6.5.2 Market design to enable wind power integration ........................ 120
6.5.3 How to increase market value for wind energy ........................... 122
6.5.4 Increasing revenue sufficiency from energy-only markets ......... 125
6.6 Flexibility
6.6.1 Adequacy of flexibility in future power systems .......................... 128
6.6.2 Flexibility from hydropower with storage .................................... 131
6.6.3 Flexibility from thermal power plants and power and heat sector coupling ...................................................................................... 135
6.6.4 Flexibility through use of transmission and interconnectors to neighboring area ......................................................................... 136
6.6.5 Flexibility from demand-side measures ...................................... 137
6.6.6 Flexibility from storage ................................................................ 138
6.6.7 Comparing flexibility options ....................................................... 142

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Task 25 summary report_toExCoreview_with cover (1)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
탄소중립을 향한 섹터커플링 발전방향 202109

# data[].attributes.headline
장기송변전설비계획 수립 프로세스 개선-오현진

# data[].attributes.subject
장기송변전설비계획 수립 프로세스 개선-오현진

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[발제] 210928_장기 송변전설비계획 수립 프로세스 개선(오현진)_수정