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The article talked about oligarchy, it's a government in wich a group of  people  rule togther.  in a oligarchy the rich people get to be in charge and some times they get power hungrey and so the representitvs often fite.

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the article talked about oligarch. it´s

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An oligarchy  is a group of people who are in charge normally they are richer and more powerful than other people.Also women can also be in charge but even if they are not a member they still have a say because they can tell there husbands or son/sons what to do.This type of goverment is normally bad for the poor but good for rich women  with or from a powerful family. Sometimes people can be elected or they are born into there position.But they also can have a lot of money and land in order to be in the council.This group might meet up every week or month to decide on the laws and rules.So this is what a oligarchy is.

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Country Government CIA World Fact book: by Nate Rivas

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Country Government CIA World Fact book: by Nate Rivas

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The artical is about countrys around the world making deals with each other and some of the deals are about laws having the same deatels and communtes. The artical gives us deatels about whats happing around the world and what treates are being made .

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Communism is where people when they work they get the same amount of money its where the poor could have the same money as other people who have a successful career but they make the same amount of money people want this around the world because they will have close to the same amount of money to stop people from people being poor.

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Communism talked about a system of social organization which property is held in common. In modern usages Communism is applied to movement that aims to overthrow to the capitatlist. The Incas were both commuunist. Communism means and to establish a class society which goods will be society owned.

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The article talked about how people  become the ruler like  the richer people are in the counsel and elect people or they are born to be the leader or have a lot of land. The people in the counsel discus things going on and what they should do about it. The article also talks about how Oligarchy is not as popular as Monarchies in the ancient times/world.

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Communism Is a system of social organization in which property is held in common. The Inca and ejido   where both communist. In the modern usage The term communist is applied to the movement that aims to over throw the capitalist order by revolutionary means. communism is to be distinguished from socialism

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Creating French Culture The Path to Royal Absolutism: by Katie Sapp

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Creating French Culture The Path to Royal Absolutism: by Katie Sapp

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In this artical it told of how the France´s leadership came to be. How it all started a leader who was the king of France at the  time started a war because people were doing religions that were not his so he started a war. When the war was going on in France Mexico took the advantge to take control over France when Mexico sucsided they let The French people to practice any rligion they wanted to. Henry IV the ruler before Mexico took over tried taking back France many times but failed to win and take his spot on the throne. Henry trying to take back his place on the throne started a new era and dynasty of French kings called the Bourbons.  During the half centery that followed  Cardinal Richelieu orchestrated the royal government's reconquest of domestic control. The monarchy reinforced its monitoring of printing, totally strangling the emerging press.

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Voted talks about what democracy is. Democracy is a type of government that the people have to power. There is two types of democracy, Direct and Representative. A direct democracy means that every citizen votes on an important decisions. A representative democracy means the citizens select a representative to run the government.To have a democracy government the citizens have to rule,free and fair elections,majority rule with individual rights,Limitations on Lawmakers,and citizen participation. There are some problems in democracy like only the very wealthy can run for office and voters are often confused and are unformed abut what they are voting for.

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Country Governments: CIA World Fact Book

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Country Governments: CIA World Fact Book

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The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency

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These challenges are international in scope and are priorities for the Central Intelligence Agency. If you have information about these or other national security challenges, please provide it through our secure online form. The information you provide will be protected and confidential. The CIA is particularly interested in information about imminent or planned terrorist attacks.

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A Map of Different Governments Around the World

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A Map of Different Governments Around the World

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list of president and prime minister of the world

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list of presidents and prime minister of countries

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president and prime ministers of countries of the world

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Types of Governments - The interactive map and list includes the name of current president and prime ministers of countries of the World.

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Anarchy is the type of government where there is no government at all. Every person is left to fight for themselves. People must continue to live through farming on their own land, find water, and build a home on there own. No one tells you what to do and there is no voting.

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After 50 years of Communist rule, China has a much more outward look than it once did. China's relations with the outside world have improved greatly in recent years, and China encourages trade and exchange of new ideas.

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Forms of Government: Monarchy, Democracy, Oligarchy (video & text)

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Forms of Government: Monarchy, Democracy, Oligarchy (video & text)

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Power Defined

Sociology is the study of human social behavior, human development, organizations, and institutions. In order to better understand those institutions and how humans are organized, it is important to understand how societies are governed.

This lesson will discuss and differentiate between the five main forms of power, or government, utilized in past and present societies: monarchy, democracy, oligarchy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism.

Boy: Whoa, what's going on in that country?

Girl: It looks like they aren't happy with their government.

Boy: Why wouldn't they be happy? Can't they elect their leaders and play a role in their government?

Girl: No! There are many forms of government in which people have no say in any matters, private or public. All societies are established under some form of power or government. The well-known sociologist Max Weber defined power as the ability to achieve goals even if some people in the society hold differing opinions and goals. Power takes on different forms in different societies. Let me tell you about the five basic forms of government.

Monarchy

Let's begin with monarchy. Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century. Monarchy is a form of government in which a single family rules from generation to generation. The power, or sovereignty, is personified in a single individual.

There are two main types of monarchy that differ based on the level of power held by the individual or family currently in power. Absolute monarchy exists when the monarch has no or few legal limitations in political matters. Constitutional monarchies, which are more common, exist when the monarch retains a distinctive legal and ceremonial role but exercises limited or no political power.

The most familiar example of a monarchy is the constitutional monarchy that exists in the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state of the U.K. as well as monarch of fifteen other independent countries. She and the royal family have ceremonial roles but do not make up the laws that govern the people.

Democracy

Another form of government is a democracy. Democracy is defined as a form of government in which power belongs to the people. There are two forms of democracy. One is direct democracy, in which all eligible citizens have direct participation in the decision making of the government. The second and more common form of democracy is representative democracy, in which citizens exercise their power through elected representatives. The elected representatives propose, develop, and create laws for the citizens to abide by.

The most familiar example of democracy is the representative democracy that exists in the United States of America. Americans elect a president and representatives of Congress.

Oligarchy

The next form of government is oligarchy. Oligarchy is a form of government in which all power resides with a few people or in a dominant class or group within the society. These groups of people may be distinguished by royalty, wealth, education, or military control. Sometimes oligarchy governments are controlled by a few families who pass their power from one generation to the next.

Unlike monarchs, however, oligarchs do not have to be connected by bloodlines in order to inherit power. For example, one family may have power for several years, and then the power may be shifted to another group of people or another family based on their military ties or wealth. These decisions are not influenced by the people. They are influenced solely within the small group of people with whom the power is held.

The most well-known example is the former Soviet Union. Other examples of oligarchy governments are found in the countries of China, North Korea, and Venezuela.

Authoritarianism

Governments can also impose their power in forceful methods. Authoritarianism is a form of government in which the people have no participation. The characteristics of authoritarianism include absolute obedience to authority by the people and ill-defined and often changing executive power.

An example of this type of government is the country of Cuba. In Cuba, there is one leader that rules the country. Cuban citizens are not allowed freedom of speech, religion, or press. The inhabitants of the country are poor, while the leader is wealthy. Citizens of the country do not vote as the leader is already assumed.

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oligarchy & more - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Forms of Government: Monarchy, Democracy, Oligarchy & More - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Sociology is the study of human social behavior, human development, organizations, and institutions. In order to better understand those institutions and how humans are organized, it is important to understand how societies are governed. This lesson will discuss and differentiate between the five main forms of power, or government, utilized in past and present societies: monarchy, democracy, oligarchy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism.

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Definition of oligarchy

Oligarchy means the rule of the few, and those few are generally the people who are richer and more powerful than the others, what you might call the aristocrats or the nobles. These are not always men: just as monarchies have both kings and queens, women sometimes appear in councils of aristocrats, and even when they are not members, they are often there telling their husbands or their sons what to do. So oligarchies are generally bad for the poor, but they are pretty good for women, at least for rich women from powerful families.

How does oligarchic government work?

Usually the way an oligarchy works is that there is a group of people who are in charge, somehow. Sometimes they may be elected, and sometimes they are born into their position, and at other times you might have to have a certain amount of money or land in order to be in the council. Then this group of people meets every so often - every week or every month - to decide important questions, and to appoint somebody to deal with things. Like they might decide that it should be illegal to steal, and then they would appoint one of the nobles to be a judge, and decide if people were guilty of stealing, and decide what to do with them if they were.

When and where did people have oligarchies?

Oligarchies were not as common as monarchies in the ancient world. Right after the Dark Ages, most of the city-states in Greece were oligarchies, between about 1000 and about 500 BC. Athens was an oligarchy, and so were Thebes and Corinth. The Etruscans were also oligarchic. The Roman Republic, which started around 500 BC, was in some ways an oligarchy too.

In the Middle Ages, the cities of northern Italy - Genoa, Florence, Venice - were ruled by groups of rich people. Some were more like democracies, but others were more oligarchic. Outside of Europe, oligarchies have always been rare.

Learn by doing: Some people call the United States an oligarchy today, and others say it's a democracy. What do you think? Is the U.S. an oligarchy?
More about tyranny

Bibliography and further reading about oligarchy:

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Aristocrats fighting on an Athenian vase from the 500s BC Definition of oligarchy Oligarchy means the rule of the few, and those few are generally the people who are richer and more powerful than the others, what you might call the

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Dictatorship Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com

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Dictators come to power for a number of reasons or social problems such as massive unemployment, inflation, and unrest among the population. Dictators are normally backed by powerful groups, such as landowners, private company owners, bank owners and in some cases institutions like the Roman Catholic Church to put in place law and order by force.

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Gully cricket is popular amongst young boys in India. They just troop into a street with little traffic outside their homes and start hitting the ball with the bat. Now, there are a number of ways in which this can be organized.

When only one boy brings a bat, he rules. He keeps batting even when he gets out and he lets his close friends also bat or as long as they want. If he wants to end the game, he simply walks away with the bat. Let's call this the Bossy Bully system.

Sometimes all the cricket equipment - bat, ball, stump, gloves, etc is contributed by all. So each boy gets a good batting chance, a chance to wear the pads and gloves. Let's call this the Just Friends system.

Sometimes there is a coach. In that case, the coach monitors and improves the game of each and every boy in his tutelage. But you don't get to say whether you like the way he coaches. This can be the Big Brother system.

If we think of these teams as forms of government and of course you have to imagine that there are extremely many boys playing in the street, then the 'bossy bully' is a dictatorship; 'just friends' is a socialist government and or could even be a democracy depending on how you look at it; a 'big brother' is totalitarian and if one of the players owns the street where the boys are playing, it would be a monarchy.

There are 7 Types of Government

DEMOCRACY

Modern governments are complex and are shaped by historical and political events like wars and colonialism. A democracy is governed of the people, by the people and for the people. Here citizens of the country can run for public office. This means the boys in the street get to decide who is in charge of what equipment is in the pile. Of course, each boy will nominate the person who best represents his interests.

Democratic elections could be city-wide for municipal governance, state-wide for state governance or nation-wide for central governance. When the population goes to vote, they vote for a candidate in their area. When the candidate wins, the political party he belongs to also wins. The party with maximum votes forms the government.
What happens here? People enjoy freedom.

DICTATORSHIP

In contrast, a dictatorship where a single individual has gained power through force and everyone has to follow his policies. He's the big bully. The boys have little to no voice in such a system. Oftentimes the advisors who control the equipment kit are his close friends. Examples of dictators are Adolf Hitler in Germany and Fidel Castro of Cuba.

Sometimes you have what is known as a 'benevolent dictatorship.' This is when the dictator maintains his position as the head of the country for the sake of the country instead of self interest. Most dictatorships like to portray themselves in the international community as benevolent but it is not always so.
What happens here? Many people are unhappy in this system.

MONARCHY

A monarchy is another form of government where there is one head of state. In this system a king or queen rules the country for as long as they are alive. The crown is inherited, usually by the first born of the family.

In earlier days, monarchs used to have absolute powers and owned all the public land. Pharaohs for example, claimed to be representatives of the Gods on earth. But nowadays, even democracies like Great Britain, Sweden, and Spain have kings who are nominal heads of state. Still it is their signature that turns a bill into a law.
What happens here? Things work well if the king is a good sportsman and cares about street cricket by choosing the right boys to be prefect of the equipment kit.

THEOCRACY

In countries where any religious institution holds power over the king, the form of government is called a theocracy. Several Islamic nations fall into this category.
What happens here? It's like saying everyone must eat cucumber sandwiches for lunch every day.

TOTALITARIAN

There are totalitarian governments where a single group of friends have had control of the pile of equipment for decades. It is like dictatorship by a party instead of an individual. The regime maintains complete control of the country by not allowing any other people to form a political party.

They control all aspects of a citizen's public and private life through art, science, and educational propaganda. The former Soviet Union and Vietnam are examples of totalitarian governments.
What happens here? It's like having the same class prefect term after term.

REPUBLIC

Some nations are republics, such as the USA. It is a democratic model - people are elected to government office by voters. It is however, headed by a single individual whose office is also elected by the people - the President.

What happens here? This is nicer - everyone gets to be prefect for a while.

ANARCHY

And finally, a country that is usually in the throes of a war or civil unrest and no functioning government is said to be in a state of anarchy.

What happens here? This is somewhat like the snack at someone's place after a particularly gruelling game of street cricket- mum has a tough time cleaning up afterwards.

Project
Ask your teacher to divide you into teams. The size of each team will depend on how many people are in the class, of course. Each team must pick a form of government and get to rule for the day. Discuss what happens in the classroom during the rule of each government. Is the room cleaner? Is the blackboard / whiteboard kept ready for the teacher's use? Is there less bullying? Which rule is more fun for ALL?

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Types of Government - Civics for kids | Mocomi

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Gully cricket is popular amongst young boys in India. They just troop into a street with little traffic outside their homes and start hitting the ball with the bat. Now, there are a number of ways in which this can be organized. When only one boy brings a bat, he rules.

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Monarchy Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com

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A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office), is the head of state. Monarchs usually rule until they die or resign (when a monarch resigns it is called abdication). Most monarchies are hereditary, but some are elected.

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Monarchism is support for Canada's system of government as a constitutional monarchy. Monarchism is distinct from royalism in that it is support for monarchy as a political institution, rather than for an individual monarch. Monarchism played a key role in the development of Canada and continues to be part of political and popular discourse.

Monarchism is support for Canada's system of government as a constitutional monarchy. Monarchism is distinct from royalism in that it is support for monarchy as a political institution, rather than for an individual monarch. Monarchism played a key role in the development of Canada and continues to be part of political and popular discourse.

French Monarchical Influence

The expeditions of Samuel de Champlain, Jacques Cartier and other French explorers were sponsored by the kings of France, who were absolutist rulers. Monarchism played a key role in these early expeditions: lands were claimed for the king and settlements were often given royal place names. Monarchism also influenced how Europeans engaged with Indigenous peoples as they sought a familiar social hierarchy, identifying a "king" among the leaders of the communities they encountered.

In 1663, King Louis XIV placed New France under his personal control. The king and his finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert became directly involved in the governance and expansion of New France. The king appointed a governor, intendant and bishop, and sponsored the emigration of women known as the Filles du Roi (The King's Daughters).

Influence of the British Monarchy

Early British exploration of Canada was also sponsored by the Crown. The earliest Thanksgiving on what became Canadian soil was celebrated by Martin Frobisher and his crew. They gave thanks for their safe arrival on Baffin Island during a voyage to explore the Northwest Passage, which was sponsored by Queen Elizabeth I ( see The First Thanksgiving in North America). In 1670, King Charles II granted the Hudson's Bay Company all the lands in the Hudson Bay drainage basin and appointed his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine as the first governor of the company ( see also Rupert's Land).

After French Canada was ceded to the British in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain's King George III assumed King Louis XV's role as monarch of the newly expanded British North America. The British constitutional monarchy, however, was very different from the French absolutist monarchy.

Over the centuries, the English monarchy evolved into a constitutional monarchy accountable to Parliament. When King John accepted the Magna Carta in 1215, he became the first English monarch to accept limits on his power that were imposed by his subjects. The earliest meetings of Parliament were called during the reign of his son, King Henry III. In 1689, King William III and Queen Mary II accepted the Bill of Rights. From then on, modern monarchism in Canada consisted of support and advocacy for a constitutional monarchy rather than other forms of monarchical government. The development of responsible government in the 19th century expanded the political class from the wealthy and influential elite to a broader electorate. In so doing, responsible government reinforced a political system in which the monarch acts on the advice of ministers who can command the confidence of Parliament, and more specifically the House of Commons, whose members are popularly elected.

The Crown and Indigenous Peoples

In 1763, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation, which guaranteed Indigenous land rights and remains the foundation of the relationship between the Crown and Canada's Indigenous peoples. In 1764, representatives of 24 nations concluded the Treaty of Niagara, which ratified the Royal Proclamation and created a new alliance that shaped First Nations' participation in the War of 1812. The terms of the Royal Proclamation are guaranteed by Canada's Constitution Act, 1982.

The development of responsible government complicated the relationship between the Crown and Canada's Indigenous peoples. Monarchism among Indigenous communities was often expressed in personal and familial terms. For example, when Queen Victoria's son-in-law John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, toured western Canada in 1881, he was addressed as "brother" and "great brother-in-law" by First Nations leaders.

First Nations monarchism continues to be expressed in terms of a personal relationship with the monarch. In 1982, however, the British Court of Appeal ruled that "the Crown was no longer single and indivisible. It was separate and divisible for each self-governing Dominion or province or territory." From that point on, the Royal Proclamation was therefore an agreement with the Canadian Crown rather than the British Crown, as it was in 1763.

The Royal Proclamation, the provisions of which are guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, continues to provide a framework for relations between the Canadian government and Canada's Indigenous peoples. The Idle No More movement called upon the Canadian government to uphold treaty rights according to the Royal Proclamation. The recommendations in the report by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015) included a call for a new royal proclamation of reconciliation. The report stated, "The proclamation would build on the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Niagara of 1764, and reaffirm the nation-to-nation relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown."

United Empire Loyalists

The outbreak of the American Revolution divided the population of the Thirteen Colonies between "Patriots" who favoured the establishment of an American republic and " Loyalists" who wanted to maintain political ties to Britain and the Crown. Around 50,000 Loyalists from diverse backgrounds emigrated to British North America, including First Nations allies of the British during the American Revolution and Black Loyalists. Thousands more "late" Loyalists moved to British North America in the decades following the American Revolution to claim free land grants. For these settlers, monarchism was a central tenet of their cultural identity. Loyalism informed the development of Canada, as numerous Fathers of Confederation, particularly in the Maritime provinces, were the grandchildren of Loyalists and were informed by family traditions of monarchism.

Monarchism and Confederation

Monarchism played a key role in Canada's Confederation. Queen Victoria favoured self-government for British North America, an arrangement that would reduce Britain's overseas defence obligations. When John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier and other Fathers of Confederation visited Britain for the London Conference in 1866, they met with Queen Victoria and received her personal support for Confederation. Fathers of Confederation with a variety of different political and economic stances had a shared loyalty to the Crown, and the Queen's support helped Macdonald and his political allies overcome regional opposition to the project. Macdonald intended for the new nation to be the Kingdom of Canada, and invited Queen Victoria to open the first session of Parliament on 1 July 1867. The Queen did not open Parliament, though all four of her sons and one of her daughters visited Canada between 1860 and 1883. Samuel Leonard Tilley, another Father of Confederation, is believed to have suggested the designation Dominion of Canada following concerns about how Americans would respond to a kingdom on their northern border. The constitutional monarchy differentiated Canada from the United States and served as an essential part of the new nation's political and cultural identity.

Monarchism and Canadian Culture

Monarchism was a major part of Canada's cultural identity in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Loyalty to the Crown made Canadian culture distinct from that of the United States and acted as a unifying force for Canadians of diverse backgrounds. In 1845, the Province of Canada legislated 24 May as a public holiday in honour of Queen Victoria's birthday - a secular celebration that was embraced in both French and English Canada. Early celebrations of Canadian Thanksgiving were in response to events within the royal family, such as in 1872 when Queen Victoria's eldest son, the future Edward VII, recovered from typhoid. Royal events such as births, marriages, tours and jubilees were greeted with public celebrations in Canada. ( See also Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee - 1897.)

Monarchism is a theme in numerous works of Canadian literature. In Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel, Anne of Green Gables, Anne discovers an island on Victoria Day and names it after the queen, declaring "Both Diana and I are very loyal." A major character in Robertson Davies' novel Fifth Business models himself after the future Edward VIII and presents the image of having royal connections to get ahead in Canadian society. Lawrence Hill's novel The Book of Negroes depicts the experiences of Black Loyalists and the central character is received in London by King George III and Queen Charlotte.

Changing French-Canadian Attitudes Toward Monarchy

Prior to the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, political leaders in Québec viewed the Crown as a protector of the minority rights of French Canadians within the larger context of English Canada, a relationship that dated back to the Quebec Act, 1774. When King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Canada in 1939, they were greeted by cheering crowds in Montréal and Québec City, and celebrations in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation were held on the Plains of Abraham in 1953 ( see Battle of the Plains of Abraham).

Attitudes toward the monarchy in Québec changed with the rise of the Quiet Revolution during the 1960s, when the Crown was interpreted as a symbol of British oppression. The Queen encountered protestors when she visited Québec City in 1964. There's evidence that attitudes toward the monarchy have gradually become more positive in recent years, but monarchism remains far less widespread in Québec than in other regions of Canada.

Modern Constitutional Monarchy

Canada's Constitution Act, 1982 states in Section 41a that changes to "the office of the queen" must be approved by the Senate, the House of Commons and all 10 provincial legislatures. Changing Canada's political system would be complex. There are not only monarchists who support the current political system, but also people who are indifferent to the monarchy who also oppose reopening the constitution for a variety of reasons. The public image of monarchism in modern Canada is closely associated with the promotion of visible symbols of the constitutional monarchy, including royal tours, portraiture and heraldry.

Polls regarding the number of monarchists who actively support Canada's current constitutional monarchy, as opposed to people who are indifferent or favour a change in political system, vary widely depending on the question and the timing of the poll. A popular royal tour in Canada often increases support for the monarchy, while questions that emphasize cost or other financial aspects of monarchy result in lower percentages of professed monarchists.

Monarchist Societies in Canada

There are numerous Canadian societies that advocate the merits of constitutional monarchy as Canada's system of government and/or educate Canadians about the history of the constitutional monarchy. These societies include:

The United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada, founded in 1914, fosters public awareness of the contributions the United Empire Loyalists made to Canada.

The Royal Commonwealth Society of Canada is the Canadian branch of the Royal Commonwealth Society founded in 1868. This society advocates for the Commonwealth as a force for good in the world, as well as youth leadership and dialogue opportunities throughout the Commonwealth.

The Monarchist League of Canada, founded in 1970, promotes the benefits of the constitutional monarchy as Canada's political system and lobbies all levels of government to make the Crown and royal symbols visible to Canadians.

The Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, a national educational charity established in 1994, informs Canadians about the role of the constitutional monarchy in Canada's history and increases knowledge of the role of the Crown in Canada's political system.

There are also academics based at a variety of Canadian universities and think tanks who advocate the importance of Canada's constitutional monarchy to Canadian history, politics and law through their research.

Critiques of Monarchism

In the 19th century, British monarchism was critiqued by Canadian journalists who wanted to see the emergence of a distinct Canadian Crown that combined the traditions of loyalism with an accessible public image more suitable to an egalitarian and North American context. Royalty who visited Canada, and especially royalty who resided there for long periods, were expected to embrace Canadian cultural traditions.

In the late 20th century, Canada's constitutional monarchy was critiqued with a broad range of arguments. These included how relevant a monarch who resided in the United Kingdom was to an increasingly multicultural Canada, the declining popularity of the monarchy in modern Québec, the cost of royal tours, and personal reputations of various members of the royal family.

There are Canadian societies that advocate the abolition of the monarchy, including Citizens for a Canadian Republic; and Your Canada, Your Constitution, but their membership and influence is low compared to similar movements in Australia, where the future of the monarchy was the subject of a 1999 referendum.

In recent years, there have been cases of new Canadians from a variety of nations, including, Ireland, Jamaica and Israel, objecting to swearing allegiance to the queen as part of Canada's citizenship oath.

Monarchism in the Commonwealth

In addition to her role as queen of Canada, Elizabeth II is queen of the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth countries. Individual monarchists and monarchist societies in other Commonwealth nations support the constitutional monarchy with arguments derived from each nation's individual relationship with the Crown. In Australia, monarchists defended the Crown's role in the political system during a referendum on the future of the monarchy. In New Zealand, monarchists highlighted how important the Crown was to the modern nation, which dates from the Treaty of Waitangi between the Crown and the Maori people. In the Caribbean countries, monarchism is often expressed in terms of personal loyalty to the monarch. Even heads of government who favour and seek republicanism, such as the prime ministers of Jamaica and Barbados, emphasize their personal respect for the queen in their public statements.

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Monarchism is support for Canada's system of government as a constitutional monarchy. Monarchism is distinct from royalism in that it is support for monarchy as a political institution, rather than for an individual monarch. Monarchism played a key role in the development of Canada and continues to be part of political and popular discourse.

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Creating French CultureThe Path to Royal Absolutism

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Creating French CultureThe Path to Royal Absolutism

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The Path to Royal Absolutism - Creating French Culture | Exhibitions - Library of Congress

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The political and cultural history of France from 1498 to 1661, that is, from Louis XII's accession to the throne to Louis XIV's personal assumption of power, can be divided into three major phases. The first, up to the death of Henry II in 1559, looked to Italy as a land ripe for conquest and as an inspiration for France's own Renaissance.

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Creating French CultureFrom Empire to Democracy

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Creating French CultureFrom Empire to Democracy

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From Empire to Democracy - Creating French Culture | Exhibitions - Library of Congress

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The Library of Congress > Exhibitions > Creating French Culture > From Empire to Democracy

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Comparing Britain and Malaysia's Monarchies

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Comparing Britain and Malaysia's Monarchies

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Communism wasn't contained inside the Soviet Union. As Marx's tenets had instructed, it had be to spread worldwide to achieve utopia. Some countries had adopted communism to help realize that goal, including:

Warsaw Pact Nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland and Hungary (communist from about 1945 to 1991). The Warsaw Pact was a military treaty signed by these countries and Russia. In short, it guaranteed that they would come to each other's aid if targeted by another country.

Yugoslavia (1945 - 1992)

North Vietnam (1954 - 1976, although still technically communist following the unification of Vietnam)

Yemen (1969 - 1990)

Somalia (1969 - 1991)

Cambodia (1975 -1989)

It's interesting to note that the communist governments in all of these countries (except North Vietnam) collapsed right around the same time as the Soviet Union, which was a huge support to the smaller countries.

If Stalin had his way, communism would have become much more widespread, especially in the West. In the 1930s, he enacted a plan to overtake this region with furious industrial development. His hope was that Russia would become such a military powerhouse that it would stand up to the other powerful nations, especially the United States. His efforts fell short, and as we've learned, the Soviet Union slowly fell apart due to these economic disadvantages.

However, communism does have a presence in the United States today. The Communist Party USA supports political candidates in local elections. In fact, the group has even supported a presidential candidate as recently as 1984. The group advocates the end of the working class's exploitation and oppression. Ultimately, the party hopes to implement a socialist society where all people will benefit from the wealth present in the United States.

Communism also rose to power in the following nations, where it is still alive today:

Home to more than 20 percent of the world's population (1.3 billion people), China is one of the world's most prominent communist governments. Mao Zedong, China's dictator, launched and raised the communist government in China, employing many of Stalin's tactics.

In addition to the death camps Mao instituted to combat Chinese counter-revolutionaries, he also developed a plan called the Great Leap Forward, which forced collectivization of agriculture. Peasants were ushered into communes when Mao seized their property. They were forced into slave labor, and personal ties they had to their families and former lives were severed. Mao also forced mass industrialization, which, coupled with the extremes of forced agricultural collectivization, killed somewhere around 16.5 million to 40 million Chinese from 1957 to 1961. He also ordered the executions of Communist Party members during his tenure [source: University of Chicago Chronicle].

Today, China's government encourages capitalist ventures, which has resulted in a greatly improved economy. China boasts a huge manufacturing industry, churning out toys, furniture, electronics and other products. Despite these gains, the government remains extremely dictatorial in nature, exerting authority over censorship and other basic civil liberties. Human rights activists are regularly harassed, prisoners are detained without a trial and censorship abounds [source: Amnesty International].

To learn more about communism and communist nations, past and present, follow the links on the next page.

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Communism wasn't contained inside the Soviet Union. As Marx's tenets had instructed, it had be to spread worldwide to achieve utopia. Some countries had adopted communism to help realize that goal, including: Warsaw Pact Nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland and Hungary (communist from about 1945 to 1991).

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fundamentally, a system of social organization in which property (especially real property and the means of production) is held in common. Thus, the ejido system of the indigenous people of Mexico and the property-and-work system of the Inca were both

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Kids learn about democracy and the characteristics of this type of government including direct and indirect democracy, how it works within the United States government, the realities of today, and fun facts.

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Democracy is a form of government in which a substantial proportion of the citizenry directly or indirectly participates in ruling the state. It is thus distinct from governments controlled by a particular social class or group or by a single person. In a direct democracy citizens vote on laws in an assembly, as they did in ancient Greek city-states and do today in New England towns. In an indirect democracy citizens elect officials to represent them in government; representation is typical of most modern democracies. Today the essential features of democracy, as understood in the Western world, are that citizens be sufficiently free - in speech and assembly, for example - to form competing political parties and that voters be able to choose among the candidates of these parties in regularly held elections.

Origins of Democracy
The term democracy is derived from the Greek words demos ("the people") and kratia ("rule"). The first democratic forms of government developed in the Greek city-states during the 6th century B.C. Although demos is sometimes said to mean just "the poor," Aristotle's Constitution of Athens shows that in Athens all citizens, rich and poor, participated fully in government; minors, women, slaves, and foreigners, however - perhaps 90 percent of the population - were not citizens.

Greek democratic institutions collapsed under the imperial onslaught first of Macedonia and later of Rome. Republican Rome had popular assemblies (comitia), in which the citizens met to elect officials and make laws. The comitia lost their powers, however, first to the aristocratic Roman Senate and ultimately to the Roman emperors. Democratic ideas did not reappear on a significant scale until the 17th century. The barbarian invasions and the fall of Rome in the 5th century A.D. produced a European society that was primarily concerned with security rather than with democratic institutions. This gave rise to the rigidly hierarchical systems of feudalism and manorialism. Political attitudes were, moreover, shaped by the powerful Christian church, which taught, in effect, that existing institutions had divine sanction.

Representation. Nonetheless, the Middle Ages saw the establishment of rudimentary representative bodies that began to lay the foundation for the later development of democratic institutions. The medieval kings claimed divine authority to rule, but they relied on their principal baronial vassals for practical advice, rendered in council. Gradually, the councils claimed more than advisory powers, and their membership was expanded to include elected representatives from the knightly and burgher classes. This was the genesis of the modern legislature. The British Parliament traces its history directly back to such an institution, and the development of political democracy in Britain can be measured, first, by the gradual assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the hereditary monarch and, second, by the even more gradual transformation of Parliament into a fully representative body (that is, a body elected by the entire adult population on the basis of one person, one vote). In the English Civil War of the 17th century, Parliament briefly won full supremacy over the crown, but it vigorously rejected the constitution proposed by a radical and unsuccessful group known as the Levellers, which called for universal male suffrage, fair representation, and the abolition of noble privilege.

Popular Sovereignty. The Levellers were far in advance of their time, but a philosopher of the same century, John Locke, articulated a theory of government that was to be seminal in democratic development. Locke argued that the political state is created by a social contract in which individuals give up their personal right to interpret the laws of nature in return for a guarantee that the community (or state) protect their natural rights of life, liberty, and property. If the state does not fulfill that guarantee, the people have the right to overthrow the government. This idea of popular sovereignty was taken a step further by Jean Jacques Rousseau, who argued that the only legitimate state was one based on the "general will" of the people. Unfortunately, the general will has been difficult to identify in practice; thus this element of Rousseau's thinking has also been viewed as the basis of modern totalitarianism, in which a dictator interprets the general will.

The Lockean tradition was reflected in the Declaration of Independence, which presented the colonists' philosophical justification for the American Revolution and reflected the ideas of Locke and Rousseau; the new United States of America became the first modern democratic state. The same ideas, but with more radical assertions of social as well as political equality, nourished the French Revolution of 1789. France, however, did not achieve real democracy until the Third Republic (1870-1940). During the 19th century democratic forms of government also developed in Britain - where the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884 greatly expanded parliamentary suffrage - and in the self-governing British colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, as well as in Switzerland, Scandinavia, and the Low Countries.

All other modern democracies are the product of the 20th century; beginning then, most states called themselves democratic. Many such governments, however, rule in the name of the people without allowing real popular participation. During most of the 20th century this was true in the Communist world, where Marxist-Leninist theorists rejected Western-style democracy as the creation of capitalism. They argued that true democracy is impossible without full economic and social equality, which can only be achieved by overthrowing the capitalist class and establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat. The Soviet Union - the most important Communist state - collapsed as party theorists abandoned at the end of the 1980s the rigid positions they had held in the past. (A wide range of political groups evolved in the new Russia, although the new parties still had to contend with a lingering authoritarianism.) Communist China remains firmly antidemocratic. In some countries, however, such as Italy and France, Communists have joined at times with other socialists in working toward their goals through democratic institutions.

Democratic Ideals and Practice
An increase in popular participation in government has often come about because the ruling group sees political advantage in it. For example, when Cleisthenes created Athenian democracy about 510 B.C., he was apparently packing the assembly with new voters. In the United States several major expansions of the electorate occurred for similar reasons: Jeffersonian Republicans eliminated property qualifications to win the votes of the very poor; Republicans passed (1870) the 15th Amendment (on black voting) to win blacks' votes in southern and border states; progressive reformers in the early 20th century pushed for women's suffrage, expecting that women, more frequently than men, would support humanitarian causes such as temperance; and Republicans and Democrats vied with each other in the 1950s and Ã ½¸s to promote black voting in the South in order to win black votes.

Not every expansion of the electorate is so consciously self-serving, however. In colonial America, participation widened almost by accident. Most colonies initially adopted the traditional English property qualification for voting: the 40-shilling freehold. This represented an income that was very high in late medieval times and still fairly high in the 17th century. By 1776, inflation and prosperity had enabled the vast majority of adult males to qualify as electors. In the 20th century some countries, such as Turkey and India, greatly expanded their electorates as an incidental consequence of the decision to adopt democratic forms. In the latter cases, democracy was adopted because it represented an ideal.

The Ideal of Justice. Democracy has attracted support from the time of ancient Greece until today because it represents an ideal of justice as well as a form of government. The ideal is the belief that freedom and equality are good in themselves and that democratic participation in ruling enhances human dignity. The ideal and the practice of democracy are inseparably linked because rulers subject to voter approval are more likely to treat the voters justly. For example, in the United States during the 1920s many blacks moved from the South, where they could not vote, to the North, where they could and did. In the 1930s this black vote became critical for both major political parties, and they began to emphasize civil rights. As a result both of Supreme Court decisions and of partisan politics, southern blacks obtained voting rights and civil rights. The oppression established in the South in the 1880s has thus been almost eliminated, not simply because of the ideal of justice but because the blacks became part of the political system. Although full racial equality has not yet been achieved, political participation has encouraged the fair treatment of a minority.

Freedom and Faction. The vote itself is not enough to guarantee that oppression will be eliminated. Many modern dictatorships, both of the left and of the right, require almost all adults to vote; yet dissident voices are nevertheless suppressed. For participation to be an effective method or a feasible ideal, it must be accompanied by political liberty. As James Madison wrote in The Federalist, "Liberty is to faction as air is to fire." The freedoms that promote faction are important not only as high moral ideals but also as a method of realizing democracy.

Almost all traditional freedoms (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, economic freedom) were gained as a result of factional disputes within oligarchical governments. They were extended by persons in office who expected, if and when they left office, to be persecuted by their successors. As factions grew in size, the liberties were gradually extended to the whole electorate and thereby became protections for democratic political parties and freely organized elections.

For example, the speaker at the opening of late medieval English Parliaments petitioned the king to grant members the privilege of not being prosecuted for anything they said in Parliament. As a result, factions flourished within Parliament, but not outside. During the English Civil War censorship and prosecution for assembly were removed, and parliamentary free speech was extended to the general public. Since then, free speech, although not always practiced, has been regarded as an essential element of democratic liberty. Similarly, habeas corpus, a writ ordering the release of a prisoner held illegally or without having been charged, was originally enacted in 1679 in order to get Whigs out of jail.

Freedom of religion and economic freedom, now usually considered ends in themselves, also originated in the protection of factions. Religious sects were themselves the main political factions in the European wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, and their secular leaders were the most likely to be severely persecuted in defeat. Economic freedom, the privilege of having, keeping, and inheriting property, is protected in the provision against forfeiture for treason in the U.S. Constitution (1787) and is emphasized as a democratic liberty in the American Bill of Rights (1789) and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789). It has an obvious relation to faction and freedom in general: if governments can seize property without compensation, then dissenters may lose their basis of economic support. Such confiscation by modern collectivist dictatorships has undoubtedly helped them eliminate effective opposition. Although democratic governments do take private property, as in the use of eminent domain or nationalization, restrictions have been placed on the excessive use of such power through the application of due process of law.

Equality, another ancient ideal, is inseparable from the democratic method. The right to vote means little unless votes are equal and voters have the same influence. Thus equality of treatment under the law is, like freedom, both an ideal and a method of democracy. Some theorists would add equality of resources, or at least equality of opportunities, to the ideal characteristics of democracy. Such goals, however, conflict with the ideal of economic freedom and certainly cannot be taken as a defining characteristic of democracies as they now exist.

Difficulties of Democracy
Democracies are not easy to establish or to maintain. Because two sets of rulers are required, one to govern and the other to take over when the first set loses an election, democracy is expensive. Some societies seem too poor to afford the luxury of leaders-in-reserve. In the modern world, moreover, democracy requires almost universal literacy, which is also expensive. The worst defect of democracy is that politicians are under constant pressure from the lobbyists of special-interest groups to support particular public policies. Because their future depends on winning elections, and because elections are won by attracting marginal voters, politicians seek the support of marginal voters who belong to such groups by promising to vote for legislation they favor. This weights the legislative process in favor of interest groups, especially the well organized and well funded. The sum of the benefits granted to these groups may be more than the society can afford. These kinds of expenses have contributed to the downfall of democratic governments - as happened in various regions in the second half of the 20th century. Democracy thus lost can sometimes be regained, however, as the history of Latin America, in particular, demonstrates. Many newly emerging democratic nations are threatened by ethnic or religious tensions and lack the basic institutions on which a democracy depends, contributing to chronic instability.

William H. Riker

Bibliography: Bickford, Susan, The Dissonance of Democracy: Listening, Conflict, and Citizenship (1996); Cammack, Paul A., Capitalism and Democracy in the Third World (1997); Diamond, Larry, and Plattner, M. F., The Global Resurgence of Democracy (1993); Elshtain, J. B., Democracy on Trial (1995); Gellner, Ernst, Conditions of Liberty (1994); Hodge, Carl C., All of the People, All of the Time: American Government at the End of the Century (1997); LeDuc, Lawrence, et al., eds., Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective (1996); Lipsitz, Lewis, and Speak, D. M., American Democracy, 3d ed. (1993); Pridham, Geoffrey, et al., Building Democracy? The International Dimension of Democratisation in Eastern Europe (1997); Putnam, R. D., Making Democracy Work (1995); Snyder, Jack, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (2000); Vanhanen, Tatu, Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries (1997).

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Democracy is a form of government in which a substantial proportion of the citizenry directly or indirectly participates in ruling the state. It is thus distinct from governments controlled by a particular social class or group or by a single person.