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Recommendations:

As PV Cell Technology is yet to mature, I would like to recommend the government and researchers to invest more money and time. By doing so, we won't have to worry about energy production in the future. Also, I think that if this technology is fully developed we can apply it in the above mentioned fields which will be beneficial for mankind.

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Some fields where PV Cell Tech can be applied are:
1-Rooftop or building integrated systems: These can be installed on rooftops or integrated with the building to power some machines in the building.

2-Power stations: These can be installed in power stations to increase output and also to lower power costs.

3-Rural electrification: These are set up in rural areas where power cannot be supplied by cables.

4-Transport: These are used in vehicles to power A/C, radio, lights etc.

5-Telecommunication: They are used to generate power instead of batteries which use stored power.

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ADITYA NATEKAR (2015A1PS774H)                VANAM AAHLAD VAIBHAV (2015A4PS389H)            SIDDHARTH GUPTA  2015A4PS406H)

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ADITYA NATEKAR (2015A1PS774H)                VANAM AAHLAD VAIBHAV (2015A4PS389H)            SIDDHARTH GUPTA  2015A4PS406H)

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Above mentioned technologies have many common applications. HERE IS ONE OF THEM

ECO-FRIENDLY AUTOMOBILES: Eco-friendly, efficient, self powering automobiles that uses fuel cell to power its engine smart grid to operate, photovoltaic cells on the surface to use the sunlight for battery recharging thereby reducing temperature. This reduces the air conditioner's impact on the engine.

As automobiles that have major share in environmental pollution are made Eco-friendly, this technology can be a boon to the environment

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there are many applications of fuel cell.

1. POWER GENERATION: clean and efficient power generation can be possible with this technology

2. Fuel for automobiles: automobiles will cause lesser pollution using this technology than conventional fuels

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some uncommon words in the article stated above are

1. Cathode: negatively charged electrode plate or electrode rod

2.Anode:positively charged electrode plate or rod

3.active sites: the region where chemical reaction occurs

4.catalysis: reaction which uses catalysis

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Conclusively I feel that the proposed idea of equal support in the form of funding for the development of smart grids by both private and public ventures is economically feasible which can help as mentioned previously, the economic framework of a third world country like India.

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Survey form

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The technology of smart grids introduced here strengthens the base essential for smooth economic development of any nation.It can help ensure a better power distribution mechanism which inculcates alongwith it real time power consumption monitoring system which can ensure fairness of this system as well as help the consumer himself produce power and act as a 'prosumer'.

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Some of the new words encountered by me while reading this document are:

1.Retrofitting:To add a new component to something which it was not having at the time of manufacturing. 2.Parochial:Someone is parochial when he/she is having a narrow or limited outlook. 3.Thermostats: A device which senses the temperature of a system and maintains it in a stipulated range . 4.Adaptive power control algorithms:Utilization of Radio waves to maintain the value of power supplied stick to a constant value.

5.Plug in hybrid electric vehicles:A vehicle which has combined internal combustion propulsion engine and electric propulsion engine with a rechargeable battery.

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This information was obtained from sources on the internet like youtube, wikipedia, google and some online journal

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Some new words from the article and their meanings:

1-Photovoltaic: relating to the production of electric current at the junction of two substances exposed to light.

2-Semiconductor: a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects.

3-Photon: a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation.

4-Encapsulated: enclose (something) in or as if in a capsule.

5-Feedstock: raw material to supply or fuel a machine or industrial process.

6-Ingot: a block of steel, gold, silver, or other metal, typically oblong in shape.

7-Disaggregate: separate (something) into its component parts.

8-In situ: in the original place.

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How solar cells work..

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Solar energy / Solar photovoltaics / Photovoltaic effect (3D animation)

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http://www.green-translation-service.com This video puts the complexity of solar energy and solar cells into plain English.

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(I).To view online some videos on the concerned topic of smart grids please refer to the following links:

1. www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8cM4WfZ_Wg

2..www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcqQSjas4xQ

3.A video by the team at cornell university developing smart grid technology:

www.ithacajournal.com/story/news/.../14170425/

4.www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFKWakOQIbA

(II) Some online and offline journals published in this field of research are;

1.
International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy

Chief Editor:Prof:DannySutanto

Volume 4 recently published in July 2015.

Refer to:www.ijsgce.com for more detils.

2. I also referred to

www.springer.com › Home › Energy › Systems, Storage and Harvesting

for gathering some information regarding the economics of smart grid systems.

3.To gather some more information on applications of smart grids i refferd to;

http://www.sersc.org/journals/IJEIC/cfp/CFP_of_Special_Issue_on_SmartGrid..pdf

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These challenges can be faced head on by various

1) INDUSTRIES:Better manufacturing methods to reduce cost of production. R&D department plays a crucial role here.

2)automobile engineers should create better design

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The challenges faced for implementation of PEMFC are the following
1)SUITABLE AUTOMOBILE DESIGN

2) FUEL STATIONS

3)HYDRATION: accumulation of water at anode

4)DURABILITY : fuel cell must be stable to temperature changes to maintain its functioning efficiently

5) SIZE: In spite of technological advancements, size of fuel cell can be still shrunk for better accomodation.

6) COST: Due to these compressor technologies cost of the fuel cell is relatively higher so this affects its s

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HPP METHOD TO PURGE WATER CLOGGING AT ANODE

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HPP METHOD TO PURGE WATER CLOGGING AT ANODE

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Fuel Cell Technologies Office | Department of Energy

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The Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) focuses on applied research, development, and innovation to advance hydrogen and fuel cells for transportation and diverse applications enabling energy security, resiliency, and a strong domestic economy in emerging technologies.

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Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells used in automobilesâ€"also called Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cellsâ€"use hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air to produce electricity.

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION                  AAHLAD VANAM 2015A4PS389H

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION                  AAHLAD VANAM 2015A4PS389H

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sources through which this information is collected are

1) from the ebook

TITLE: Alternative Sources of Energy— An Introduction to Fuel Cells
By E.A. Merewether
U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2179
U.S.
Department of the Interior
U.S.
Geological Survey

2) from the book

TITLE: solid oxide fuel cells AUTHOR: Fergus, Jeffrey

PUBLISHER: Indian CRC press 2009

3) from the book

TITLE: micro fuel cells AUTHOR: Zhao, T.S.

PUBLISHER: U.K. academic press 2009

4)from the book

TITLE: Modeling solid oxide fuel cell

AUTHOR: Bove, Ubertini

PUBLISHER:Berlin springer 2008

5) FROM THE WEBSITE BELOW

and also fromfollowing posts

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Qiuhong Jia

School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering,
Southwest Jiaotong University,
Chongqing University of Technology,
Chongqing 400054, China
e-mail:  jiaqh@cqut.edu.cn
Chengdu 610031, China;

Caizhi Zhang

School of Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue,
Singapore 639798, Singapore
e-mail:  M110050@e.ntu.edu.sg

Bin Deng

School of Mechanical Engineering,
Southwest Jiaotong University,
Chengdu 610031, China
e-mail:  443121878@qq.com

Ming Han

Clean Energy Center,
Temasek Engineering School,
Temasek Polytechnic,
Singapore 529757, Singapore
e-mail:  minghan@tp.edu.sg

Contributed by the Advanced Energy Systems Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF FUEL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received November 27, 2013; final manuscript received August 28, 2015; published online September 18, 2015. Editor: Wilson K. S. Chiu.

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Performance Improvement for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Hydrogen Pressure Pulsation Approach

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Qiuhong Jia School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing 400054, Chinae-mail:  jiaqh@cqut.edu.cn Chengdu 610031, China; Caizhi Zhang School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Nanyang Technological University,50 Nanyang Avenue,Singapore 639798, Singaporee-mail:  M110050@e.ntu.edu.sg Bin Deng School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031, Chinae-mail:  443121878@qq.com Ming Han Clean Energy Center, Temasek Engineering School,Temasek Polytechnic,Singapore 529757, Singaporee-mail:  minghan@tp.edu.sg Contributed by the Advanced Energy Systems Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF FUEL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

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As IEEE is one of the largest organisations working in the direction concerned.Regular articles and research papers published by the organisation in this regard helped me get myself accquainted with research and development work being carried out in this direction.Moreover several indian as well as international technical institutions are working in this field. Open courseware libraries served as a great source of knowledge for me in this regard.

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In my opinion such projects in a country like our's must always be established in a joint venture i.e there must be a shared contribution from the side of both the government as well as the private sector to maintain a ridgeless propagtion of this technology.Efforts at the level of each citizen are also appreciated.

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Pojects like those on a smart grid can help the power distribution system of a country like India to a great extent.However are such projects economically feasible in a country like ours?

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By reading the above article, some questions aroused in my mind

1.For the fuel cell to work only proton must be transferred through the membrane to other side but not electron, how can it allow proton which is bigger than electron through it and block the latter?

ANS) Before touching the membrane, when the hydrogen atom splits into proton and electron, electron is attracted to positively charged side of other membrane and it will transport electron to the side of oxygen atom. Then oxygen gets negative charge, both the ions attract each other to complete the reaction and liberate energy thus completing the task of PEMFC. Check it out on

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This information is taken from some offline sources like library and websites like IEEE, YOUTUBE and some other journals.

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After investigation, I found that the scientists are currently exploring the use of nanotechnology to improve the efficiency. In addition to that, they are also trying to develop a technology through which they will be able to produce 2 electrons from a single photon. This is expected to increase the efficiency by 30%.
For more information, check out the following link:

https://www.insidescience.org/content/new-technology-could-boost-solar-cell-efficiency-30-percent/1816

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I believe that there is an urgent need for research on improving the efficiency of fuel cells . I want me and my friends to know What kind of extensive research is being carried out in this field?

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Introduction to my article: Efficient production and distribution of electric power is a major concern of the third world countries and to a meagre extent of the devloped nations also.Folowing article deals with an effective and efficient method of energy production which inculcates advanced networking mechanisms to ensure minimal loss in power transmission , reduce the power tarrif and enhance the real time monitoring system of power consumption. Recent failures of entire power grids have often lead to complete blackouts in many parts of the world.Such blackouts can disrupt the entire economy of a country which can further have several serious implications.A 'system of systems' is henceforth developed, which is based on 3 tiers : Electricity,ITand Computer science to ensure an effective mechanism of power transmission, henceforth known as a 'SMART' grid. Several global organisations such as IEEE are working across the world to expand this system and a multitude of research papers are being frequently published in this regard.Folllowing article gives the reader an insight of research being carried out in this field.

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Hydrogen fuel cell
Introduction to my article Today’s world need alternative power resources to tackle power crises and consequences like pollution etc. For this purpose many technologies have been developed like wind power technology, solar energy power generation, hydrogen fuel cell technology etc. Hydrogen fuel cell technology is more scientifically known as proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology.It works on the principle that hydrogen and oxygen fuse at suitable conditions to release huge amount of energy. This energy is then used for industrial, domestic and other purposes. Among other fuel cells proton exchange membrane fuel cell works at low temperature and its portability is more. Therefore, it can be used for home application purposes. For the availability of more fuel, the fuel cell is operated in dead-end mode i.e. outlet of anode is plugged. Problem encountered with this arrangement is that water produced in the reaction floods anode reducing the performance of fuel cell. It also reduces the performance by blocking the active sites of hydrogen fuel cell used in catalysis and pores of fuel cell are blocked. To tackle this problem many methods were introduced like using pressure pulsating hydrogen feed (HPP). Detailed description of this method is given in full article below. Nonetheless, Fuel cell has high efficiency and can be good replacement for conventional resources.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO MY ARTICLE

The modern world demands efficient and effective ways of energy production. One giant step towards achieving this goal is making use of non exhaustive technology which is relatively cheaper. This article explores the option of using solar energy for power generation. In countries like India where sunlight is present in abundance, suitable technology can be developed to exploit this resource. The solar energy cannot be used directly as a source of power, it needs to be converted into either electrical or heat energy. This is done using a device called Photo Voltaic cell (PV cell) or solar cell.The PV cell captures sunlight and converts it into electrical energy which can then be used to power other devices.The PV cell is a thin wafer similar to a computer chip and is made up of silicon. It is much cheaper to manufacture as siliconis also abundantly available in the form of sand. One typical PV cell produces 0.5 Volts of energy. These cells are combined to form a panel which generates a higher voltage. These panels can be installed on buildings, streets or even cars to power electrical appliances. The only major issue to be tackled here is of the efficiency of these devices. As compared to the sunlight absorbed, the output is meagre. Nevertheless, it is a renewable, reliable, environment friendly and a cheap source of energy which can be used to resolve the energy crisis across the globe.