# data[].attributes.body
According to me the mutation of certain defective or malfunctioning genes using the data collected by HGP is the most promising idea for further development of the human specie

And also thog

# data[].attributes.body
1) When and why was the HGP started?

2) What was the main objective for starting the project?

# data[].attributes.body
1) Currently the plan is in research phase only and has not been implemented.

2) It is not a very viable option for now but researchers are trying to cut down the cost to make it viable in the near future.

# data[].attributes.body
1) What is the current scenaio for the biofuel synthesis using mutation ?

2) considering the fact that the cost for the mutation for genetically modifying the organisms for that do you really think that this is a economically viable option ?

# data[].attributes.body
1) You want to have highly targeted medicine for patients .Dont you think that prescribing someone targeted medicine just on basis statistical data collected in clinical trialsis a risky thing considering the genetic mutation and rarity factor ?

2)and about those companies and institute incorporating the markers intheir surveys .What is the use of that and what is accomplished by that

# data[].attributes.body
Applications of the human genome

1)Onen of the underlying and most important use of human genomedata is finding the treatment and cure of genetically inherited and presently non curable diseases like Huntingtons and Sickle cell aneamia Though this idea is presently pursued this is one area I wouldblike to explore further using genetic mutation of the faulty DNA strand which is causing thedisease 2) Though not a new phenomenon change in a persons DNA to make the viruses like that of H1N1 and AIDS and Ebola ineffective in affecting the white blood cells of human body 3) The use of other organism’s particular gene in cure or replacement of a particular strand of DNA of human and make immune system more powerful as there are various diseases which don't affect rat or cat or any other species

# data[].attributes.body
The new words I got to know from various journals and articles are

1)Annotation =process of identifying the locations of gene and all of the coding regions in a genome

2) EST=Expressed sequence tag. These are single-pass sequences of cDNA clones.

3)Mutation=A sequence variation that deviates from the reference or change of the normal pattern of the genes

4) Stem cells =undifferentiated cells that are able to both proliferate and differentiate into numerous cell types.

5) markers=is a gene or a known DNA sequence with a knlwn location that can be used to identify indivual or species

6)Amorph= A silent gene that does not produce a detectable product (antigen)

7) Chimera = a organism having multiple zygotes in his body

8)Consanguinity = Having a common ancestor

9) Karyotype= A photomicrograph (photograph taken through a microscope) of all the chromosomes in a person, arranged in standard classification

10)Polymorphism= The existence of two or more different phenotypes resulting from two or more alleles

Well there are a tons of other terminologies used but this were the words that set the  base of the study of genomics and human genome project

# data[].attributes.body
MEANINGS

1.exorbitant-exceeding the customary or appropriate limits in intensity, quality, amount or size

2.genocide-the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group

3.idiosyncracy-a mode of behaviour or way of thought peculiar to an individual.

4.dizygotic-not identical

# data[].attributes.body
My target group are

the scientist and the researchers

1)Do you think the avengers or mutants are possible in future ?

2)What are your expectation from the the undertaking?

3)Do you think the research project is necessary ? why ?

4)what are the moral and ethical obligation of the people related to the undertakings ?

5) Do you think the amount of money spent would have been used in other important things ? what are those options ?

6) do you think the concept of designer babies and stronger genetically modified armies are ethical ?

7) Do you think the government and other agencies are hiding the real objective of this undertakings ? what do u think they are?

# data[].attributes.body
1.what strikes your mind when asked about genoeconomics?

2.How do you think genoeconomics effects the everyday life?

3.why do you think its important for a country to invest in genetic research?

4.why do you think economic analysis of genetics is important?

5.what are the improvements you want to see in gnetic research to reduce expenditure

# data[].attributes.body
how i collected data and info.

Economics in any field of study is important for the progress of that study.Before getting into implementation any such studies need to have a exact plan of the economical circumstances.Genoeconomics is such a study in the field of genetics.

All those sites and articles which i mentioned in the sources helped me to get the required knowledge of genoeconomics.Here, the articles are regarding the jobs created as a part of the research,expenditure for the research,economical advantages from the psychological and social consequences of the study.

# data[].attributes.body
SOURCES

1.https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JRKfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=economics+of+genetics&source=bl&ots=0QGpfUYoWZ&sig=uxNfTr8-PBzJ0CrzB3kcMzHA2QQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCGoVChMI2cOI1JyuyAIVBx2OCh1OtAZe#v=onepage&q=economics%20of%20genetics&f=false

2.http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.25.4.57

3.http://www.nature.com/news/economics-and-genetics-meet-in-uneasy-union-1.11565

4.http://humannaturelab.net/wp-content/themes/human-nature-lab/media/pdf/publications/articles/123.pdf

5.http://jasoncollins.org/2011/12/13/the-use-of-heritability-in-policy-development/

6.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1020604724888#page-1

7.http://www.choicesmagazine.org/magazine/print.php?article=129

8.http://www.economist.com/topics/genetic-engineering

9.http://jasoncollins.org/2011/12/16/genoeconomics-molecular-genetics-and-economics/

# data[].attributes.body
sources

The main and most inportant source of data was www.genome.gov

the other sources are

1)http://www.genomemedicine.com

2)http://www.jgenomics.com/

3)http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org

4)http://www.jgenetgenomics.org

5)http://www.nrcresearchpress.com

6)http://www.jgenomics.com

7)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvuYATh7Y74

also the various TV serials which were informative and cool were

1)ReGenesis

2)House MD

3)Adromeda

And the novels include

1)Divergent Trilogy (one of the most intriguing ) by Veronica Roth

2)Invisible Man ( novel for 12 th boards) by H.G Wells

3)Mutation by Robin Cook

and the movies highly engrossing and relevant (:p) are

1)Life story ( story of watson and crick )

2) Sabretooth

3) Universal Soilder

and many more

# data[].attributes.body
how i collected my data and info

the human genomics is one of the most ferociously and actively pursued and researched topic for the past few decades . And the HUMAN GENOME PROJECT is the biggest research undertaking in this regard. So it seemed pretty obvious to me to take the ressearch article published by them as my base article .

also the sites which helped me find the best articles are www.journals.elsevier.com and www.natureasia.com

thus this sites and the articles and books helped me in my research and data collecting of this subject alongwith the scifi movies like avengers and hulk and invisible man and bourne legacy

# data[].attributes.body
How Lignin content increases yield of biofuel

# data[].attributes.body
The Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway

# data[].attributes.body
Sources

http://phys.org/news/2014-03-lignin-breakthroughs-gps.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al9otzCU4B4

http://www.plantcell.org/content/10/12/2033/F9.expansion

http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/164275-how-to-grow-plants-pre-processed-for-biofuel-production

Lignin Synthesis Pathway:

http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n6/fig_tab/nrg2336_F3.html#close

# data[].attributes.body
Method of Data Collection
A search through internet gave various articles and research in this search. Skimming through the various articles, I found an article which would give a  better insight about the topic. I gathered information about the topic and learned about the research going in this field

# data[].attributes.body
My sources are

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al9otzCU4B4

2

# data[].attributes.body
the question worthy of asking are

Q1) What were the reasons and existing ideas as to what made geneticist and scientist feel the need to have the full information about the total number of genes in human body

ANS= the main goals of the human genome project were analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In parallel with this effort the DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the comparative information necessary for understanding the functioning of the human genome.It will help us to understand and eventually treat many of the more than 4000 genetic diseases that afflict mankind, as well as the many multifactorial diseases in which genetic predisposition plays an important role.

Q2) What were the goals of human genome project ?

ANS =the main goals 0f the human genome project were to provide a complete and accurate sequence of 3 billion DNA base pairs which make up the human genome and to find all the 20000 to 25000 human genes

all the other goals are in the pdf attached below

Q3) How was the information shared and which were institutions involved with the research work

ANS= the institutions involved were

1) National Centre for Human Genome Research I institute , which is a component of National Institute for Health

2)Department of energy

and it was decided that the results of all the research were to be shared with alll other interested institutions and research centers in the yearly conferences and meets

# data[].attributes.body
this is the timeline of the the human genome project

# data[].attributes.body
this is the revolutionary paper published in the journal of NATURE by Watson& Crick and this was what started the research to find out the total number of genes in  human body which is called the "HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

# data[].attributes.body
My journal is the Human Genome Project

l

# data[].attributes.body
Q1)WHICH ORGANISATION HAS CONTRIBUTED ITS TIME TO THIS JOURNAL AND WHEN WAS IT PUBLISHED?

A) BY BATTELLE TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE ON JANUARY, 2012

Q2)WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACTS OF GENETIC AND GENOMIC CLINICAL TESTING?

A) 1) Provide accurate diagnosis of patient specific diseases and disorders. 2)Provide information on disease susceptibility associated with specific genes or genomic characteristics, thereby facilitating preventive measures.

3)Develop refined treatment regimes and protocols based on the patient’s genome. 4)Avoid misdiagnoses and the costs associated with such. 5)Avoid adverse drug reactions, or delayed treatment benefits, associated with the prescription of drugs unlikely to work appropriately given the patient’s genome. Q3)WHAT IS THE PERSONAL INCOME VALUE OBTAINED THROUGH DIRECT IMPACTS?

A) $2504

Q4)WHAT IS THE CARRIER FREQUENCY OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS?

A)1/12

Q5)WHAT IS THE ETHNIC GROUP OF CANAVAN DISEASE?

A) 1/40

Q6)What challenges arise when analyzing genetically informative data?

A)This insight suggests that most existing genoeconomic studies, which are based on samples in the hundreds, are dramatically underpowered and that we should expect a high false discovery rate until this is remedied.Sometimes it becomes even more difficult to analyze the expenditure due to inflation and the number of laboratorys conducting the tests.

# data[].attributes.body
The question of how traits and behaviors pass from one generation to the next has been the subject of intense interest throughout the history of science. Simple parent-child correlations are open to multiple interpretations, as parents transmit both environment and genome to their children. Until recently, genotyping – or the direct measurement of variation in an individual’s DNA sequence through biological assays – was exorbitantly expensive; distinguishing the roles of genetics and environment was the realm of behavioral genetics, in which samples of twin, adoption or other pedigree data were analyzed.In fact, the costs of comprehensively genotyping human subjects have fallen to the point where major funding bodies, even in the social sciences, are beginning to incorporate genetic and biological markers into major social surveys.

This article deals with the cost for research and the jobs created as a part of the research

More than 116,000 U.S. jobs; Nearly $6 billion in personal income for U.S. workers; $9.2 billion in value-added4 activity; and $16.5 billion in national economic output.

Two published, research reports on the clinical laboratory test sector have been produced by G2 Intelligence and by IBISWorld (who also cite industry size research conducted by LabCorp). These reports differ moderately in their size estimates for the total market for all clinical laboratory testing, with the G2 report estimating the size of the market at $62 billion and IBISWorld citing a LabCorp quantification of $55 billion.

More cost-effective development of drugs – Through the use of pharmacogenomics tools, it will be possible to target new investigational therapeutic agents to patient subgroups and so reduce the risk of failures in clinical research. Without a doubt, the fact that a clinical trial includes individuals predisposed not to respond to the drug—either because of the genetic variation of their disease or their ability to metabolize the therapeutic treatment—adds cost, delays and even the risk of failing to demonstrate efficacy.

Into the future, genetics and genomics tests make possible the emergence of “personalized and predictive medicine”. Within this space, pharmacogenomics is a new and developing field that will allow clinicians to prescribe the right drug in the right dose—therapeutics customized to the genomic profile of the patient. Such personalized medicine will bring many advantages: allowing physicians to prescribe a medicine that is proven to work for the specific genomic profile of the patient (thereby avoiding the costs, harm and treatment delay associated with providing a drug unlikely to work); significantly reduce adverse drug reactions, and potentially providing a pathway to reduced healthcare costs by providing highly accurate, targeted treatments instead of the more wasteful “scatter-gun” or the “try, wait, change and try something else” approach that too often has to be employed.

# data[].attributes.body
My topic is "ECONOMICS OF CONVENTIONAL GENETICS".

My journal is actually a report prepared by the BATELLE TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE for the AMERICAN CLINICAL LABORATORY ASSOCIATION .

Authors-

Simon Tripp,

Martin Grueber,

Deborah Cummings.

This report has the details of the kind of research done in US in genetics and genomics

# data[].attributes.body
The authors are

1. Hiroshi Hisano

2. Rangaraj Nandakumar

3. Zeng-Yu Wa

# data[].attributes.body
My topic is Genetic Mutation for Biofuel Synthesis.

My journal is In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology

# data[].attributes.body
Everyone of at least once in our lives have thought of being someone like the FLASH or one of X-MEN

But all those seemingly impossible things are not unachievable . And the answer of all these lie in study of how we evolved or simply stated genetics

So what exactly is GENETICS ??

It is the stream of biological sciences dealing with study of how are characters or "traits" pass on from parents to their offsprings . Also genetics is one of the most pursued stream in today's world

Scientists and government are spending millions and billions of dollars on how do we genetically modify mosquito's so that they don't cause malaria or genetically altering one or many of faulty genes causing Sickle Cell anemia or say Thalesmia or Down's syndrome

But first we will have to go through the basics for understanding the further processes involved so this one the videos I found on YouTube which takes us through all basics and also find out who was that intelligent guy who first studied those things and in a monastery (!!) for 10 years

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics - Hortensia Jiménez Díaz

# data[].attributes.body
My topic is the human genome

# data[].attributes.headline
                                       The basis of very existence of life

# data[].attributes.subject
                                       The basis of very existence of life