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・In winter, Cherokees lived in a circular house made out of wood and mud. In summer, some Cherokees lived in a different house that is bigger than winter house. Summer house had more windows.(Rin)

・The Cherokees tribe lived together in villages, usually near river valleys or lakes, an advantage to farm their crops and hunt for nearby fish and animals. The swampy, muddy region had benefit the tribe to easily collect their materials which were always nearby. At some cases the Cherokee Indians lived in separate houses during the summer and winter, due to the opposite, varying climates in the Southeast. Their summer houses were framed with tree logs, wide and tall for their sake of getting enough cool air during hot days.They were usually lifted about few inches or so to keep away from mud getting into their homes.Their winter houses were more like caves and domes, in which the Cherokees made mixtures of accessible and reachable materials like clay, earth, sticks, and grass. The winter house was partially sunken into the ground, making it easier to keep warm in the winter. (Ashley)

http://goo.gl/KCAE9C

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Picture: Dohwan

http://www.native-languages.org

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Description of Clothing (Teddy)

Iroquois clothing was made of tanned deerskin. The men wore leggings and long breechcloths while the women wore long skirts. Both men and women wore deerskin shirts or blouses and soft shoes made of leather called moccasins. Iroquois men wore a gustoweh, which was a feathered cap with a different design for each tribe.  http://goo.gl/oiAMw8

<Visual: Samuel Chung>

http://goo.gl/huoUqe

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The Cherokees' relative location is the Southeast region of the US; Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Southeast Region. (Dowhan)

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<Visual: Rin>

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“Great Spirit” - humans can indirectly communicate with the Great Spirit (burning tobacco)

thunderer - one of the five great elemental spirit

Three sisters- corn (maize), bean, squash

"Ceremonies"

tribal affair - farming, curing illness,thanksgiving

six major ceremonies -

Maple

Planting

Strawberry

Green Maize

Harvest
Mid - winter or New Years Festival
(Hannah Kim)

http://goo.gl/Vg45A

http://goo.gl/q9nzKT

Now, the iroquois worshipped many gods. They even worshipped food. The objects in the northeastern region served as something that directs the way the iroquois lived. The ceremonies that were held included the food from the region as well as animals. The abundance of fruit had them to believe that the gods have sent them for objects to be used in ceremonies and festivals.(Samuel Chung)

http://goo.gl/Vg45A

Description of Religion

The Iroquois believed in numerous gods, the most influential being the Great Spirit, responsible for the creation of human beings, plants, animals, and other forces of 'good’. The Iroquois believed that the Great Spirit indirectly guided the lives of people. Other important gods included the Thunderer and the Three Sisters, the spirits of Maize, Beans, and Squash. Opposing the Great Spirit and other forces of ‘good’ were the Evil Spirit responsible for misfortune such as diseases. (Teddy Cho)

http://goo.gl/q9nzKT

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Explanation of How Climate and Way of Life Influenced Housing (Samuel Chung)

Winters within the northeast area are cold and long, and also the Iroquois required shelter from the weather. They lived in villages enclosed by high fences known as palisades, or stockades. To create longhouses, saplings were bent into frames, placed in holes mamma into the bottom, and lined with giant sheets of elm bark. A lot of poles were placed over the elm bark and tied firmly with rope made of tree fibers, to carry the bark in situ. Doors were placed at every finish of the longhouse. There have been no windows.

<Visual: Teddy Cho>

http://goo.gl/oiAMw8

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The Inuits are located in the areas of Greenland, SIberia, Canada, and Alaska. (Minyoung Huh)

<Visual: Minyoung Huh>
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List of 4-5 Popular Foods (Hannah Kim)

Wild nuts

mushrooms

eggs

deer

sunflower oil, maple syrup
http://goo.gl/yGRjU5

Explanation of How Location and Climate Dictated Food Choices (Teddy Cho)

The fertile lands and rainfall of the Northeast provided allowed the Indians to grow a variety of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. These three main crops were called the "Three Sisters" and were usually grown together. They collected berries and other fruits from the woodlands and learned how to make syrup from the abundance of maple trees. They also harvested significant amounts of fish from the nearby rivers and lakes. The Iroquois were skilled hunters and caught a variety of woodland animals found in northern latitudes such as deer, rabbit, turkey, bear, and beaver. http://goo.gl/oiAMw8

<Visual: Samuel Chung>
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The Creek tribe was located in Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and Florida. (Ryan)

http://goo.gl/GjGk9P

(Visual-Sia)

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Description of Physical Environment (Teddy Cho)

The Iroquois’ homeland- the eastern woodlands featured a diverse climate with hot summers and cold winters with great amount of rainfall. The region provided many rivers, lakes, and an ocean nearby, in which supplied the Indians food and water. The forest was crucial for the Indians. It provided a vast variety of plants and animals which provided them food and clothing. The wood from the forest also allowed them to build homes and tools. http://goo.gl/HEX7K

Explanation of How Your Tribe Adapted: (Samuel Chung)

Where they lived was in around New York and back then, it had a lot of trees. They used the trees as tools for many things. Such as, houses, canoes, and even bowls to contain food. They were also surrounded by a mountain with many streams and rivers-which they used for hydration and food (fish).

<Visual: Hannah Kim>

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Relative Location of Tribe (Teddy Cho)

The Iroquois were a Confederacy of six tribes: Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, and Tuscarora. They controlled the Northeastern woodlands of America. The heart of the Iroquois homeland is located in what is now New York state. At its maximum in 1680, their empire extended west from the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through Kentucky to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; then north following the Illinois River to the south end of Lake Michigan; east across all of lower Michigan, southern Ontario and adjacent parts of southwestern Quebec; and finally south through northern New England west of the Connecticut River through the Hudson and upper Delaware Valleys across Pennsylvania back to the Chesapeake. http://goo.gl/HEX7K

<Visual: Hannah Kim>
http://goo.gl/E28C3P

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Popular foods: Corn, bean, squash, thin cakes, deer, and rabbits (Richie)

The Pueblos could only hunt antelope and small game for meat since they lived in a desert- like place. Since they lived in a place with little rain, they had to use irrigation to water their crops. Also they had to farm plants that grew well in the desert. For example, beans need a lot of heat to mature well and doesn’t need a lot of water to grow. Another example is the squash. The squash has very deep roots and can reach deep into the ground in search for water, which it probably will find if the roots are long enough. And these long roots will do well if they have a weekly deep irrigation, which the Pueblo probably had. (Rachel)

(Visual-Tiffany)

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They were polytheistic however they were mostly based on Animism. the attribution of a living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. (Tiffany)

List of main gods; either types or specifics names:

Father

Mother Earth

Sky Serpent- brought rain to the Pueblos

Spider Woman- Goddess of weaving

Corn Mother

Avanyu- Guardian of water; storm-bringer; connected to lightning and thunderstorms

Kachinas- deified spirits, dancers, or costumed dolls; if treated by with respect and veneration they can use their magical powers to do good for people; 400 different types of Kachinas (Rachel)

In Pueblo religion all things had a spirit called a kachina. They carved kachina dolls that represented different spirits. The kachinas are related to the sacred pueblo clowns. Most kachinas are shaped and looks like the sacred pueblo clowns. (Richie)

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Women wore clothes called mantas. Manta is a clothing that has a large square cloth that was fastened around one shoulder and then tied at the waist with a sash. Men wore as little as they can in the summer. They wore fur on top in winter because it is cold. Men always had hairbands on their heads. (Tiffany)

The climate is very humid and hot i the south west so the pueblos made a clothing called mantas. Men wears capes, half naked. And they wear fur clothes at winter, same goes to women, they wear fur clothes at winter because it is cold. (Richie)

http://goo.gl/kpGnbN

(Visual-Rachel)

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Clothing was made of animal skins. Shirts, pants and jackets were made of caribou and seal skin, their clothing was lined with polar bear, rabbit and fox skins.  (Eula Kim)

The areas where the Inuits lived were generally very cold, so most traditional clothing was made of thick animal skins and furs. Large, thick coats with big hoods called “parkas” were worn as an outer layer to fend from the cold. (Minyoung Huh)

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<Visual: David Suh>

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•They lived in North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

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•There are the great plains and Mississippi river. It has humid climate and rains a lot in some places so it is good for farming. The place snows in the winter. (Calvin)

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_______________________________

•Adapted to European customers like vests, cloth dresses, and blanket robes

They migrated from other areas to the Great Plains usually with horses. (Christy)

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The Creeks were monotheistic, and believed in a god called the One, also known as Esaugetuh Emissee (Master of Breath). They believed that the world was originally entirely underwater, and that the only piece of land was a hill called Nunne Chacha where Esaugetuh Emissee lived. According to their beliefs, the Master of Breath created humanity from the clay on the hill, along with some other spirits to hold up the world. (Sia)

Major gods/spirits:

Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath)

Brother Moon

Sister Sun

The Four Directions (Sia)

When a Creek hunter was to kill an animal, he would thank the One for the food. The crops, animals, and all resources around the Creek tribes' surroundings led them to believe that all of that had been sent by the One. (Ben)

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http://goo.gl/7edHNC Pictures-Aron

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Cherokees worshipped Deer God. They don’t want Deer God to be angry with them because deer is the important life source for them. They also believed nature spirits. They believed that everything in nature has a spirit. They wore animal skin so the skills of those animals would be shared with them.(Rin)

The Cherokee Indian tribe’s regional wildlife surroundings and their agricultural aspects, majorly influenced them to worship gods and goddesses like Selu, the spirit of Corn, the Thunder twins who granted rainfall for their benefits of farming, Kanati who helped the Native Americans hunt many big games, and Asgaya Gigagei, the healer who instructed each spirits of all animals to find out what (plants and animal parts) could cure what diseases. Many times, the Cherokees would hold prayers and ceremonies for the sake of their health, food, and farming.　 (Ashley)

The Great Spirit: The creator of everything

Examples of some spirits in the Cherokee mythology.

Asgaya Gigagei: The healer

Kanati: The “Lucky hunter” and First man

Selu: “Corn” and the First Woman. Wife of Kanati.

Thunder Twins: Thunder Gods and the sons of Kanati and Selu

Sun: goddess. her daughter was bitten by a snake, she hid herself in grief, sun’s tears became a flood. Cherokee sent their young men and women to heal her grief with singing and dancing.

Oscata: “stonecoat” Created witches and disturbed villages. The women killed him using a stick to pierce his heart. Taught the men songs and dances for hunting and war while being burning in his funeral pyre. Also helped the creator make the world. (Dowhan)

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Southwest quarter of the U.S; Arizona and New Mexico (Tiffany)

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(Visual-Richie)

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The Cherokees harvested corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers. They also gathered berries and nuts. Men hunted deer, wild turkeys, and fish. Bean soup, Buffalo stew, and cornbread are some popular foods they ate. (Rin)

http://goo.gl/LSGv22

Living on very fertile soil with an abundance of rainfall, The Cherokees had the advantage to farm and gather varieties of vegetables, nuts, and berries near where they reside. Many animals such as turkey, grouse, deer, squirrel, and wild pig lived in the southeast which adapted to the region's climate and location. With the food they gathered, they often made different soups and stews by boiling their ingredients all together with their meat they cooked by directly cooking over fire. (Ashley)

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Cherokees lived in what's now North and South Carolina and Georgia. It never got really cold and hot. There's also enough water all time. Most of them lived in pine forests, near the Allegheny river and other smaller rivers. (Rin)

http://goo.gl/d9HI2V

The Cherokees lived in different houses for winter and summer due to the change in temperature. They mostly lived along the rivers so there was a good supply of fish and small animals as well as deers. Also gathered small nuts and berries. (Dowhan)

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<Visual: Ashley>

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The women in the Algonquin tribe wore long dresses with detachable sleeves and the men wore breechcloths, a single piece of cloth wrapped around the hips, with leggings. Both genders wore moccasins made out of deer hide for shoes. (Lara Kim)

http://goo.gl/Rru6AF

In the Northern nomadic life, the Algonquin had a lot of animal parts, such as sinew, fur and skins. Therefore, they would make thick clothing out of skins to survive in the harsh climate. For the tribes located near the sea would use shells to decorate their clothing. All clothing came from relatively close sources. (Chris Lee)

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<Visual: Jamie Shin>

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Description of Religion

The areas where the inuits lived were generally very cold, so most traditional clothing was made of thick animal skins and furs. Large, thick coats with big hoods called “parkas” were worn as an outer layer to fend from the cold. (Eula Kim)

List of Major Gods in Inuit Religion

Ka'cak - A sea spirit & of rather unpleasant habits

Aakuluujjusi - The great creator mother

Akycha - The sun god

Alignak - A god of the moon, storms, earthquakes & tides

Anguta- A god who lives under the sea and drags down the dead

Aningan - A moon god called Igaluk in Alaska

Arnakua'gak - The old woman of the sea, an animalistic spirit

Asiaq - A goddess of weather Erkilek Inuit malevolent hunting god

Hila - A god of weather

Idliragijenget - A sea goddess

Igalilik- A very tough hunting spirit

KattakjuA  - goddess of healing

Kiya'marak- A supreme being from he remains out of touch, and distinct & remote as regards ordinary mortals

Nanook/ Nanuq -The bear god

Negafok - The cold weather spirit

Pana - She cares for the souls of the dead

Pinga - The goddess that takes souls of the dead to heaven

Pukkeenegak - A goddess of childbirth & clothes making

Sedna - The goddess of the sea

Sila - god of storms

https://goo.gl/ixOSZb(Minyoung Huh)

The Inuits commonly hunted in and lived near the water, which influenced spirits like Sedna, the sea spirit, or Agloolik, the god that can hurt boats by biting them or helps wanderers at sea. They also hunted small amounts of big game instead of lots of small game, so this influenced the thought that all animals had a soul equal to that of a human. These thought influences rituals and prayers common in the Inuit religion. (David Suh)

http://goo.gl/kRhy58

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The Creeks lived in villages of single family houses next to small rivers, which had palisades, or walls for protection against attacks. (Ryan)

http://goo.gl/GjGk9P

The tribe built houses with plaster and bamboo walls, along with thatched roofs made out of grass and straw. Since the climate in the Southeast was generally very warm, the thatched roofs and river-cane walls were ideal for acting as an insulator, keeping the interior of the house cool. The thatched roofs were also waterproof, making them useful for keeping the rain seeping in, which was a part of the common climate in the region. (Sia)

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(Visuals-Sia)
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The term " Five Civilized Tribes" derives from the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States. It refers to five Native American nations-the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole. These are the first five tribes that European Americans generally considered to be "civilized". Examples of colonial attributes adopted by these five tribes, which led European Americans to label them civilized, include Christianity, centralized governments, literacy in English, market participation, written constitutions, intermarriage with white Americans, and plantation slavery practices.[citation needed ] The Five Civilized Tribes tended to maintain stable political relations with the European Americans.

The term has been criticized for its ethnocentric definition of civilization. The population currently living in Oklahoma are referred to as the Five Tribes of Oklahoma.

The Five "Civilized" Tribes were indigenous peoples of the Americas who lived in the Southeastern United States. Most were descendants of what is now called the Mississippian culture, an agrarian culture that grew crops of corn and beans, with hereditary religious and political elites. The Mississippian Culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500. Before European contact these tribes were generally matrilineal societies. Agriculture was the primary economic pursuit. The bulk of the tribes lived in towns (some covering hundreds of acres and populated with thousands of people). These communities regulated their space with planned streets, subdivided into residential and public areas. Their system of government was hereditary. Chiefdoms were of varying size and complexity, with high levels of military organization.

George Washington and Henry Knox implemented a policy of cultural transformation in relation to Native Americans. The Cherokee and Choctaw tended, in turn, to adopt and appropriate certain cultural aspects of the federation of colonies. At the time of the Declaration of Independence, the culture of the United States as a nation was, itself, emergent. Many of the cultural practices appropriated by The Five Tribes were ones that they found useful.

In the early part of the 19th century, the U.S. government initiated a displacement of the existing societies living east of the Mississippi River, including The Five Tribes, to lands west of the river. This federally legislated displacement initiative, dubbed the Indian Removal, forced a significant number of the Five Tribes to Indian Territory in other parts of the North American continent over several decades, many to what later became Oklahoma Territory. The most infamous removal was the Cherokee Trail of Tears of 1838, when President Martin Van Buren enforced the contentious Treaty of New Echota with the Cherokee Nation.

During the American Civil War, the politics of the Five Tribes were divergent. The Choctaw and Chickasaw fought predominantly alongside the Confederates while the Seminole fought alongside the Union. The Cherokee fought a civil war within their own nation between the majority Confederates and the minority, pro-Union camps. Despite attempts to remain neutral, the Creek were attacked by Confederate forces in the first three battles fought in Indian Territory. Creeks eventually fought both for the Union and for the Confederacy. As an element in Reconstruction after the Civil War, new Reconstruction Treaties were signed with the indigenous nations that had entered into treaties with the Confederate States of America.

Once the tribes had been relocated to Indian Territory, the United States government promised that their lands would be free of white settlement. Some settlers violated that with impunity, even before 1893, when the government opened the " Cherokee Strip" to outside settlement in the Oklahoma Land Run. In 1907, the Oklahoma Territory and the Indian Territory were merged to form the state of Oklahoma. Relative to other states, all Five Tribes are represented in significant numbers in the population of Oklahoma today.

Experiment of "civilizing"

Washington promulgated a doctrine that held that American Indians were biologically equals, but that their society was inferior. He formulated and implemented a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, which Thomas Jefferson continued. The noted Andrew Jackson historian Robert Remini wrote "they presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans. Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The government appointed agents, like Benjamin Hawkins, to live among Indians and to encourage them, through example and instruction, to live like whites. The tribes of the southeast adopted Washington's policy as they established schools, took up yeoman farming practices, converted to Christianity, and built homes similar to those of their colonial neighbors.

How different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended. But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America - This opinion is probably more convenient than just.

-  Henry Knox, Notes to George Washington from Henry Knox.

The Cherokee, (; Cherokee: ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ, romanized: Aniyvwiyaʔi) are people of the Southeastern United States, principally upland Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. They speak an Iroquoian language. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were.

Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) have headquarters in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The UKB are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers", Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817. They are related to the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is on the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina, and are descendants of those who resisted or avoided relocation. In addition, there are numerous Cherokee heritage groups throughout the United States, such as the satellite communities sponsored by the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee tribe is the largest tribe in the nation, having 729,533 members.

The Chickasaw are Indian people of the United States who originally resided along the Tennessee River and other parts of Tennessee, west of present-day Huntsville, Alabama, parts of Mississippi and the southwest side of Kentucky. They spoke some French and some English. Some historians credit the Chickasaws' intervention in the French and Indian War on the side of the British as decisive in ensuring that the United States became an English-speaking nation. Originating further west, the Chickasaw moved east of the Mississippi River long before European contact. All historical records indicate the Chickasaw lived in northeastern Mississippi from the first European contact until they were forced to remove to Oklahoma, where most now live. They are related to the Choctaws, who speak a similar language, both forming the Western Group of the Muskogean languages. "Chickasaw" is the English spelling of Chikasha ( Muskogee pronunciation: ), that either means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa". The Chickasaw are divided in two groups: the "Impsaktea" and the "Intcutwalipa". The Chickasaws were one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" who went to the Indian Territory during the era of Indian Removal. Unlike other tribes, who exchanged land grants, the Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River. The Chickasaw Nation is the thirteenth largest federally recognized tribe in the United States. The Chickasaws built some of the first banks, schools, and businesses in Indian territory. They also signed a treaty with the Southern United States during the Civil War and brought troops to fight for the Confederates.

The Choctaw are an Indian people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama and, to a lesser extent, Louisiana). There were about 20,000 members of this tribe when they were forced to move to Indian territory. Many of them did not survive. They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The word Choctaw (also rendered as Chahta, Chato, Tchakta, and Chocktaw) is possibly a corruption of the Spanish chato, meaning flattened, in allusion to the tribe's custom of flattening the heads of infants. Noted anthropologist John Swanton, however, suggests that the name belonged to a Choctaw leader. They were descended from people of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout the Mississippi River valley. The early Spanish explorers, according to the historian Walter Lee Williams, encountered their ancestors. Although smaller Choctaw groups are located in the southern region, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians are the two primary Choctaw associations. This tribe was predominantly farmers (like most Indians were at the time) until they were removed from their land. They have grown substantially since the Trail of Tears and there are currently about 231,000 members, making the Choctaw the third largest Native American population in the United States. The capital of the Choctaw Nation is currently located in Tuskahoma, Oklahoma.

The Creek, or Muscogee, are originally from Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and Alabama. They resided there from approximately 1500 AD until they were forcibly displaced by the American Government in the early 19th century. Mvskoke is their name in traditional spelling. The Muscogee Creek tribe was not one tribe but a group of several, each of which had their own distinct land. Starting in 1836, the American government forced them to travel west of the Mississippi along with the other civilized tribes to "Indian territory". About 20,000 Muscogee members were forced to walk the Trail of Tears, the same amount as the Choctaws. Modern Muscogee live primarily in Oklahoma, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Their language, , is a member of the Creek branch of the Muskogean language family. The Seminole are related to the Muscogee and speak a Creek language as well.

Federally recognized Creek tribes included the Muscogee Creek Nation, Poarch Band of Creek Indians in Alabama, Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Kialegee Tribal Town, Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.

The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida and now residing in Florida and Oklahoma. The Seminole nation came into existence in the 18th century and was composed of renegade and outcast Native Americans from Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama, most significantly the Creek Nation, as well as African Americans who escaped from slavery in South Carolina and Georgia. While roughly 3,000 Seminoles were forced west of the Mississippi River, including the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, who picked up new members along the way, approximately 300 to 500 Seminoles stayed and fought in and around the Everglades of Florida. In a series of United States wars against the Seminoles in Florida, about 1,500 U.S. soldiers died. The Seminoles never surrendered to the US government, and consequently the Seminole of Florida call themselves the "Unconquered People". Federally recognized Seminole tribes today include the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma and Seminole Tribe of Florida. For about twenty years after the move to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), the Seminoles refused to live with the Muscogee Creek tribe or under their Government until they finally reached an agreement with the Government to sign a treaty and live with them. The Seminoles favored the North during the Civil War and remained loyal to the Union and proceeded to move north into Kansas.

The term "civilized" has historically been used to distinguish the Five Tribes from other Native American groups that were formerly often referred to as "wild" or "savage". Texts written by non-indigenous scholars and writers have used words like "savage" and "wild" to identify Indian groups that retained their traditional cultural practices after European contact. As a consequence of evolving attitudes toward ethnocentric word usage and more rigorous ethnographical standards, the term "Five Civilized Tribes" is rarely used in contemporary academic publications.

The word "civilized" was used by whites to refer to the Five Tribes, who, during the 18th and early 19th centuries, actively integrated Anglo-American customs into their own cultures. Sociologists, anthropologists, and interdisciplinary scholars alike are interested in how and why these native peoples assimilated certain features of the alien culture of the white settlers who were encroaching on their lands. The historian Steve Brandon asserts that this "adaptation and incorporation of aspects of white culture" was a tactic employed by the Five Nations peoples to resist removal from their lands. While the term "Five Civilized Tribes" has been institutionalized in federal government policy to the point that the US Congress passed laws using the name, the Five Nations themselves have been less accepting of it in formal matters, and some members have declared that grouping the different peoples under this label is effectively another form of colonization and control by white society. Other modern scholars have suggested that the very concept of "civilization" was internalized by individuals who belonged to the Five Nations, but because much of Native North American history has been communicated by oral tradition, little scholarly research has been done to substantiate this.

In present-day commentary on Native American cultures, the term "civilized" is contentious and not commonly used in academic literature. Some commentators, including the Indian activist Vine Deloria, Jr., have asserted that it is demeaning and implies that the indigenous peoples of the North American continent were "uncivilized" before their contact with the habits, customs, and beliefs of Anglo-American settlers. The term is based on the assumption that different peoples possess objective "degrees" of civilization that may be assessed and raises the question of just what qualities define "civilization". Consequently, it is considered a judgmental term whose meaning is dependent on the user's perspective, and thus best avoided.

1. Clinton, Fred S. ^ Oklahoma Indian History, from The Tulsa World. The Indian School Journal, Volume 16, Number 4, 1915, page 175-187.

2. ^ "Five Civilized Tribes". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2014-12-28.

3. ^ "The Native People of North America: Southeast Culture Area". Archived from the original on 2012-09-27.

4. Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"". Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-8203-2731-X.

5. "Muscogee (Creek) Nation". Muscogeenation-nsn.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-10-08.

6. Remini, Robert (1998) [1977]. "The Reform Begins". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 201. ISBN 0-9650631-0-7.

7. Moser, George W. ^ A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10. (retrieved 26 June 2009)

8. ^ Mooney, James (1900). Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. 393: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4286-4864-7.

9. ^ William L. Anderson; Ruth Y. Wetmore; John L. Bell (2006). "Cherokee Indians - Part 5: Trail of Tears and the creation of the Eastern Band of Cherokees | NCpedia". Encyclopedia of North Carolina www.ncpedia.org. State Library of North Carolina.

10. {{cite web|url=^ https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2008/nativetrends/tables/table_1_3.asp

11. ^ Jesse Burt & Bob Ferguson (1973). "The Removal". Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now. Abingdon Press, Nashville and New York. pp. 170-173. ISBN 0-687-18793-1.

12. ^ Foreman, Grant 1971. "The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole" (Civilization of the American Indian)

13. ^ Frederick Webb Hodge (1907). ... Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: A-M. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 288.

14. ^ Horatio Bardwell Cushman (1899). History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians. Headlight printing house. p. 564.

15. ^ Swanton, John (1931). Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians. The University of Alabama Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-8173-1109-2.

16. ^ Williams, Walter (1979). "Southeastern Indians before Removal, Prehistory, Contact, Decline". Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 7-10.

17. ^ Transcribed documents Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives

18. ^ "Seminole History". DOS.Myflorida.com. Florida Department of State. 2016. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016.

19. ^ Thomas Donaldson; Fletcher Meredith; John Davidson; John W. Lane (1894). Revised by editors of the United States Census Office. 11th Census, 1890 (ed.). Indians : the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory: The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Nations. United States Census Printing Office. p. 7.

20. ^ Robert M. Lewis (21 January 2008). "Wild American Savages and the Civilized English: Catlin's Indian Gallery and the Shows of London". European Journal of American Studies. 3 (3-1): 13, 15. doi:10.4000/ejas.2263. ISSN 1991-9336.

21. ^ University of Arkansas staff (January 10, 2019). "The term "Five Civilized Tribes"". University of Arkansas Libraries. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019.

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The term " Five Civilized Tribes" derives from the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States. It refers to five Native American nations-the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole. These are the first five tribes that European Americans generally considered to be "civilized".

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The Algonquin Indians believed in animism, the belief that the physical world is closely connected to the spiritual world. Instead of divine beings or gods, they believed in spirits that encompassed their day to day life. (Chris Lee)

http://goo.gl/tpJonz

Major gods/spirits:

Gluskap (The Creator)

Kitcki Manitou (The Great Spirit)

Michabo (The Great Hare)

Nokomis (Grandmother)

(Jamie Shin)

http://goo.gl/Lg02mJ

The Algonquin Indian tribe believed that there was a spiritual world that interacted with the world. They believed that the spiritual world and gave them animals and food. They also believed that hero spirits taught them all the skills in order to survive and the good spirits helped the good and punished the bad. The abundance of corn and beans made them to believe that the spirits were sending them those resources. (Lara Kim)

http://goo.gl/qrYYjz

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The Algonquins built houses called “Wigwam Homes”, otherwise known as birchbark houses. The name came from the word for ‘house’ in the Abenaki tribe, which is ‘Wigwam’. They were made with sheets of birchbark and covered with woven sheets and reach up to 8-10 feet tall. They were either cone-shaped, dome-shaped, or rectangular shaped. (Jamie Shin)

http://goo.gl/hFpG3

The curved surfaces of the wigwam made them an ideal shelter in many different types of climates and even the worst of weather conditions. Wigwams helped with their semi-nomadic life, because it allowed the Algonquin to move houses seasonally. The wigwams would create space for them to live and farm in the summer and to chase game during the winter. (Chris Lee)

http://goo.gl/JYk8TY

<Visual: Lara Kim>

http://goo.gl/UatzSx

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In the arctic tundra there is not many material to build houses. There are no trees, so it would be nearly impossible to build wood houses unless the wood was imported from somewhere else. Because of this, many houses were made out of ice blocks (these were called igloos) or were made out of animal hide stretched against a bone frame. (Minyoung Huh)

http://goo.gl/O9YpFu

The cold climate of the tundra made it hard for plant life to flourish, making things like wood and mud scarce and hard to find. Therefore, the Inuits made igloos out of ice and snow that kept them warm in the summer, and made huts out of animal leather and bones in the summer. (David Suh)

<Visual: Eula Kim>

https://goo.gl/Wcexcx

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Community of igluit (Illustration from Charles Francis Hall's Arctic Researches and Life Among the Esquimaux, 1865)

Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit, they were traditionally used only by the people of Canada's Central Arctic and the Qaanaaq area of Greenland. Other Inuit tended to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed from whalebone and hides.

Snow is used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), but on the inside, the temperature may range from −7 to 16 °C (19 to 61 °F) when warmed by body heat alone.

Inuit building an igloo (1924)

In the Inuit languages the word iglu (plural igluit) can be used for a house or home built of any material. The word is not restricted exclusively to snowhouses (called specifically igluvijaq, plural igluvijait), but includes traditional tents, sod houses, homes constructed of driftwood and modern buildings. Outside Inuit culture, however, igloo refers exclusively to shelters constructed from blocks of compacted snow, generally in the form of a dome.

Several Inuit language dialects throughout the Canadian Arctic ( Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut, Kivalliq, North Baffin) use iglu for all buildings, including snowhouses, and it is the term used by the Government of Nunavut. An exception to this is the dialect used in the Igloolik region of Nunavut. Iglu is used for other buildings, while igluvijaq, (plural igluvijait, Inuktitut syllabics: ) is specifically used for a snowhouse.

Interior of an igloo (early 1900s)

There are three traditional types of igloos. Each has a different size from small to large and is used for a different purpose.

The smallest-sized igloos are constructed as temporary shelters. They are usually used for one or two nights, and therefore, are easier to build. On rare occasions these small types of igloos are used during hunting trips which are often on open sea ice.

Intermediate-sized igloos were for semi-permanent, family dwelling. This was usually a single room dwelling that housed one or two families. Often there were several of these in a small area, which formed an Inuit village.

The largest-sized igloos were normally built in groups of two. One of the buildings was a temporary structure built for special occasions, while the other one was built nearby for living. These large igloos could have up to five rooms and house 20 people. A large igloo could be constructed from several smaller igloos attached by their tunnels, giving common access to the outside. These large igloos were used to hold community feasts and traditional dances.

Film clip of the construction of an igloo from beginning to end (1922)

Snow igloos are not spherical, but are built in a catenary, a curved shape more closely resembling a paraboloid. Using this shape, the stresses of snow as it ages and compresses are less likely to cause it to buckle because in an inverted paraboloid or catenoid the pressures are nearer to being exclusively compressive.

The individual snow bricks are cut out of the ground with saws and machete-like blades. They are originally cut out in a four-sided shape. However, later the snow bricks are often cut into five- or six-sided shapes to increase structural interlocking, similar to the stones used in the Inca Empire.

Igloos gradually become shorter with time due to the compressive creep of the snow.

The snow used to build an igloo must have enough structural strength to be cut and stacked appropriately. The best snow to use for this purpose is snow which has been blown by wind, which can serve to compact and interlock the ice crystals. Snow that has settled gently to the ground in still weather is not useful. The hole left in the snow, where the blocks are cut, is usually used as the lower half of the shelter.

Snow's insulating properties enable the inside of the igloo to remain relatively warm. In some cases, a single block of clear freshwater ice is inserted to allow light into the igloo. Igloos used as winter shelters had beds made of loose snow, skins, and caribou furs. Sometimes, a short tunnel is constructed at the entrance, to reduce wind and heat loss when the door is opened. Animal skins or a snow block can be used as a door.

The igloo is architecturally unique in that it is a dome that can be raised out of independent blocks leaning on each other and polished to fit without an additional supporting structure during construction. An igloo that is built correctly will support the weight of a person standing on the roof.

Traditionally, an igloo might be deliberately consolidated immediately after construction by making a large flame with a kudlik ( qulliq, stone lamp), briefly making the interior very hot, which causes the walls to melt slightly and settle. Body heat is also adequate, although slower. This melting and refreezing builds up a layer of ice that contributes to the strength of the igloo.

The sleeping platform is a raised area. Because warmer air rises and cooler air settles, the entrance area acts as a cold trap whereas the sleeping area will hold whatever heat is generated by a stove, lamp, body heat, or other device. The Central Inuit, especially those around the Davis Strait, lined the living area with skin, which could increase the temperature within from around 2 °C (36 °F) to 10-20 °C (50-68 °F).

1. ^ "Iglu". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2019-08-27.

2. ^ "Reconstructing traditional Inuit house forms using three-dimensional interactive computer modelling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-26.

3. ^ "About the Flag and Coat of Arms". Gov.nu.ca. 1999-04-01. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07.

4. ^ Inuinnaqtun English Dictionary. Cambridge Bay, Nunavut: Nunavut Arctic College, 1996.

5. ^ Handy, Richard L. (Dec 1973). "The Igloo and the Natural Bridge as Ultimate Structures" (PDF). Arctic. Arctic Institute of North America. 26 (4): 276-277. doi:10.14430/arctic2926. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.

6. ^ Roald Amundsen (1908). "Chapter 8". The North West Passage, being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gyöa" 1903-1907. Vol. 2. London, Constable. p. 1-14. (a Norwegian observer's account of the building a family's winter igloo, not a short-term hunting one, by Atikleura and Nalungia, Netsilik Inuit)

7. ^ Amundsen, Roald (1908). "3". The North West Passage, being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gyöa" 1903-1907;. Vol. 1. London, Constable. p. 145. We were inexperienced at that time, and did not know that the hut ought to be heated inside in order to consolidate it.

8. ^ "What house-builders can learn from igloos, 2008, Dan Cruickshank, BBC". . 2008-04-02. Archived from the original on 2009-03-11.

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Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit, they were traditionally used only by the people of Canada's Central Arctic and the Qaanaaq area of Greenland. Other Inuit tended to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed from whalebone and hides. Snow is used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator.

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http://www.bookdrum.com/images/books/82291_o.png

(Cristy)

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http://goo.gl/S3LLmd

(Cristy)

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http://goo.gl/mjDF1Q

(Cristy)

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Popular foods among the Inuits are seals, whales, fish and walruses.(Minyoung Huh)

http://goo.gl/O9YpFu

There are not many plants and they were unable to farm in the cold regions where the Inuits live. Because of this, the Inuits appetite mainly consists of seals, fish, whales, and walruses. The Inuit's food had to be fatty to give them the energy they needed for the cold. (Eula Kim)

<Visual: David Suh>

http://goo.gl/OywI5L

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http://goo.gl/H8nzHz (Cristy)

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Southern Quebec and Eastern Ontario, Canada (Jamie Shin)

http://goo.gl/Rru6AF

<Visual: Chris Lee>

http://goo.gl/prwVDP

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The Inuits are in Northern Alaska, Canada, Siberia, and Greenland. They mostly lived in a harsh tundra climate. (Eula Kim)

The main materials used to create home such as wood and mud were very rare, so they made warm homes out of ice and snow for the winter, and stretched animal leather over animal bones for the summer. They hunted animals such as seal and whale because the harsh climate of the tundra did not allow for any agriculture. Despite the harsh conditions, they used dogsleds to move long distances because the dogs were resistant to the cold. The northern areas have a lot of activity in the coastal areas, so they made single-person hunting boats and kayaks, as well as faster transport boats called umiaqs. (David Suh)

<Visual: Minyoung Huh>

http://goo.gl/ZQED3D

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Women wore skirts and shirts made out of deerskin. Men wore deerskin pants and shirts.

In winter, they wore moccasins to keep them warm.(Rin)

Picture: Ashley

http://goo.gl/SP6IPt

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•They lived in a tepee that is made from long wooden poles and covered with bison hides and the poles were tied together at the top and spread wide at the bottom to make the shape of an upside down cone. (Christy) http://goo.gl/h5S8OQ

_____________________________________

• They make tepees because then it is easy to move around following animals such as buffalo herds. (Calvin)

http://goo.gl/Tzlicg

(Aron-Picture)-https://goo.gl/pYWgGZ

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https://goo.gl/GHw6PP-(Calvin)

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(Calvin)-http://goo.gl/JUblIv

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During the time they had expanded their skill in basket weaving, they had made homes in high mesas and in the natural hollowed-out caves found in the bases of canyons. These homes were made out of adobes, and most of the times the houses were many stories high. Some could be 4 or 5 stories high. Pueblos, the name of the houses, mostly had ladders in order for people to enter the house. At night, the owners of the pueblos would bring the ladder in the house in order to prevent intruders from entering. (Rachel)

The temperature in their region was very hot and so they had lots of clay. One of the only things they had a lot of was clay so, they used clay to make houses. Clay is also easy to put together because they stick together. Also this region has a hot temperature which makes the clay stick together faster and dry fast. (Tiffany)

(Visual-Richie)

http://goo.gl/ajtjKk

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http://goo.gl/PKxnRk-Calvin

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The Algonquin Indians hunted animals such as moose, deer, mice, fish, and farmed/harvested food such as berries, wild plants, corn, and squash. (Jamie Shin)

http://goo.gl/QbD56b

The Algonquin Indians adapted to their environment by building special types of houses that let them survive in the harsh weather conditions. They hunted animals and lived by rivers so fishing would be easier. Because of the cold weather and abundance of snow, they couldn't plant various types of crops, and had to trade in order to get them. They would collect berries and wild plants. The Algonquins also used animal hide for clothes, and made thick clothing like moccasins for the winter. The Algonquin Indians boiled and  smoked on fire the meat they hunted. (Lara Kim)

http://goo.gl/zAzPs7

<Visual: Chris Lee>

http://goo.gl/Duy0h1

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http://goo.gl/Ca9O0i- Calvin

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Pemmican Beef Jerky is now touting the words "New Style" on the top of their packages. I figured I'd buy a bag and write a review.

The New Style comes after a year since The Marfrig Group bought the Pemmican brand from ConAgra in July of 2008. The Marfrig Group is a Brazilian-based company better known in the meat snack industry as the parent company of Mirab USA, the largest beef jerky private labeler. Mirab makes jerky for hundreds of brands, mostly retail stores.

The New Style is actually the same style and recipe that Mirab already makes for their private label customers. Since they're already geared up to make this specific formulation, switching Pemmican over eliminates the costs of continuing the old recipe while acquiring the thousands of distribution channels that ConAgra had already established.

The old ConAgra style and recipe looked like cuts of steak, but was somewhat oily to the touch, and quite soft to the point of being mushy. Read my older review of Pemmican's Teriyaki Jerky to find out what it used to be like.

Ingredients

Beef, water, sugar, salt, garlic powder, maltodextrin, monosodium glutamate, black pepper powder, apple cider vinegar, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium erythorbate, citric acid, sodium nitrite.

The first thing I taste from the surface of these pieces is a light sweetness, and a light saltiness.

The chewing flavor continues on with pretty much the same.

The flavor that seems to dominate this jerky is a combination of light sweet and light saltiness. There actually isn't much other flavor in this.

I don't really pick up any natural meat flavors. There's a tiny bit of tanginess in the chewing, perhaps from the apple cider vinegar. And the black pepper powder listed in the ingredients doesn't really show up on its own.

The old Pemmican Jerky had more meat flavor, but not a natural meat flavor. It used to have a flavor that resembled liver, though it appeared to be slices of whole meat. This Mirab recipe doesn't have any meat flavor at all. I wasn't much of a fan of the old ConAgra recipe, and not much of the Mirab recipe either.

I've had this same Mirab product many times before under other brands, hence writing this specific review is like rewriting the same review over and over again but arranging the words differently. But I'm writing this again because Pemmican is such a well-known brand and people want to know why their favorite jerky has changed.

Meat Consistency

These are slices of whole meat, sliced to a medium thickness, and in small pieces.

This is a dry jerky, with a dry surface feel. However, that will vary depending on the freshness. At its freshest, it starts out semi-moist with a semi-moist feel, and as it sits on store shelves for several months it dries out. This review sample is probably about six months old, considering it has another six months before the expiration date.

The pieces have a woody texture on the surface, and don't have much flexibility. Any amount of bending will cause it to crack. Tearing pieces apart seems easy to do, and chewing ranges from easy to moderate.

The chewing texture starts out with feeling rough and woody, but pliable. Due to being in the mid-point of its freshness, it seems to crack and crumble apart. It chews down to a soft mass quickly, and at that point it's mostly crumbly, not at all steak-like. When I've had the fresher, semi-moist Mirab jerky, it found it the opposite, being mushy.

I don't see any bits of fat on this jerky, nor any gristle or tendon. I didn't find anything stringy either.

In terms of clean eating, I don't pick up any residue on my fingertips, but I do get quite a bit of tiny bits falling off as I bite off pieces.

Snack Value

I paid $5.99 for this 3.25oz package at an Albertson's grocery store in Menifee, CA. That works out to a price of $1.84 per ounce.

For general jerky snacking purposes, at the $1.84 price per ounce, it provides a weak value. I don't get any snackability from this, even though the price is right on the mark with most major brands of jerky found in grocery stores.

I'm giving this a fair rating.

The "New Style" from Pemmican Beef Jerky is actually the same old style and recipe that Mirab USA uses for much of its private labeled whole muscle jerky. Granted this review sample I picked up from the grocery store appears to be at its mid-point of freshness, it's not very enjoyable.

However, I've had more fresh jerky from Mirab that still seemed tolerable, though still not very snackable, and hence received two-ratings from me under brands like Big Ben's Beef Jerky and Tony Stewart's Original.

There's very little flavor in this jerky, mostly a light sweet and a light saltiness, and it doesn't chew like real meat at all, it's either crumbly or its mushy, depending on the freshness. Otherwise, there's a "factory smell" in this that does more to hurt its snackability. If Mirab addressed that it would help make this more tolerable.

My recommended beer pairing is any kind of strong flavored ale, like an IPA.

Rating:

Fair

Buy this online:

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The world's most comprehensive listings of beef jerky reviews. Over 800 beef jerky reviews listed here.

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The Algonquin lived in Northern climates, with harsh weather in the summers. This limited their farming to only some seasons. They would lead a semi-nomadic life. There were large game for the Algonquin to hunt. (Chris Lee)

http://goo.gl/ZGgEP

The Algonquins adapted to their environment by building special types of houses that let them survive in the harsh weather conditions. They hunted animals and lived by rivers so fishing would be easier. Only rarely did the troops grow corn and squash, but they would collect berries and wild plants. The Algonquins also used animal hide for clothes, and made thick clothing like moccasins for the winter. (Jamie Shin)

http://goo.gl/Rru6AF

<Visual: Lara Kim>

https://goo.gl/U1HQYE

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The men in the Creek tribe wore breechcloths and leather leggings and the woman normally wore wraparound skirts and mantles made of deerskin or woven fiber. All members of the tribe wore moccasins made of leather. (Ben)

Due to the hot weather of the southeast, the Creeks wore clothing that allowed for ventilation.  They needed clothing that would be adequate for humid areas, and the abundance of deer in their environment surrounding them allowed for the use of deerskin for their clothes. (Sia)

https://goo.gl/ZnfK3V
https://goo.gl/vzebF1

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The Creeks were farmers, fishers, and hunters.

Their lands allowed the men to go hunting and they would also go fishing in the multiple rivers they had.

The women would stay in the tribe’s territory and farm crops that were suitable for the lands, such as corn.

They would also raise livestock such as cows and pigs.

http://goo.gl/pUjgO8 (Info)
(Info - Ryan)
http://goo.gl/kLNP9F(Image)
https://goo.gl/SSxGqt(Image)
(Visual - Ben)

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http://goo.gl/1ptdZF Pictures-Aron

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Since the climate in the southeast was generally warm and humid with a high amount of precipitation, farming was one of the main source of food for the Creeks. They built villages along the rivers that the region provided and created canals as their main irrigation system to assist in growing crops like corn, beans, and squash. The abundance of rivers also supplied the Creeks with food and water, and the resources around them were used to make their shelter and clothing. (Sia)

http://goo.gl/Txa2D
http://goo.gl/VTft5u
https://goo.gl/ZXfVZM

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Wakonda-The spirit power

Maka-god of all living things.

Skan-source of force and power and also the judge of gods and spirits.

Wi-god of bravery, fortitude, generosity, and fidelity.

Hanwi- god who set the time for important undertakings.

Tate- god who controlled the seasons

Whope-the patron of harmony and pleasure.

Guardian Spirit-Help to each the spiritual world.

Sharman-God who cures the sick

Subordinate Gods-Stars, Buffaloes

Iktomi-Evil God

Wakantanka-Chief God/the Great Spirit/the Creator and the Executive.

(Link for gods-(http://goo.gl/gid5JR))(Aron)_________________________________ •The Dakota tribe followed animals and moved from summer to winter feeding ground, and they believed that all of the animals, plants, and human were provided from MotherEarth. They also believed that all living thing had spiritual power, or "wakan," this spirit came from one universal source, the Great Spirit or Wakan Tanka. http://goo.gl/yaSUqS

(Christy)

______________________________________

The Dakotas believe in many gods and spirits, they are polytheistic. They thought they could obtain supernatural powers and believed that their existence came from a specific place. They believed that they came from a cave in the Minnesota River Valley. (Calvin)

http://goo.gl/4hRC7h

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Women wore long deerskin or elk skin dresses. Man wore Breechcloths with leather leggings and buckskin shirts. They also wore moccasins and buffalo-hide robes in bad weathers. (Calvin)

http://goo.gl/TvfNIc

____________________________________

• Since North Dakota is very cold on the winter, people would wear thick buffalo clothings and deer-skin shoes, known as moccasins. On the summer days, however, men would wear breechcloths with leather leggings, as they would run in the hot, moist, climate. Women would wear deerskin or elk skin dresses. All of these leather required for clothing would be found in the plains, as there are plenty of animals in North Dakota. (Aron)

http://goo.gl/GD0Frl

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In south west it is very humid and very cold at night. Very safe to travel at night. (Richie)

The Pueblo were normally nomadic hunters/gatherers but gradually became farmers. They still hunted but the Pueblo went deeper into agriculture. They grew corn, squash, beans, and maize. They also bred turkeys. Due to their involvement in farming, they developed complex irrigation systems in order to water their crops. They used the resources around them to survive, such as using the mud and straw in the canyon. Since in the winter, it was hard to farm, they fished and ate the stored nuts and the fruits from cacti which was foraged in the fall. (Rachel) (Visual-Tiffany) https://goo.gl/3ZJwMz

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The men would usually hunt fishes and meat such as buffaloes, elks, and deers on the great plain. Women would take crops such as corn, potatoes, berries, and more, as the climate is moist and hot during the summer days in North Dakota. On the winter, they would eat from the supplies they have been saving up before winter, as the winter is very cold and snowy, not allowing them to hunt and farm. (Aron)

http://goo.gl/GD0Frl

• (The mostly eat beef) buffalo (especially), elk, and deer, corn, chokecherry (Christy)

http://goo.gl/zMtEXr

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Calvin Lee, Cristy Youn, Jeong Hyun (Aron) Cha

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Ashley Choi, Rin Kishimoto, Dowhan Kim

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David Suh, Eula Kim, Minyoung Huh

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Benjamin Seefeld Smith, Ryan Kim, Sia Cho

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Samuel Chung, Teddy Cho, Hannah Kim

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Jamie Shin, Lara Kim, Chris Lee