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Macbeth is a play full of antitheses, of pairs of opposing themes. The opening scene announces the central opposition - between good and evil.

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Macbeth is a play full of antitheses, of pairs of opposing themes. The opening scene announces the central opposition - between good and evil.

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(I, i, 12) "Fair is foul, and foul is fair": a world under the influence of dark, supernatural forces, where good and evil are utterly confused.

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(I, i, 12) "Fair is foul, and foul is fair": a world under the influence of dark, supernatural forces, where good and evil are utterly confused.

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(I, iii, 129-139) Macbeth observes that the witches prophecy "cannot be ill, cannot be good": again, good and evil are in a disarray

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(I, iii, 129-139) Macbeth observes that the witches prophecy "cannot be ill, cannot be good": again, good and evil are in a disarray

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(IV, ii, 73-75) Lady Macduff, when advised to escape, reflects about living in a "world where to do harm is often laudable, to do good sometime accounted dangerous folly": there is no moral guidance, no certainty in this world.

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(IV, ii, 73-75) Lady Macduff, when advised to escape, reflects about living in a "world where to do harm is often laudable, to do good sometime accounted dangerous folly": there is no moral guidance, no certainty in this world.

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Scottish King Macbeth as evil tyrant juxtaposed to English King Edward as a figure of supreme goodness.

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Scottish King Macbeth as evil tyrant juxtaposed to English King Edward as a figure of supreme goodness.

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(V, ix, 39) Ultimately, goodness triumphs over evil; Malcolm promises to do good "by the grace of Grace", in the name of God. 

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(V, ix, 39) Ultimately, goodness triumphs over evil; Malcolm promises to do good "by the grace of Grace", in the name of God. 

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The need for order was a fundamental idea in the Elizabethan worldview. It was believed that everyone had a fixed place in a "Great Chain of Being", which extended from God right down to the lowest forms of life.

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The need for order was a fundamental idea in the Elizabethan worldview. It was believed that everyone had a fixed place in a "Great Chain of Being", which extended from God right down to the lowest forms of life.

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“Duncan’s horses beauteous and swift, the minions of their race, turn’d wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, contending ‘gainst obedience, as they would make war with mankind” : with the horse supposed to being beautiful and the best of their race, the order in his play is shown. On the other hand, the horse is characterized as wild and not listening to Duncan’s orders. This shows the disorder.

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“Sit, worthy friends.” order: Macbeth is very polite to his guests.
Contrastive to this, as it becomes apparent when he talks to the appearing ghost, his maybe even mental disorder is pictured. (“To all, and him, we thirst, and all to all.”)

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In a world where the king has absolute, God-given authority, rebellion is regarded as sacrilege and is automatically punishable by death.

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In a world where the king has absolute, God-given authority, rebellion is regarded as sacrilege and is automatically punishable by death.

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"he confess'd his treasons, Implor'd your highness' pardon, and set forth A deep repentance" His punishment for being a traitor is death. He confesses his guiltyness in hope of not being killed.

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In the begining of Act I Scene VII Macbeth is unsure if he wants to kill King Duncan. He said also, that Duncan didnt use all his allowed power. But in the end of this scene Macbeth and lady Macbeth decided to kill him without exceptions and fails.

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“Behold, where stands th’usurper’s cursed head” (l.20-21)
“Of this dead butcher, and his fiend-like Queen, who, as ‘its thought, by self and violent hands took off her life;” (l. 35-37)
Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have ultimately both been punished for everything they have done (mainly the murders of King Duncan, Banquo and Macduff’s family). Macbeth is killed by Macduff, who turned his grief into anger and used it to seek revenge on Macbeth by taking his life.

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Throughout the play, appearances are constantly deceptive.

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Throughout the play, appearances are constantly deceptive.

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(I, vi) Duncan's praise of Macbeth's castle

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(I, vi) Duncan's praise of Macbeth's castle

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„the air is delicate“ (l.9), but in reality this is to be setting for devious murder. Duncan asks after Macbeth with his new life.

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(IV, i) vs. (V) The apparitions and their true meaning

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(IV, i) vs. (V) The apparitions and their true meaning

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One of the principal themes in Macbeth is the ways in which the natural order of the world is upset by unnatural actions.

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One of the principal themes in Macbeth is the ways in which the natural order of the world is upset by unnatural actions.

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(I, iii) Macbeth's description of the witches

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(I, iii) Macbeth's description of the witches

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(V, i) Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking as described by the doctor

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(V, i) Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking as described by the doctor

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Ambition can be a positive human quality, but in Macbeth we see the destructive effects of ambition when it is corrupted.

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Ambition can be a positive human quality, but in Macbeth we see the destructive effects of ambition when it is corrupted.

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(I, v) Lady Macbeth's evaluation of her husband's ambition

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(I, v) Lady Macbeth's evaluation of her husband's ambition

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She thinks her Husband is not eager enough to kill Duncan to be King. She thinks his nature "is too full o' th' milk of human kindness" (l.15 ff.).

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(V, iii) Macbeth reflects on the results of his "vaulting ambition"

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(V, iii) Macbeth reflects on the results of his "vaulting ambition"

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Macbeth is realising that his high and vaulting ambition might disseat him and might not have been good for him. --> "I am sick at heart, when i behold [...] This push Will cheer me ever, or disseat me now."

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Tyranny is always achieved and sustained with violence and Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most violent plays.

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Tyranny is always achieved and sustained with violence and Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most violent plays.

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The guilt felt by Macbeth and by Lady Macbeth is what makes their characters interesting and also the source of much of the play's dramatic tension.

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The guilt felt by Macbeth and by Lady Macbeth is what makes their characters interesting and also the source of much of the play's dramatic tension.

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The Witches' prophecies and Macbeth's reactions to them create the conflict in the play between destiny and free will.

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The Witches' prophecies and Macbeth's reactions to them create the conflict in the play between destiny and free will.

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The witches makes Macbeth to feel in false security
Act IV.1 L.80/81 " The power of man, for none of women born, shall harm Macbeth."
Maybe it is because they have done a false decission and don`t want to feel Macbeath to confident not getting killed by anyone.

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The concept of manliness is questioned throughout the play.

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The concept of manliness is questioned throughout the play.

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Equivocation - telling a half-truth so as to avoid actually lying - was a notion that had captured the public's imagination in Elizabethan England.

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Equivocation - telling a half-truth so as to avoid actually lying - was a notion that had captured the public's imagination in Elizabethan England.

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Violent deaths in the play: Macdonald, Duncan, ...

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Violent deaths in the play: Macdonald, Duncan, ...

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(IV, iii) Scotland suffering under Macbeth's rule

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(IV, iii) Scotland suffering under Macbeth's rule

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Bleed, bleed, poor country! Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure, For goodness dare not check thee (32-33)

Boundless Intemperance in nature is a tyranny; it hath been
th'untimely emptying of the happy throne, and fall of many kings (67-69)

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(II, ii) Macbeth's feelings of guilt immediately after the regicide

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(II, ii) Macbeth's feelings of guilt immediately after the regicide

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„One cried, „God bless us!“ and „Amen“, the other“ (p.34, l.27)

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„One cried, „God bless us!“ and „Amen“, the other“ (p.34, l.27)

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„I could not say „Amen“ (…). But wherefore could not I pronounce „Amen“? I had most need of blessing, and „Amen“ stuck in my throat.“ (p.35, ll.27-32)

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„I could not say „Amen“ (…). But wherefore could not I pronounce „Amen“? I had most need of blessing, and „Amen“ stuck in my throat.“ (p.35, ll.27-32)

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„I‘ll go no more; I am afraid to think what I have done. Look on‘t again I dare not“ (p.36, ll.49-51)

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„I‘ll go no more; I am afraid to think what I have done. Look on‘t again I dare not“ (p.36, ll.49-51)

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Macbeth feels for the victims & is ashamed of himself. He even feels that God is not besides him to support him. Furthermore, he is even afraid of himself

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Macbeth feels for the victims & is ashamed of himself. He even feels that God is not besides him to support him. Furthermore, he is even afraid of himself

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(V, i) Lady Macbeth overwhelmed by feelings of guilt

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(V, i) Lady Macbeth overwhelmed by feelings of guilt

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How concrete the Witches' prophecies are:

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How concrete the Witches' prophecies are:

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The prophecies are very concrete because they clearly are telling the audiance how the situation will appear and what will happen.
Act IV.1 L.92/93 "Macbeth shall never vanquish`d be, until ...."

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They always don`t make their decissions wiesly and don`t over think them. Maybe it is because they are not prpeared enough for them.
Act IV.2 "Time, thou [...] Come bring me where they are." (L.144-156)

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(IV, iii) Macduff finds out about his wife's and child's death: "dispute it like a man" - "feel it as a man" - "play the woman" - "this tune goes manly"

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(IV, iii) Macduff finds out about his wife's and child's death: "dispute it like a man" - "feel it as a man" - "play the woman" - "this tune goes manly"

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"dispute it like a man" (IV, iii , v.220)
"feel it as a man" (IV, iii , v.222)
"play the woman" (IV, iii , v.230)
"this tune goes manly" (IV, iii , v.236)

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(III, iv) Lady Macbeth's reaction when her husband breaks down the banquet

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(III, iv) Lady Macbeth's reaction when her husband breaks down the banquet

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(III, iv v.57)
"Are you a man?"
Lady Macbeth knows how to push her husband’s attitude toward the assassination of Duncan. Therefore, she directly ask him about his manhood, questioning his courage in order to manipulate him to kill Duncan.

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(I, iii) Banquo suspects the Witches of equivocation

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(I, iii) Banquo suspects the Witches of equivocation

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(V, v) Macbeth (too) late recognizes the equivocation of the Witches

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(V, v) Macbeth (too) late recognizes the equivocation of the Witches

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„Will these hands ne‘er be clean?“ (l.41)

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„Will these hands ne‘er be clean?“ (l.41)

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Violence and Tyranny go hand in hand in the play. As Macbeth becomes more of a tyran, his crimes become more violent and he shows less regrets. 

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Violence and Tyranny go hand in hand in the play. As Macbeth becomes more of a tyran, his crimes become more violent and he shows less regrets. 

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Lady Macbeth is overwhelmed by feelings of guilt since she sleepwalks & is talking about her guilt which she can‘t stand. 

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Lady Macbeth is overwhelmed by feelings of guilt since she sleepwalks & is talking about her guilt which she can‘t stand. 

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"The power of man, for none of woman born"(l.82"

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"The power of man, for none of woman born"(l.82"

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There were three prophecies and they gave Macbeth a false sense/feeling of condfidence  and pride because he now thinks of himself as undefeatable. He believed that the murders will never come back and that he will be the king for his entire life, but the prophecies came true and in the end he died.