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The Mexican Revolution- November 20, 1910

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The Mexican Revolution- November 20, 1910

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The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910, ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic. A number of groups, led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict.

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Relatives and friends wave goodbye to a train carrying 1,500 people being expelled from Los Angeles back to Mexico in 1931.

NY Daily News Archive/Getty Images

The Mexican Repatriation was a mass deportation of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans from the United States between 1929 and 1936. Estimates of how many were repatriated range from 400,000 to 2,000,000 (Wikipedia).

This followed the Wall Street crash of 1929, and resulting growth in nativist sentiment, exemplified by President Herbert Hoover's call for deportation and a series on the racial inferiority of Mexicans run by the Saturday Evening Post.

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On March 4, 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt became the 32nd president of the United States. It was the start of what became known as the New Deal.

This is the first page of FDR’s reading copy of his first inaugural address. To see the full document and much more related to FDR’s four inaugurations, visit the FDR Library website.

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1933 - FDR Takes Office
Avatar of Daniel Estevao
Daniel Estevao
3h
1933 - FDR Takes Office
On March 4, 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt became the 32nd president of the United States. It was the start of what became known as the New Deal.

This is the first page of FDR’s reading copy of his first inaugural address. To see the full document and much more related to FDR’s four inaugurations, visit the FDR Library website.

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The Navy & Marine Corps Reserve Armory (Chavez Ravine) is completed-

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The Navy & Marine Corps Reserve Armory (Chavez Ravine) is completed-

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The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center was built between 1938 and 1941 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the Art Deco style as part of the "New Deal".

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Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, that was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

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U.S. Army soldiers begin enforcing Executive Order 9066- February 19,1942

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U.S. Army soldiers begin enforcing Executive Order 9066- February 19,1942

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Executive Order 9066 authorized military commanders to exclude civilians from military areas. Although the language of the order did not specify any ethnic group, Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt of the Western Defense Command proceeded to announce curfews that included only Japanese Americans.

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The day after the surrender of the main Philippine island of Luzon to the Japanese, the 75,000 Filipino and American troops captured on the Bataan Peninsula begin a forced march to a prison camp near Cabanatuan. During this infamous trek, known as the “Bataan Death March,” the prisoners were forced to march 85 miles in six days, with only one meal of rice during the entire journey. By the end of the march, which was punctuated with atrocities committed by the Japanese guards, hundreds of Americans and many more Filipinos had died.

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War Production Board prohibits the manufacture of zoot suits- Summer of 1942

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War Production Board prohibits the manufacture of zoot suits- Summer of 1942

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The WPB rules effectively prohibited zoot suits, which required extra fabric.  Even though most tailors stopped making suits that fell outside the WPB guidelines some men still wanted zoot suits and a network of bootleg tailors based in Los Angeles and New York City continued to make them.  By the 1940s, zoot suits were strongly associated with gang members and gangsters.

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José Díaz, a 22-year-old farmworker, was murdered on his way home from a neighbor's birthday party early on the morning of August 2, 1942. In the years to come, the details of his life would be largely forgotten to all except his family. The Los Angeles police used his murder to launch a widespread attack on what they perceived as an unruly and rapidly multiplying Mexican American youth "element."

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Sleepy Lagoon Trials(People v. Zammora)-August 2,1942

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Sleepy Lagoon Trials(People v. Zammora)-August 2,1942

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In the Sleepy Lagoon murder case, officially called  People v. Zammora, Parra was convicted of murder in the second degree of José Díaz with two counts of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to commit murder. He was sentenced to serve five years to life at San Quentin. In 1944 he was sent to Chino Honor Prison for good behavior.

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The Bracero Program was created by executive order in 1942 because many growers argued that World War II would bring labor shortages to low-paying agricultural jobs. On August 4, 1942 the United States concluded a temporary intergovernmental agreement for the use of Mexican agricultural labor on United States farms (officially referred to as the Mexican Farm Labor Program), and the influx of legal temporary Mexican workers began. But the program lasted much longer than anticipated. In 1951, after nearly a decade in existence, concerns about production and the U.S. entry into the Korean conflict led Congress to formalize the Bracero Program with Public Law 78.

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On June 3, 1943, a group of U.S. sailors marches through downtown Los Angeles, carrying clubs and other makeshift weapons and attacking anyone wearing a “zoot suit”—the baggy wool pants, oversized coats and porkpie hats favored by many young men of color at the time.

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LaRue McCormick founds The Citizens' Committee for the Defense of Mexican American Youth- March 14,1943

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LaRue McCormick founds The Citizens' Committee for the Defense of Mexican American Youth- March 14,1943

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At the time People v. Zammora went to trial, labor activist LaRue McCormick had formed an ad hoc committee, called the Citizens' Committee for the Defense of Mexican American Youth (C.C.D.M.A.Y.), that included many influential and prominent people as its members.

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U.S. military personnel are barred from leaving their barracks- After zoot suit riots

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U.S. military personnel are barred from leaving their barracks- After zoot suit riots

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In the summer of 1943, tensions ran high between zoot-suiters and the large contingent of white sailors, soldiers and Marines stationed in and around Los Angeles. Mexican Americans were serving in the military in high numbers, but many servicemen viewed the zoot-suit wearers as World War II draft dodgers (though many were in fact too young to serve in the military).
Sevircemen weren't allowed to leave their post after this occuring.

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LA City Council criminalizes the wearing of "zoot suits with reat pleats within the city limits of LA"- 

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LA City Council criminalizes the wearing of "zoot suits with reat pleats within the city limits of LA"- 

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The Los Angeles City Council approved a resolution criminalizing the wearing of "zoot suits with reat pleats within the city limits of LA" after Councilman Norris Nelson stated "The zoot suit has become a badge of hoodlumism". No ordinance was ever approved by the City Council or signed into law by the Mayor, although the council did encourage the War Production Board to take steps "to curb illegal production of men's clothing in violation of WPB limitation orders."

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All of the Sleepy Lagoon verdicts are overturned- October 2, 1944

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All of the Sleepy Lagoon verdicts are overturned- October 2, 1944

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On October 2, 1944, the Second District Court of Appeals overturned all of the Sleepy Lagoon verdicts, and the case of People v. Gus Zamora was dismissed. All 17 defendants were released with their records cleared. Officially, the murder of Jose Diaz remains unsolved.