# data[].attributes.body
Capture of Damascus(1 October 1918)

Description:

1 October 1918, the Australian Mounted Division rode into Damascus, signalling the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. Turkey signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 October, putting an end to the Allied campaign in the Middle East.

Significant:

-The capture of Damascus was a victory so influential that it made future major battles in the theatre unlikely, despite the ongoing nature of the conflict.

- Led to the capture of Beirut and Aleppo
- Economic dislocation as a result of the war led to famines across Lebanon and Syria in 1918.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Erzincan (2–25 July)

Description:

The russian army leaded by Nikolai Yudenich took over the cities of Erzurum and Trabzon. Enver Pasha ordered the Third Army which is under Vehip to take back Trabzon. However Vehip's attack failed which let the Russian army to attack the Turkish communications center of Erzincan which forces Vehip to retreat.

Significance:
This war let a lot of prisoners of war lose and the Third army had lost the ability to defense and stop the Russian armies.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Gaza (17-19 April)

Description:

- The recent success in Basra and Baghdad, encouraged them to attack Gaza.

- The failure was caused by inadequate artillery support.

Significance:

- Lower the morale of the British force.

- The U-Boat resumption in German and the failure to capture Gaza threatened Britain in maintaining the so called "side shows" front.

# data[].attributes.body
Arab Revolt ( 5 June 1916-1918)

Description:The Arab Revolt began on 5 June 1916. Sharif Hussein declared his rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the early June of 1916. With British assistance, he sent out words to Arab throughout the empire to join him.

Significance:

-The Arab Revolt was initiated by the Sherif Hussein bin Ali in the aim of securing Independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and create a single unified Arab State spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yamen

-This event further disappoint British since the Britain is looking for a mild form of Arab nationalism as another part of the empire

-British hopes of using Arab nationalism against the Ottoman Empire failed, as only a minority of the population supported the revolt. The British Empire were forced to continue divert resources to the Middle Eastern Front

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Megiddo (September 1918)

Description:

The Battle of Megiddo was the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. The contending forces were the Allied Egyptian Expeditionary Force, of three corps including one of mounted troops, and the Ottoman Yildirim Army Group which numbered three armies, each the strength of barely an Allied corps. The series of battles took place in what was then the central and northern parts of Ottoman Palestine and parts of present-day Israel, Syria and Jordan.

Significant:

This battle is a final battle of the Palestine and Sinai Campaign of the First World War. It is argued that it has also changed how Middle East is right now.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Sharon(19-25 September 1918)

Description:

The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus, in which large formations engaged and responded to movements by the opposition, according to pre-existing plans, in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I

Significant:

This battle had caused Spanish flu spread among the prisoners. There were hygienic issues after these war ended when a lot of prisoners are captured. While the prisoners were packed together in a large population this let Spanish flu spread quickly. It was reported that there were 3,000 patient treated in a hospital located in a convent in Haifa.

# data[].attributes.body
siege of Kut Al Amara (April 1916)

Description:

- British retreat from Gallipoli and surrendered the Anglo-Indian force at Kut-el-Amara.

-British commander General Sir Stanley Frederick Maude equip 150,000 men with new weapons and construct a railroad and metal road. At the same time river transportation was expanded along the Tigris.

Significance:

-These events has turned the Tigris into a modern port.

-Some of the Indian prisoners of war from Kut later came to join the Ottoman Indian Volunteer Corps under the influence of Deobandis of Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal and with the encouragement of the German High Command. These soldiers, along with those recruited from the prisoners from the European Battlefields fought alongside Ottoman forces on a number of fronts

- British encouraged the Hashemite emir, Sharif Hussein, the descendant of Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ(peace be upon him) tribe to lead a rebel (Early June of 1916)

12

# data[].attributes.body
Description:

The Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought between the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire supported by the German Empire. It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915, and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria and Palestine.

Significance:

- British captured Jerusalem (December 1917)

- Battle of Gaza was a war fought by Stanley Frederick Maude

# data[].attributes.body
Fall of Baghdad

Description:

- The Fall of Baghdad (11 March 1917) occurred during the Mesopotamia Campaign, fought between the forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Turkish Empire in the First World War.

Significance:

-a clearly victory for the British and the defeat of Ottoman government.

-The Ottoman government was forced to end its military operations in Persia and try to build up a new army to prevent the British from moving on to capture Mosul.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Rafa (January 9)

Description

- The final battle to recapture Sinai by the British force

- General Philip Chetwode captured Rafa

- Causes 71 killed and 415 wounded at Chetwode side and 200 killed, 168 wounded, and 1,434 taken prisoner at Turkish side.

Significance: The army corps Desert Column's success at Magdhaba and Rafa. The Turks left positions near El Hassana and Nekhl and Murray started to make preparation to attack the main line of Turkey near Gaza.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Fao Fortress( Fao Landing)

Description:

The Fao Landing occurred on November 6, 1914 and the Battle of Fao Fortress on November 8, 1914 with British forces attacking the Ottoman Fortress of Fao.

Significance:

-With Fao captured, the Ottomans no longer controlled any part of the Persian Gulf

-the British facilities were safe

-However, the British felt that their facilities would not be truly safe until they managed to capture Baghdad

-This led to several campaigns against Baghdad that would result in the capture of that city by the British in 1917.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Es Sinn ( the capture of Kut-al-Amara) ( September 28)

Description

:The Battle of Es Sinn was a military engagement during the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Significance:

-The battle was fought to determine control of the lower Tigris and Euphrates rivers

-as a test of the Ottoman forces and whether a further advance to capture Baghdad was possible

-Triggered a humiliating retreat amid a reversal of fortunes for the Turks.

- First British attempt to capture Baghdad

-British troops reaches Euphrates (June 21), re-occupies Aden

-Battle of Es Sinn( September 28)

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Shaiba (defense of Basra) (April 1915)

Description:

The Battle of Shaiba, 12–14 April 1915 was between British forces and Ottoman forces that were trying to retake the city of Basra from the British.

Significance:

- Last Ottoman attempt in recapturing Basra

- Britain started to gain control of Mesopotamia

- Arabs living in other parts of Mesopotamia began turning to the British, laid seeds to the future revolution
- Secured vital oil refineries and supplies in the region

# data[].attributes.body
Gallipoli Campaign (25 April 1915 - 9 Jan 1916)

Description: -British force, composed mostly of ANZAC soldiers, attempted to seize control of the Straits of Dardanelle and the Ottoman capital Constantinople.

-Success would knock the Ottomans out of the war and open a supply route to Russia.

-Landings were made on the beaches of Gallipoli, a peninsular West of Constantinople

-Entente force suffered heavy losses and was repelled

Significance: -The British leadership was unwilling to supply all the resources to the prolonged trench warfare in the western front.

-British hopes of delivering a decisive blow to the Ottoman Empire and the Central Powers failed

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Qurna (1914 December)

Description: The Battle of Qurna, (3 to 9 December 1914) was between British forces and Ottoman forces that had retreated from Basra, which they lost at the Battle of Basra (1914) during the Mesopotamian campaign of World War I.

Significance: The net effect of the capture of and Qurna was to establish a secure British front line in Mesopotamia. It also further encouraged the Indian administration in planning its so-called 'forward defence' - a policy quite at odds with the defensive war envisaged by the War Office in London.

# data[].attributes.body
Raid on Suez Canal (26 January - 4 February)

Description:

- German led Ottoman army force carried out a surprise attack in Suez Canal.
- It aimed to breach Britain’s defences as well as triggered an Islamic revolt in Egypt, but failed.

Significance:

- This failure caused a heavy loss for the ottoman army force.

- The British continued to enjoy a convenient path of communication and sending vital supplies to their coastal bases along the Middle East

- British reinforced their forces in Egypt

- The British army changed their strategy in Egypt and the Sinai from defensive to offensive

# data[].attributes.body
The world's preeminent Islamic Power, the Ottoman Empire, abandoned neutrality and entered the war on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914. It declared a military jihad, holy war against France, Russia and Great Britain.

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of Basra (1914 November)

Description: Britain deployed her Anglo Indian troops to invade and capture Basra, in protecting Anglo Persian oil pipeline that was crucial for her navy.

Significance: The capture of Basra was a major step in protecting the Persian oilfields and refineries. In the year 1914, there is a introduction of the super dreadnought battleship in England, powered by oil-fired turbines.  Oil had a strategic significant for the British Empire. In the event of the war against Turkey, Britain’s oil supply was vulnerable, to protect it , an Indian army Expeditionary Force was moved to the Gulf to ward off any Turkish threat.