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I always check in internet by key words, looking on websites I trust. I expecially like this one, unfortunatelly it's only in Italian but they really do a great job! 

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I always check in internet by key words, looking on websites I trust. I expecially like this one, unfortunatelly it's only in Italian but they really do a great job! 

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Ci sono arrivate diverse segnalazioni in queste ore, in merito a possibili truffe relative ai biglietti di Lazio-Inter, match di Serie A in programma il prossimo 17 dicembre. Esattamente come avvenuto con la fantomatica promozione di Trenitalia per il Black Friday 2023, come abbiamo avuto modo di esaminare con un altro articolo sul nostro sito, [...]

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Marinela Pantea- High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, ROmania

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Marinela Pantea- High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, ROmania

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World WATER CRISIS- Marinela Pantea, High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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World WATER CRISIS- Marinela Pantea, High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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For a BETTER WORLD - by Sofia and Mari Pantea, High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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For a BETTER WORLD - by Sofia and Mari Pantea, High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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SAVE OUR PLANET - Marinela Pantea, High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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SAVE OUR PLANET - Marinela Pantea, High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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Marinela Pantea - High School JEAN MONNET, Bucharest, Romania

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Marinela Pantea - High School JEAN MONNET, Bucharest, Romania

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Marinela Pantea - High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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Marinela Pantea - High School Jean Monnet, Bucharest, Romania

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(Glasgow, 8 November 2021) - This week, eleven game-changing initiatives will be celebrated as winners of the prestigious UN Global Climate Action Awards during the UN Climate Change Conference COP26 in Glasgow.

The recipients of this special 10 th anniversary edition of the Awards are being recognised as some of the most practical, scalable and replicable examples of what people across the globe are doing to tackle climate change.

This recognition will culminate in an Award Ceremony at 18:00 - 19:30 GMT on 10 November 2021. Internationally renowned CNN Anchor and Correspondent Isa Soares will serve as the event's Master of Ceremonies. The Awards Ceremony will feature inspirational videos and a musical performance by Müller & Makaroff (Gotan Project), who will present ANTROPOCENO.

The Awards have been spearheaded by UN Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 2011. The Executive Secretary of UN Climate Change, Patricia Espinosa, is expected to speak at this special ceremony at COP 26.

"While we have the Paris Agreement as our guide, and nations and businesses promising to work together to keep us moving forward, people often need to see practical examples of what real climate action looks like before they themselves act," she said.

"That's why the work of these Award winners is so important. This is what inspiring leadership looks like.

"These awards are about more than shining a light on climate action; these award-winning projects are beacons guiding us towards a better future," said Ms. Espinosa.

This year's award-winning projects demonstrate leadership on climate change by nations, businesses, investors, cities, regions and civil society as a whole. They range from the world's first renewable island community in Denmark to the leading debt-financing provider for distributed solar energy in Africa to a London-based fashion house focused on environmentally, ethically and socially conscious style for a sustainable future. Other winning activities include a UK crowdfunding platform enabling people to support home solar in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Mexico's first metropolitan-level climate action plan.

The 2021 winning projects were selected by UN Climate Change's international Advisory Panel.

"Everyone has a role to play when it comes to confronting the climate crisis," said Gabrielle Ginér, Chair of the Advisory Panel. "The recipients of the UN Global Climate Action Awards are stepping up with the kind of bold and courageous leadership we need to see much more of to avoid the ever-worsening impacts of climate change."

These 11 award-winning projects fall within three focus areas: Climate Neutral Now, Financing for Climate Friendly Investment and Climate Leaders. The winning projects will be showcased at a series of special events during the second week of COP 26, between 9-11 November 2021. The schedule for these events is available online.

Representatives from the winning activities are in Glasgow and are available for media interviews.

The 2021 winners of the UN Global Climate Action Awards are:
Climate Neutral Now:

Microsoft | Global: Carbon neutral since 2012, Microsoft is now committing to remove from the environment all the carbon the company has emitted either directly or by electrical consumption since it was founded in 1975 by 2050.

Taylors of Harrogate | United Kingdom: An independent family tea and coffee business whose carbon neutral product certification is from 'field to supermarket shelf' accounting for all the emissions from cultivating, processing and shipping its tea and coffee.

ICA Gruppen | Sweden: Sweden's leading food retailer is going beyond climate neutrality to achieving a net-zero impact from the Group's own operations by 2030 and cutting the climate impact from customers' grocery purchases in half by 2030.

House of Baukjen | United Kingdom: A London-based fashion house whose business and operations follow in every way the circular economy ideal, from production to materials being cycled, and does so while being carbon negative.

Financing for Climate Friendly Investment:

SunFunder | Africa: The leading debt-financing provider for distributed solar in Africa and other emerging regions, bringing access to energy and long-term climate investments. To date, it has closed over USD 150 million in loans to 57 solar companies.

Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance | Multi-regional: The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance network accelerates well-designed financial instruments that can unlock billions towards a sustainable, inclusive, net-zero economy, while also reducing private investors' risks.

Energise Africa | Africa: A UK crowdfunding platform enabling people to support renewable energy projects (home solar) in Sub-Saharan Africa. To date, it has raised over £25 million in investments from everyday people putting their money to work for climate action and the SDGs.

Self-reliance & Solar in the West Bank & Gaza | State of Palestine: The first private sector investments in domestic power supply to help jump-start renewables and support economic development in the West Bank and Gaza, supported by the International Finance Corporation.

Climate Leaders:

City of Paris | France: By 2050, the City of Paris aims to reduce local emissions by 100%, achieving the goal of zero emissions in Paris, promoting an 80% reduction in the carbon footprint of Paris compared to 2004 levels.

Samsø | Denmark: Denmark's municipality of the island of Samsø has completely transformed its energy system from fossil fuels to renewable energy, becoming the world's first renewable energy island.

Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara | Mexico: The Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara Climate Action Plan, launched at the end of 2020, is the first instrument of its kind, built on a metropolitan scale in Mexico and within the C40 Network

Digital assets:
High quality photos and video footage of each project, as well as fact sheets and web cards are available for download here.
About the UNFCCC
With 197 Parties, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has near universal membership and is the parent treaty of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement. The main aim of the Paris Agreement is to keep a global average temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to drive efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The UNFCCC is also the parent treaty of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The ultimate objective of all agreements under the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system, in a time frame which allows ecosystems to adapt naturally and enables sustainable development.
Interviews with winning activities:
Representatives from all of the 2021 winning activities are attending COP 26 this week. They are available for media interviews. To set up an interview, please contact Neneh Darwin at ndarwin@unfccc.int or Sarah Marchildon (details below).

For more information, please contact:
Sarah Marchildon, UN Climate Change
Team Lead, Momentum for Change
smarchildon@unfccc.int
Local number in Scotland: 0771 40 765 36

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UN Awards Ceremony Celebrates Innovative Climate Solutions | UNFCCC

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(Glasgow, 8 November 2021) - This week, eleven game-changing initiatives will be celebrated as winners of the prestigious UN Global Climate Action Awards during the UN Climate Change Conference COP26 in Glasgow.

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Thebes sustainable city through recycling

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Thebes sustainable city through recycling

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Don't spoil earths' poem

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The COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference, hosted by the UK in partnership with Italy, will take place from 31 October to 12 November 2021 in the Scottish Event Campus (SEC) in Glasgow, UK.

In light of the worldwide effects of COVID-19, the COP Bureau of the UNFCCC, with the UK and its Italian partners, had decided to re-schedule the conference initially slated for November 2020. Rescheduling the conference ensures that all parties can focus on the issues to be discussed at this vital conference and allows more time for the necessary preparations to take place. We will continue to work with all involved to increase climate ambition, build resilience and lower emissions.

Overview schedule for COP 26

More information about process work advances on the Road to Glasgow.

New to the Climate Change Conference?

Planning your attendance
For information on logistics and to help you plan attendance at COP26, please read through the Information for participants guide.
See our dedicated sections on how to register for COP26, and who can attend.

This year, the physical conference is augmented by the COP26 Platform, a tool to help participants manage their time, connect with other participants and get the most out of this year's COP. This platform is accessible only to registered participants.

Conference schedule
The formal opening of the conference takes place on 31 Oct 2021. The UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson has invited Heads of State and Government to attend the World Leaders Summit from 1-2 November as part of the first part of the COP 26 High-level Segment.

See the overview schedule for an indicative overview of events of the conference. A detailed schedule of meetings and events will be available closer to the start of the conference. Please check the daily programme, conference calendar and this page for regular updates throughout the conference.

Watch conference proceedings online
Public webcast will be available throughout the conference for key meetings and high-level events. In addition, you can get updates via social media channels, and browse our photo, video and news coverage.
The main hashtags for this conference are #COP26 and #SB2021.

Please check this site regularly for updates to this information.

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Glasgow Climate Change Conference | UNFCCC

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The COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference, hosted by the UK in partnership with Italy, will take place from 31 October to 12 November 2021 in the Scottish Event Campus (SEC) in Glasgow, UK. In light of the worldwide effects of COVID-19, the COP Bureau of the UNFCCC, with the UK and its Italian partners, had decided to re-schedule the conference initially slated for November 2020.

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book marker made in our kindergarten  to offer parents .

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Resources from Ireland for teachers on fake news 

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Resources from Ireland for teachers on fake news 

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Experts now recommend avoiding the term 'fake news', or at least limit its use, as the term 'fake news' is closely associated with politics, and this association can unhelpfully narrow the focus of the issue. The term 'false information' is preferable as it can refer to a diverse range of misinformation and disinformation covering topics such as health, environmental and economics across all platforms and genres, while 'fake news' is more narrowly understood as political news stories.

What is False Information?

Lots of things you read online especially in your social media feeds may appear to be true, often is not. False information is news, stories or hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Usually, these stories are created to either influence people's views, push a political agenda or cause confusion and can often be a profitable business for online publishers. False information can deceive people by looking like trusted websites or using similar names and web addresses to reputable news organisations.

According to Martina Chapman (Media Literacy Expert), there are three elements to fake news; 'Mistrust, misinformation and manipulation'.

The Rise of False Information

False information is not new, however it has become a hot topic since 2017. Traditionally we got our news from trusted sources, journalists and media outlets that are required to follow strict codes of practice. However, the internet has enabled a whole new way to publish, share and consume information and news with very little regulation or editorial standards.

Many people now get news from social media sites and networks and often it can be difficult to tell whether stories are credible or not. Information overload and a general lack of understanding about how the internet works by people has also contributed to an increase in fake news or hoax stories. Social media sites can play a big part in increasing the reach of these type of stories.

The economics of social media favour gossip, novelty, speed and "shareability"' Simeon Yates

Types of False Information

There are differing opinions when it comes to identifying types of false information. However, when it comes to evaluating content online there are various types of false or misleading news we need to be aware of. These include:

1. Clickbait

These are stories that are deliberately fabricated to gain more website visitors and increase advertising revenue for websites. Clickbait stories use sensationalist headlines to grab attention and drive click-throughs to the publisher website, normally at the expense of truth or accuracy.

2. Propaganda

Stories that are created to deliberately mislead audiences, promote a biased point of view or particular political cause or agenda.

3. Satire/Parody

Lots of websites and social media accounts publish fake news stories for entertainment and parody. For example; The Onion, Waterford Whispers, The Daily Mash, etc.

4. Sloppy Journalism

Sometimes reporters or journalists may publish a story with unreliable information or without checking all of the facts which can mislead audiences. For example, during the U.S. elections, fashion retailer Urban Outfitters published an Election Day Guide, the guide contained incorrect information telling voters that they needed a 'voter registration card'. This is not required by any state in the U.S. for voting.

5. Misleading Headings

Stories that are not completely false can be distorted using misleading or sensationalist headlines. These types of news can spread quickly on social media sites where only headlines and small snippets of the full article are displayed on audience newsfeeds.

6. Biased/Slanted News

Many people are drawn to news or stories that confirm their own beliefs or biases and fake news can prey on these biases. Social media news feeds tend to display news and articles that they think we will like based on our personalised searches.

7. Imposter Content

When genuine sources are impersonated with false, made-up sources. This is dangerous as it relates to information with no factual basis being presented in the style of a credible news source or article to make it look like a legitimate source.

8. Manipulated Content

When real information or imagery is manipulated to deceive, as with a doctored photo or video. This can be used to mislead people or create a false narrative about something or someone.

T he False Information Business Model

The internet and social media have made it very easy for anyone to publish content on a website, blog or social media profile and potentially reach large audiences. With so many people now getting news from social media sites, many content creators/publishers have used this to their advantage.

False information can be a profitable business, generating large sums of advertising revenue for publishers who create and publish stories that go viral. The more clicks a story gets, the more money online publishers make through advertising revenue and for many publishers social media is an ideal platform to share content and drive web traffic.

False Information, Social Media, and the Filter Bubble

In a recent article on media literacy, Hugh Linehan noted; "Media is no longer passively consumed - it's created, shared, liked, commented on, attacked and defended in all sorts of different ways by hundreds of millions of people. And the algorithms used by the most powerful tech companies - Google and Facebook in particular - are brilliantly designed to personalise and tailor these services to each user's profile."

When we go online or login to a social network we are generally presented with news, articles and content based on our own searches online. This type of content tends to reflect our own likes, views and beliefs and therefore isolating us from differing views and opinions. This is often referred to as a filter bubble.

What can we do about False Information?

Google and Facebook have announced new measures to tackle fake news with the introduction of reporting and flagging tools. Media organisations like the BBC and Channel 4 have also established fact checking sites While these are welcome developments, digital media literacy and developing skills to critically evaluate information are essential skills for anyone navigating the internet and especially for young people.

The vast amount of information available online and rise in fake news highlights the need for critical thinking. Children need to develop critical thinking from an early age. This is a key skill for young people to develop as they enter into third level education and prepare themselves for the workplace.

How to spot False Information?

Anyone can fall for false information online. There are a number of things to watch out for when evaluating content online.
1.Who is sharing the story?
Check if the the social media account sharing the post is verified. Most public figures and media outlets display a "blue badge or check mark" which means the account has been authenticated. This can mean the content of the post is more likely to be reliable, although not always.
2. Take a closer look
Check the source of the story, do you recognise the website? Is it a credible/reliable source? If you are unfamiliar with the site, look in the about section or find out more information about the author.

3. Look beyond the headline
Check the entire article, many fake news stories use sensationalist or shocking headlines to grab attention. Often the headlines of fake new stories are in all caps and use exclamation points.

4. Check other sources
Are other reputable news/media outlets reporting on the story? Are there any sources in the story? If so, check they are reliable or if they even exist!

5. Check the facts
Stories with false information often contain incorrect dates or altered timelines. It is also a good idea to check when the article was published, is it current or an old news story?

6. Check your biases
Are your own views or beliefs affecting your judgement of a news feature or report?

7. Is it a joke?
Satirical sites are popular online and sometimes it is not always clear whether a story is just a joke or parody... Check the website, is it known for satire or creating funny stories?

Useful Resources:

Be Media Smart - www.bemediasmart.ie #StopThinkCheck

Developed by Media Literacy Ireland, Be Media Smart offers useful tips and guidance on how to tell the difference between reliable and accurate information and or deliberately false or misleading information.

Media Literacy Ireland - www.medialiteracyireland.ie

Facilitated by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, MLI is a network of volunteer members coming from a large number of sectors, organisations and interests, working together to empower people to make informed media choices about the media content and services that they consume, create, and disseminate across all platforms. The MLI offers useful media literacy resources, research, and news.

Fact checking sites

Snopes: snopes.com/

PolitiFact: politifact.com

Fact Check: factcheck.org/

BBC Reality Check: bbc.com/news/reality-check

Channel 4 Fact Check: channel4.com/news/factcheck

Reverse image search from Google: google.com/reverse-image-search

Deep Fakes and Visual Deception

Deepfakes are fake videos created using digital software, machine learning and face swapping. Deepfakes are computer-created artificial videos in which images are combined to create new footage that depicts events, statements or action that never actually happened. The results can be quite convincing. Deep fakes differ from other forms of false information by being very difficult to identify as false.

Find out more in Explained: What Are Deepfakes?

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Explained: What is Fake news? | Social Media and Filter Bubbles

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Fake news is news or stories created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Fake news is often created to influence views or for political motives.

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Climate change is not true

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I think that fake news is made deliberately and spreads so fast because people want to believe it. Fake news is unethical in my opinion.

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Don't believe, search
Believe or not, search
Believe it or not, search

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TV has OFF, as well

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Why Turks are besieged by ‘fake news’?
It is little wonder that Turkey ranks first in a list of countries where people complain about completely made-up stories, according to this year’s Reuters Digital News Report.
Almost half its people – 49% – say they faced ‘fake news’ in the week before the survey was taken. In Germany, it is just 9%.
Every day brings new outlandish and unverified claims in the media.

https://www.diken.com.tr/fake-news-in-turkey-hunting-for-truth-in-land-of-conspiracy/

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Fight back disinformation in climate change.

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Over the last four decades, a highly organized, well-funded campaign powered by the fossil fuel industry has sought to discredit the science that links global climate change to human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These disinformation efforts have sown confusion over data, questioned the integrity of climate scientists and denied the scientific consensus on the role of humans.

Such disinformation efforts are outlined in internal documents from fossil fuel giants such as Shell and Exxon. As early as the 1980s, oil companies knew that burning fossil fuels was altering the climate, according to industry documents reviewed at a 2019 U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Reform hearing. Yet these companies, aided by some scientists, set out to mislead the public, deny well-established science and forestall efforts to regulate emissions.

But the effects of climate change on extreme events such as wildfires, heat waves and hurricanes have become hard to downplay ( SN: 12/19/20 & SN: 1/2/21, p. 37). Not coincidentally, climate disinformation tactics have shifted from outright denial to distraction and delay ( SN: 1/16/21, p. 28).

As disinformation tactics evolve, researchers continue to test new ways to combat them. Debunking by fact-checking untrue statements is one way to combat climate disinformation. Another way, increasingly adopted by social media platforms, is to add warning labels flagging messages as possible disinformation, such as the labels Twitter and Facebook (which also owns Instagram) began adding in 2020 regarding the U.S. presidential election and the COVID-19 pandemic.

At the same time, Facebook was sharply criticized for a change to its fact-checking policies that critics say enables the spread of climate disinformation. In 2019, the social media giant decided to exempt posts that it determines to be opinion or satire from fact-checking, creating a potentially large disinformation loophole.

In response to mounting criticism, Facebook unveiled a pilot project in February for its users in the United Kingdom, with labels pointing out myths about climate change. The labels also point users to Facebook's climate science information center.

For this project, Facebook consulted several climate communication experts. Sander van der Linden, a social psychologist at the University of Cambridge, and cognitive scientist John Cook of George Mason University in Fairfax, Va., helped the company develop a new "myth-busting" unit that debunks common climate change myths - such as that scientists don't agree that global warming is happening.

Courtesy of J. Cook

Danielle Da Silva Photography, courtesy of S. van der Linden

Researchers John Cook and Sander van der Linden hope to inoculate people against climate change denial messages.

Cook and van der Linden have also been testing ways to get out in front of disinformation, an approach known as prebunking, or inoculation theory. By helping people recognize common rhetorical techniques used to spread climate disinformation - such as logical fallacies, relying on fake "experts" and cherry-picking only the data that support one view - the two hope to build resilience against these tactics.

This new line of defense may come with a bonus, van der Linden says. Training people in these techniques could build a more general resilience to disinformation, whether related to climate, vaccines or COVID-19.

Science News asked Cook and van der Linden about debunking conspiracies, collaborating with Facebook and how prebunking is (and isn't) like getting vaccinated. The conversations, held separately, have been edited for brevity and clarity.
We've seen both misinformation and disinformation used in the climate change denial discussion. What's the difference?
van der Linden: Misinformation is any information that's incorrect, whether due to error or fake news. Disinformation is deliberately intended to deceive. Then there's propaganda: disinformation with a political agenda. But in practice, it's difficult to disentangle them. Often, people use misinformation because it's the broadest category.
Has there been a change in the nature of climate change denialism in the last few decades?
Cook: It is shifting. For example, we fed 21 years of [climate change] denial blog posts from the U.K. into a machine learning program. We found that the science denialism misinformation is gradually going down - and solution misinformation [targeting climate policy and renewable energy] is on the rise [as reported online in early March at SocArXiv.org].

As the science becomes more apparent, it becomes more untenable to attack it. We see spikes in policy misinformation just before the government brings in new science policy, such as a carbon pricing bill. And there was a huge spike before the [2015] Paris climate agreement. That's what we will see more of over time.
How do you hope Facebook's new climate change misinformation project will help?
Cook: We need tech solutions, like flagging and tagging misinformation, as well as social media platforms downplaying it, so [the misinformation] doesn't get put on as many people's feeds. We can't depend on social media. A look behind the curtain at Facebook showed me the challenge of getting corporations to adequately respond. There are a lot of internal tensions.

van der Linden: I've worked with WhatsApp and Google, and it's always the same story. They want to do the right thing, but don't follow through because it hurts engagement on the platform.

But going from not taking a stance on climate change to taking a stance, that's a huge win. What Facebook has done is a step forward. They listened to our designs and suggestions and comments on their [pilot] test.

We wanted more than a neutral [label directing people to Facebook's information page on climate change], but they wanted to test the neutral post first. That's all good. It'll be a few months at least for the testing in the U.K. phase to roll out, but we don't yet know how many other countries they will roll it out to and when. We all came on board with the idea that they're going to do more, and more aggressively. I'll be pleasantly surprised if it rolls out globally. That's my criteria for success.
Scientists have been countering climate change misinformation for years, through fact-checking and debunking. It's a bit like whack-a-mole. You advocate for "inoculating" people against the techniques that help misinformation spread through communities. How can that help?
van der Linden: Fact-checking and debunking is useful if you do it right. But there's the issue of ideology, of resistance to fact-checking when it's not in line with ideology. Wouldn't life be so much easier if we could prevent [disinformation] in the first place? That's the whole point of prebunking or inoculation. It's a multilayer defense system. If you can get there first, that's great. But that won't always be possible, so you still have real-time fact-checking. This multilayer firewall is going to be the most useful thing.
You've both developed online interactive tools, games really, to test the idea of inoculating people against disinformation tactics. Sander, you created an online interactive game called Bad News, in which players can invent conspiracies and act as fake news producers. A study of 15,000 participants reported in 2019 in Palgrave Communications showed that by playing at creating misinformation, people got better at recognizing it. But how long does this "inoculation" last?
van der Linden: That's an important difference in the viral analogy. Biological vaccines give more or less lifelong immunity, at least for some kinds of viruses. That's not the case for a psychological vaccine. It wears off over time.

In one study, we followed up with people [repeatedly] for about three months, during which time they didn't replay the game. We found no decay of the inoculation effect, which was quite surprising. The inoculation remained stable for about two months. In [a shorter study focused on] climate change misinformation, the inoculation effect also remained stable, for at least one week.
John, what about your game Cranky Uncle? At first, it focused on climate change denial, but you've expanded it to include other types of misinformation, on topics such as COVID-19, flat-earthism and vaccine misinformation. How well do techniques to inoculate against climate change denialism translate to other types of misinformation?
Cook: The techniques used in climate denial are seen in all forms of misinformation. Working on deconstructing [that] misinformation introduced me to parallel argumentation, which is basically using analogies to combat flawed logic. That's what late night comedians do: Make what is obviously a ridiculous argument. The other night, for example, Seth Meyers talked about how Texas blaming its [February] power outage on renewable energy was like New Jersey blaming its problems on Boston [clam chowder].

My main tip is to arm yourself with awareness of misleading techniques. Think of it like a virus spreading: You don't want to be a superspreader. Make sure that you're wearing a mask, for starters. And when you see misinformation, call it out. That observational correction - it matters. It makes a difference.

Questions or comments on this article? E-mail us at feedback@sciencenews.org

Carolyn Gramling is the earth & climate writer. She has bachelor's degrees in geology and European history and a Ph.D. in marine geochemistry from MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

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Climate change disinformation is evolving. So are efforts to fight back

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Over the last four decades, a highly organized, well-funded campaign powered by the fossil fuel industry has sought to discredit the science that links global climate change to human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These disinformation efforts have sown confusion over data, questioned the integrity of climate scientists and denied the scientific consensus on the role of humans.

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How about danish pedagogy?

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https://www.setav.org/analiz-almanyanin-koronavirus-salgini-surecinde-yalan-haber-ve-dezenformasyonla-mucadelesi/

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village Lafkos, GR

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The European Commission has produced this resource pack on disinformation for secondary schools. In all EU languages. Maybe of interest for SENSE community  (Deirdre)

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The pandemic demonstrated just how fast misleading or false information can spread online. With this toolkit, secondary school teachers can help their students separate what is real from what is fake when they are browsing online. The toolkit is comprised of an editable presentation (which includes real life examples and group exercises) and an instruction booklet for teachers.

The toolkit is currently only available in English, but will soon be available in all EU languages!

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Spot and fight disinformation - Learning Corner European Commission

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The pandemic demonstrated just how fast misleading or false information can spread online. With this toolkit, secondary school teachers can help their students separate what is real from what is fake when they are browsing online. The toolkit is comprised of an editable presentation (which includes real life examples and group exercises) and an instruction booklet for teachers.

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The spread of questionable information on social

At the end of 2019 and beginning of 2020, the world was shocked by the raging Australian bushfires.

But beyond the goodwill gestures and stories of bravery was a political battle about the causes of the fires.

To simplify the debate (recognizing that there is more nuance to it than this), one side believes the primary cause of the fires to be the climate crisis which created the conditions for the devastation. The other side believes the primary cause of the fires is arson, perhaps even by climate activists looking to dial up fear around climate change.

The debate was spreading fast on social media. At one point in January, we found 23k unique authors discussing the arson vs climate change debate.

It's not "dozens of firebugs", it's HUNDREDS!

Climate activists are lighting fires in a desperate bid to amp up #ClimateChange fear. They should be jailed, along with the @Greens politicians who incited them!#auspol #ClimateChangeHoax #ArsonEmergency https://t.co/kek1EiYvuF

- BeachMilk (@BeachMilk) January 1, 2020

But the stats used to back up claims like this were dubious. As this article from BBC Reality Check shows, there seems to be some cherry picking and overstating going on.

Misleading stats even made their way into a UK House of Commons speech, prompting a group of scientists to write in the Guardian:

"The claim that arson is a primary cause of this season's bushfires has been comprehensively debunked: fire officers report that the majority of blazes were started by dry lightning storms. Nevertheless, social media is awash with false claims about the role of arson, obscuring the link between climate change and bushfires"

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Exploring the Shocking Scale of Fake News Around Climate Change

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At the end of 2019 and beginning of 2020, the world was shocked by the raging Australian bushfires. But beyond the goodwill gestures and stories of bravery was a political battle about the causes of the fires.

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I DO RESEARCH FROM SECURE SITES . OR I'LL CHECK THE SAME NEWS FROM A FEW SITES.

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This is Salda Lake in Turkey. Lake colour is changed.The colour of sand is yellow.It's so sad.

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The most talked about topic in Turkey this week." A thick, mucus-like slimy layer, called "sea snot" has covered the surface of Turkey's Marmara Sea and is spreading over the waters around Istanbul in a bizarre showcase of the effects of climate change according to scientists, and it is also threatening the unique marine life of the sea and the Bosporus along with the fishing industry.
https://www.dailysabah.com/life/environment/climate-change-untreated-sewage-exacerbate-marmaras-sea-snot

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Early childhood theaters related to our planet.
Planetario Madrid, Spain.

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Planetario en la Escuela. Teatro infantil “Al Sol que más cuenta”.

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How do you know if information on the Internet is fake?

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How do you know if information on the Internet is fake?

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“Fake news” on global warming is widely disseminated via social. Which may be the effects? Let's read about........

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by

Department of Media, Kyonggi University, Seoul 03746, Korea

Received: 6 February 2020 / Revised: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 5 March 2020 / Published: 9 March 2020

"Fake news" on global warming is widely disseminated via social and partisan media. Scientists worry about its effect, because fake news may hurt public support and change policy on climate change. The current study tested the roles of cultural constructs (individualism, collectivism, and uncertainty-avoidance) in predicting the presumed effect of fake news on global warming. Based on 770 answers in four countries, the study found that individualism and collectivism influenced the presumed media effect on others and the third-person effect (self-other disparity of media effect). Moreover, the presumed media effect contributed to both preventive actions such as support for regulation on fake news and corrective actions such as a willingness to donate money. Likewise, the study found that collectivism positively predicted a willingness to donate money, while uncertainty-avoidance predicted support for regulation. View Full-Text

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Hong, S.C. Presumed Effects of "Fake News" on the Global Warming Discussion in a Cross-Cultural Context. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052123

AMA Style

Hong SC. Presumed Effects of "Fake News" on the Global Warming Discussion in a Cross-Cultural Context. Sustainability. 2020; 12(5):2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052123

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hong, Seong C. 2020. "Presumed Effects of "Fake News" on the Global Warming Discussion in a Cross-Cultural Context" Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052123

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Presumed Effects of "Fake News" on the Global Warming Discussion in a Cross-Cultural Context

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ldquo;Fake news” on global warming is widely disseminated via social and partisan media. Scientists worry about its effect, because fake news may hurt public support and change policy on climate change. The current study tested the roles of cultural constructs (individualism, collectivism, and uncertainty-avoidance) in predicting the presumed effect of fake news on global warming.

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Explained: What is False Information (Fake News)?

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Experts now recommend avoiding the term 'fake news', or at least limit its use, as the term 'fake news' is closely associated with politics, and this association can unhelpfully narrow the focus of the issue. The term 'false information' is preferable as it can refer to a diverse range of misinformation and disinformation covering topics such as health, environmental and economics across all platforms and genres, while 'fake news' is more narrowly understood as political news stories.

What is False Information?

Lots of things you read online especially in your social media feeds may appear to be true, often is not. False information is news, stories or hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Usually, these stories are created to either influence people's views, push a political agenda or cause confusion and can often be a profitable business for online publishers. False information can deceive people by looking like trusted websites or using similar names and web addresses to reputable news organisations.

According to Martina Chapman (Media Literacy Expert), there are three elements to fake news; 'Mistrust, misinformation and manipulation'.

The Rise of False Information

False information is not new, however it has become a hot topic since 2017. Traditionally we got our news from trusted sources, journalists and media outlets that are required to follow strict codes of practice. However, the internet has enabled a whole new way to publish, share and consume information and news with very little regulation or editorial standards.

Many people now get news from social media sites and networks and often it can be difficult to tell whether stories are credible or not. Information overload and a general lack of understanding about how the internet works by people has also contributed to an increase in fake news or hoax stories. Social media sites can play a big part in increasing the reach of these type of stories.

The economics of social media favour gossip, novelty, speed and "shareability"' Simeon Yates

Types of False Information

There are differing opinions when it comes to identifying types of false information. However, when it comes to evaluating content online there are various types of false or misleading news we need to be aware of. These include:

1. Clickbait

These are stories that are deliberately fabricated to gain more website visitors and increase advertising revenue for websites. Clickbait stories use sensationalist headlines to grab attention and drive click-throughs to the publisher website, normally at the expense of truth or accuracy.

2. Propaganda

Stories that are created to deliberately mislead audiences, promote a biased point of view or particular political cause or agenda.

3. Satire/Parody

Lots of websites and social media accounts publish fake news stories for entertainment and parody. For example; The Onion, Waterford Whispers, The Daily Mash, etc.

4. Sloppy Journalism

Sometimes reporters or journalists may publish a story with unreliable information or without checking all of the facts which can mislead audiences. For example, during the U.S. elections, fashion retailer Urban Outfitters published an Election Day Guide, the guide contained incorrect information telling voters that they needed a 'voter registration card'. This is not required by any state in the U.S. for voting.

5. Misleading Headings

Stories that are not completely false can be distorted using misleading or sensationalist headlines. These types of news can spread quickly on social media sites where only headlines and small snippets of the full article are displayed on audience newsfeeds.

6. Biased/Slanted News

Many people are drawn to news or stories that confirm their own beliefs or biases and fake news can prey on these biases. Social media news feeds tend to display news and articles that they think we will like based on our personalised searches.

7. Imposter Content

When genuine sources are impersonated with false, made-up sources. This is dangerous as it relates to information with no factual basis being presented in the style of a credible news source or article to make it look like a legitimate source.

8. Manipulated Content

When real information or imagery is manipulated to deceive, as with a doctored photo or video. This can be used to mislead people or create a false narrative about something or someone.

T he False Information Business Model

The internet and social media have made it very easy for anyone to publish content on a website, blog or social media profile and potentially reach large audiences. With so many people now getting news from social media sites, many content creators/publishers have used this to their advantage.

False information can be a profitable business, generating large sums of advertising revenue for publishers who create and publish stories that go viral. The more clicks a story gets, the more money online publishers make through advertising revenue and for many publishers social media is an ideal platform to share content and drive web traffic.

False Information, Social Media, and the Filter Bubble

In a recent article on media literacy, Hugh Linehan noted; "Media is no longer passively consumed - it's created, shared, liked, commented on, attacked and defended in all sorts of different ways by hundreds of millions of people. And the algorithms used by the most powerful tech companies - Google and Facebook in particular - are brilliantly designed to personalise and tailor these services to each user's profile."

When we go online or login to a social network we are generally presented with news, articles and content based on our own searches online. This type of content tends to reflect our own likes, views and beliefs and therefore isolating us from differing views and opinions. This is often referred to as a filter bubble.

What can we do about False Information?

Google and Facebook have announced new measures to tackle fake news with the introduction of reporting and flagging tools. Media organisations like the BBC and Channel 4 have also established fact checking sites While these are welcome developments, digital media literacy and developing skills to critically evaluate information are essential skills for anyone navigating the internet and especially for young people.

The vast amount of information available online and rise in fake news highlights the need for critical thinking. Children need to develop critical thinking from an early age. This is a key skill for young people to develop as they enter into third level education and prepare themselves for the workplace.

How to spot False Information?

Anyone can fall for false information online. There are a number of things to watch out for when evaluating content online.
1.Who is sharing the story?
Check if the the social media account sharing the post is verified. Most public figures and media outlets display a "blue badge or check mark" which means the account has been authenticated. This can mean the content of the post is more likely to be reliable, although not always.
2. Take a closer look
Check the source of the story, do you recognise the website? Is it a credible/reliable source? If you are unfamiliar with the site, look in the about section or find out more information about the author.

3. Look beyond the headline
Check the entire article, many fake news stories use sensationalist or shocking headlines to grab attention. Often the headlines of fake new stories are in all caps and use exclamation points.

4. Check other sources
Are other reputable news/media outlets reporting on the story? Are there any sources in the story? If so, check they are reliable or if they even exist!

5. Check the facts
Stories with false information often contain incorrect dates or altered timelines. It is also a good idea to check when the article was published, is it current or an old news story?

6. Check your biases
Are your own views or beliefs affecting your judgement of a news feature or report?

7. Is it a joke?
Satirical sites are popular online and sometimes it is not always clear whether a story is just a joke or parody... Check the website, is it known for satire or creating funny stories?

Useful Resources:

Be Media Smart - www.bemediasmart.ie #StopThinkCheck

Developed by Media Literacy Ireland, Be Media Smart offers useful tips and guidance on how to tell the difference between reliable and accurate information and or deliberately false or misleading information.

Media Literacy Ireland - www.medialiteracyireland.ie

Facilitated by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, MLI is a network of volunteer members coming from a large number of sectors, organisations and interests, working together to empower people to make informed media choices about the media content and services that they consume, create, and disseminate across all platforms. The MLI offers useful media literacy resources, research, and news.

Fact checking sites

Snopes: snopes.com/

PolitiFact: politifact.com

Fact Check: factcheck.org/

BBC Reality Check: bbc.com/news/reality-check

Channel 4 Fact Check: channel4.com/news/factcheck

Reverse image search from Google: google.com/reverse-image-search

Deep Fakes and Visual Deception

Deepfakes are fake videos created using digital software, machine learning and face swapping. Deepfakes are computer-created artificial videos in which images are combined to create new footage that depicts events, statements or action that never actually happened. The results can be quite convincing. Deep fakes differ from other forms of false information by being very difficult to identify as false.

Find out more in Explained: What Are Deepfakes?

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Explained: What is Fake news? | Social Media and Filter Bubbles

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Fake news is news or stories created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Fake news is often created to influence views or for political motives.