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Lees, Slater, Wyly (2008), Gentrification

Lees, Shin, Lopez-Morales (2016), Planetary Gentrification

Moscowitz (2018), How to kill a city: Gentrification, Inequality, and the Fight for the Neighborhood

Smith (2005) The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the revanchist city

Furlan (2019), Unfolding Wasteland

Belanger (2010), Redefining Infrastructure

Corner (1999), Agency of Mapping
Massey (1984), Spatial Divisions of Labour. Social Structures and the Geography of Production
Vermeulen (2016), Gentrification or upward social mobility
Criekingen (2011), Gentrification as policy
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-trending-121117.html

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It should be noted, that each political and economical regime has a specific spatial disposition, creating the environment of the social order. Space is therefore both a product and a medium of society. The interaction between space as a product and space as a medium develops in stages, in long waves as it were. When the economic structure changes, it impacts the space, disturbing the social environment. When this happens, the spatial structure is no longer adapted and tensions and shifts arise (Doreen Massey, 1984). The Vasilievskiy island industrial area is in such a stage.

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V.P. Pechatkin's stationery factory. Building demolished

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St. Petersburg Pipe Plant. Northern Production building - Kalinin Plant. Demolished

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St. Petersburg Pipe Plant. Production building - Kalinin Plant. Building 26. Saved

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The City Planning Council allowed Maksidom to make a creative space with a walking area from the Kalinin plant. Members of the board of directors of the Maxidom chain have announced that their company plans to create loft offices, restaurants and cafes in pre-revolutionary buildings.

During the demolishing process of the area, some of the historic buildings were lost. Many of them have historical value, but do not have relevant documents.

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On the basis of the studied material, and analysis of the current gentrified territories of Vasilievsky Island we can conclude that changes are seen with positive and negative factors. As a result of the gentrification process, the territory gets a completely new look. Due to the fact that the territory initially had no inhabitants and was empty, there was no negative aspect of population displacement, which is usually inherent in the process of gentrification. Moreover, the growth in real estate prices in the surrounding areas is not significant or there is no rise in prices at all due to the proximity of other industrial zones, which serves a buffer function.

Furthermore, in the future high transport accessibility will allow to quickly integrate the territory into an already existing urban situation.

The main negative aspect to be mentioned is the irretrievable loss of some objects of historical heritage.
Since at the moment the territory is still under development, it is impossible to judge its impact on neighboring areas and on the situation on the island as a whole.  Undoubtedly, the development of the abandoned areas and the access and landscaping of the water's edge will have a beneficial effect on the lives of the inhabitants of the island and other citizents.

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жк эм стройка

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док стройка

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3. Hardware store- Maksidom- with creative cluster and walking area

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1. Docklands - loft apartments on Vasilievsky Island

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2. Emerald on Malaya Neva - a residential complex on Vasilievsky Island

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Today, the territory is a plot of 119 hectares stretching along the water. Former factory buildings are very tightly pressed together, some of them are located at strange angles. That is, in spite of the advantageous position of the territory, the view of the water and the proximity to the center, the historical buildings, which are the historical heritage, complicate the task of re-development for developers. At the moment, there is a demolition of emergency buildings that have no historical value and a general clearing of the territory.

Today the area is experienced several ongoing projects.
Two  (area 1 and 2) of the numerous industrial zones on the territory of St. Petersburg's Vasilyevsky Island are planned to be built up with housing and social facilities, on the third site  (area 3) it is planned to build a hardware store, the developers also plan to renovate old industrial buildings, develop and improve the embankment with the subsequent inclusion of public functions.

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Tram Park

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St. Petersburg Pipe Plant. Production building 1 -
Kalinin plant

Demolition of buildings at the critical condition with no historical value

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St. Petersburg Pipe Plant. Production building with a copper foundry - Kalinin Plant. Hull demolished

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The de-industrialization process led to the extinction of the area and further marginalization of the territory. The atmosphere of Vasilievsky Island is clearly visible in the chase scene from the cult film 'Brother', where a gang of criminals chases the protagonist. A tram rides along industrial buildings and stops in a tram park adjacent to the eastern territory of the abandoned industrial area.

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Кинокомпания "СТВ"

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Брат (фильм) - Погоня (лучшие моменты)

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Therefore, it can be stated that since 2010, the awakening of the dynamics and planning needs of the Gray Belt has accelerated. The plots were originally put up for auction. The territory consisted of plots of different sizes with the presence of historical buildings. Since the territory has a favorable location in the city, good transport accessibility and a water view, the plots were sold out quickly.
In a word, the Gray Belt has a prominent place in development process in St. Petersburg.

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Today, with the fall of industrial production, the industrial Gray Belt has become a divider in the city. At the same time, the region has developed unique qualities that were unexpected in the immediate vicinity of the city center.

However, the developed regeneration system accepts the spatial conditions that have been shaped by the needs of industry and redefines their use in such a way that new qualities appear that form the DNA of a new, third St. Petersburg.

New areas are creating a new development model that will lead to the creation of a more permeable urban infrastructure that can fulfill new functions of a citywide nature. The process of de-industrialization has led the city to the gentrification of certain areas.

On the demand side, what is at stake is the creation of new middle-class demand for living or working in central or industrial areas, that is, the "opening" of spaces that have long been excluded from the general mental map of the middle class as possible new conditions for living, working or shopping.

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This northeast industrial area of Vasilievsky Island is one part of the vast territory of Saint Petersburg called The "Gray Belt". The total area of 18.9 thousand hectares formed in the 19th century during the period of industrial growth. As a matter of fact, it makes up a third of the historical district of St. Petersburg. More than 20% of the territory is undeveloped and is a tidbit for developers.

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II. Features of gentrification in Russia

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II. Features of gentrification in Russia

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The gentrification process works in urban spaces where population mobility is very high. For example, in Berlin, about 85% of residents rent their apartments and they are free to choose an area to live according to their personal preferences, cultural activities ongoing, or a safety level.

On the contrary, in Russian and in Saint Petersburg in particular, only 15% of residents rent housing represented in general by students and workers as well as a little part of the middle class.

Indeed, if we speak about gentrification in St. Petersburg in a narrow sense - this is not a classical model. This state of affairs is related to our ownership structure. At one time, everyone privatized square meters. In other words, Russians usually buy apartments instead of renting.

Besides that, in Europe, this process is associated with the fact that development companies buy territories by neighborhoods. First of all, this is impossible in Russia because no one owns entire neighborhoods. And above all, gentrification in Russia occurs only with the direct participation of city authorities.

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This essay addresses the issue of the gentrification of the former industrial territories of St. Petersburg.

Gentrification- the transformation of a working-class or vacant area of the central city into middle-class residential and/or commercial use- is without a doubt one of the popular topics of urban inquiry (Lees, 2008).

Over the decades, gentrification has been an integral part of any vibrant city, be it the North Quarter in Manchester, Harlem in New York, or the central areas of Paris. For the first time, the word "gentrification" was used by Ruth Glass in 1964 and refers to the process of crowding out the working class in various parts of London with more wealthy members of the middle class. Since then, gentrification as a phenomenon has become generally accepted: marginal tenants of the historical district are replaced by artists in search of cheap housing, then hipsters are seduced by new areas, and wealthy citizens and businesses are already behind them. These most classic examples of gentrification include Notting Hill in London or Williamsburg in Brooklyn.

However, often the initiators of the process are not representatives of art, but investors and developers who are attracted by the economic potential of the historical region. Such a process could be observed in post-Soviet Moscow and, in particular, in the Ostozhenka district, which, as a result of gentrification, became the “golden mile”, one of the most elite areas of the city.
It would seem that gentrification is, without a doubt, a positive phenomenon for the city from an economic, social, and cultural point of view. However, if there are those who fill the area, there are those who have been squeezed out of it. As a result, even more, isolated ghetto areas appear in the city, although no longer in the center. Small business, which served the market of former residents, are also crowded out. Among other consequences is the crisis of affordable housing, higher rental rates, class conflicts, loss of local community, and an increase in crime.
The process of gentrification affects so many different interest groups that evaluating the impact of this process depends only on which side we look at it. Most often, the state supports the development of gentrification, but those whose interests are infringed are much less likely to be heard.

In this essay, I want to compare and contrast arguments that see the ongoing gentrification of a northeast industrial area of Vasilievsky Island as a positive or negative process in terms of urban morphology.

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The industrial zone of Vasilievsky Island demonstrates remarkable traces of its historical past. Some traces are still visible, others have been erased over time. This urban fabric can be read like a palimpsest, a piece of parchment that has been written over and over again. Former work areas with typical industrial house.; Car repairs are located next to some renovated industrial cranes along the quays, as silent witnesses to the industrial past. A small yacht club located next to a bunch of major retail stores. Older and newer industries can be found in is area, ranging from scrap yards or sculpture workshops to new carpentry and recording studio. Commercial retail and catering range from teahouses and hip bars to top design and european furniture or plumbing.

The history of the industrial region of Vasilievsky Island, its industrialization and urbanization are closely related to the economic development of the city. In addition, the area is undergoing parallel initiatives to demolish, renovate, decorate and protect the architectural and industrial heritage. In the past few decades, St. Petersburg has transitioned from an industrial to a post-Fordist economy that has inevitably affected the area.