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○Plants have a variety of processes that maintain homeostasis
○Photosynthesis is the process that converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using the energy of the sun as a catalyst. It occurs within the chloroplast, which uses the pigment chlorophyll to absorb sunlight.
○Photosynthesis is chemically represented by
6Co(2)+6H(2)O->C(6)H(12)O(6)+6O(6)
○Cellular respiration is when cells then covert glucose into ATP in the mitochondria so it can be used for energy
○The chemical reaction is C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) --> 6H(2)O + 6CO(2) + ATP
○Plants also transpire
○Transpiration it when the guard cells of a plant open, and release water vapor into the atmosphere.
○This is done to cool down a plant, somewhat similar to sweating in mammals.
○Plant reproduction can happen both asexually or sexually, but the process is mostly the same
○The male reproductive organ is called a stamen
○It has a stalk called a filament, with an anther at its end.
○The anther has 4 pollen sacks, where pollen (plant sperm) is produced.
○When the anther is ripe, the sacks split open
○The female reproductive organs are carpels
○Each carpel is made up of an ovary, a style and a stigma.

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photosynthesis and cellular respiration image 2

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○In organisms tissues are groups of similar cells
○There are 4 types of tissues covered by the EOC, meristematic, ground, dermal, and vascular tissue.
○Meristematic cells are cells that are undifferentiated and constantly dividing
○Meristematic Cells are often found in a tip of the root and the tips of the shoot.
○Ground tissue is mainly between the dermal and vascular tissues.
○Ground issues main function is to store carbohydrates and makes up most of the plant as a whole
○Dermal tissues coat the entire outside of the plant
○The dermal tissue does two main things. It waterproofs the plant, to prevent water loss, and protects the cells from outside forces.
○Vascular Tissues make up the cells transport vessels which go through the middle of the cell from the roots to the leaves.
○Vascular tissues are often completely empty

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○A biological structure form organs
○A plants Seed surrounds the plants embryo, and protects it from the outside environment
○Each seed contain an embryo,  food source, and a protective outer coating.
○The Cambium lies between the xylem and phloem
○Cambium cells are undifferentiated, amt either become Xylem or Phloem cells as the plant grows.
○Guard cells are two cells (joined together at each end) on the lower epidermis of a leaf
○The two cells are round in shape, and when closed, look like lips.
○When the cells are turgid (full of water) they open, This allows gas exchange and transpiration.
○When Flaccid (Low water) the cells are closed.
○The space between the open guard cells is called a stomata, and its what allows gas exchange and transpiration
○The Phloem resides in the middle of the cell, on the outside of vascular bundles, and primarily transports the products of photosynthesis to the lower parts of a plant.
○The Xylem is another part of the Vascular bundle, and is in the center of the bundle.
○The Xylem carries water and trace elements from the roots to the leaves

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A plant, at the macro level, has 6 organs.
○Roots. Roots are underneath the stem, and are branching, and often threadlike. Roots have two primary functions, absorbing water and nutrients from the ground, and rooting(insert rimshot here) the plant in place.
○Stem. The stem of a plants is its main "body", and it keeps the cell upright, keeps the leaves in the sun to photosynthesize, and holds the vascular bundles of transport.
○Leaves. Leaves are structure that divert from the stem. They facilitate photosynthesis, and transpiration.
○Plants all have reproductive organs, but what it is differs from plant to plant.
○Flowering plants have flowers, which release plant sperm in the form of pollen.
○Some plants have fruit, which is a structure of tissue surrounding a seed
○plants use animals that eat fruit to spread their seeds
○Certain non-Flowering plants (and all gynosperm) have cones. Cones are a plant structure that is a mass of scales or bracts,and is often oval in shape. It contains that plants reproductive systems.