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Genetic markers don't identify the gene responsible for a disease but indicate the location of the causative gen. Genetic markers are inherited with the responsible gene (linked inheritance). The DNA they consist of typically does not contain a gene, known as "junk DNA'.

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Involves one of two or more variants of a particular DNA sequence, e.g. a variation at a single base pair, otherwise known as single nucleotide polymorphism. Polymorphisms are widely used as genetic markers. Randomly sequenced primers (typically oligonucleotides) are used to detect the polymorphisms in the absence of specific nucleotide information.

Williams, J. G. K. et al., 1990. DNA Polymorphisms Amplified by Arbitrary Primers are Useful as Genetic Markers. Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 18 (22), pp. 6581-6585.

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https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov

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National Human Genome Research Institute

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National Human Genome Research Institute

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https://www.genome.gov

DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome. Used to link inherited diseases with the causative genes. Able to track inheritance of a nearby gene that is not yet identified.

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https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hla-testing/tab/test

The main use of the test is to match patients with donors for bone marrow or cord blood transplants. Can be used for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.

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https://www.gomolecular.com/discover/what_is_molecular_diagnostics.html

Tests that detect specific sequences in DNA or RNA potentially associated with disease.
Applications include:

Infectious diseases

Oncology

Pharmogenetics

Genetic disease screening

Human leukocyte antigen typing

Coagulation

Frederick L. Kiechle, M.D., Ph.D.

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Molecular diagnostics detect specific sequences in DNA or RNA that may or may not be associated with disease.

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www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Molecular-Biology-Techniques.aspx

Concerned with transcription, translation, and the role of proteins in cellular functions. Methods to identify, isolate, and manipulate molecular components, including DNA, RNA, and proteins:

PCR

Expression Cloning

Gel Electrophoresis

Macromolecule blotting and probing

Arrays