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Hi Miss Sufina , we will be presenting our week 15 progress in  google slides here's the link :
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1J40o5QoBXlmJ1innsdk3wghPQAy7a7_Q0A5sroO3_gE/edit?usp=sharing

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Lee Yew Joe
Bryan Lee
Lee Zhe Yi
Sam Mun Hoe
Christopher Ivan Tan
Yang Chee Kent
Celine Chong
Ian Chuah
Salman

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Roman Republic

The Roman Empire was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500,[5][6] and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time).[n 7][7] The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117 CE), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. By 285 CE the empire had grown too vast to be ruled from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian (284-305 CE) into a Western and an Eastern Empire. The Roman Empire began when Augustus Caesar (27 BCE-14 CE) became the first emperor of Rome and ended, in the west, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic King Odoacer (476 CE). In the east, it continued as the Byzantine Empire until the death of Constantine XI and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. The influence of the Roman Empire on western civilization was profound in its lasting contributions to virtually every aspect of western culture .

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE

During the time where the agriculture city state, family was not only clarified with the blood relations but also can be marked by the head of the family legally. Similarly, to other families, during that period, the oldest man in the household have the control of the family. He is also the master of his wife, if not the wife’s father will take over. Slaves are also part of the social order and they are mostly from prisons. They can be bought and sell in the black market.

CLOTHING

The clothing usually indicates an individual class to another class. Tunic was made by a coarse dark material and worn by common people, slaves and herdsman. Military tunics were shorter than those worn by civilians. Wigs are worn by man to hide the baldness of their hair. They used to have long hair wig and full beards. However, they have the opposite features which they were clean-shaven and short hair for after a while. In 1 Century AD, they started to style themselves into their original fashion again.

FOOD

Ancient Roman had very simple food habits. Breakfast are usually consumed with bread, salad, olives, cheese, fruits, nuts, and left over cold meat. Wine was not common until 250 B. C. It was only had mass produced around the time of Cato the Elder who mentions in his book De Agri Cultura that the vineyard will bring benefits in a good farm.

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shields
Scutum shield

The scutum was a large shield, used by Roman legionary and by the gladiators, around 100cm tall and 40 cm wide.

Its typically rectangular but could have square edges, rounded edges, or actually be more of an oval shape.

Parma shieldThe parma was a small shield, used by various types of Roman soldiers.

The parma shield was around 90cm wide and was typically circular in shape.

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-Classical architecture , influenced by Greeks and Etruscans
- In one respect, however, Roman architecture stands clearly apart from its Greek predecessors. The Romans were the first civilization to fully exploit arched construction, in which a roof is supported by arches (as opposed to post-and-beam construction, in which a roof sits directly on columns). Among older cultures, arched construction was either relatively simple (e.g. Mesopotamia) or virtually absent (e.g. Greece).

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CHRISTOPHER IVAN TAN
BRYAN LEE YEN SHENG
LEE JEW JOE
SAM MUN HOE
LEE ZHE YI
IAN CHUAH YI YIANG
CELINE CHONG
YANG CHEE KENT

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Government
Main form of government was a republic where even ordinary citizens are expected to play an active role in governing the state. They are split into a few groups.

Citizens - Citizenship varied greatly. The full citizen could vote, marry freeborn persons, and practice commerce. Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public office, but maintained the other rights. A third type of citizen could vote and practice commerce, but could not hold office or marry freeborn women.

Patricians - Otherwise known as aristocrats(wealthy people). They dominated the early Roman Republic. The highest positions in the government were held by two consuls, or leaders, who ruled the Roman Republic. The senate composed of patricians elected these consuls.  At this time, lower-class citizens, or plebeians, had virtually no say in the government. Both men and women were citizens in the Roman Republic, but only men could vote.  While the citizens would gradually obtain even more power and hold the position of consul. Despite the changes, the patricians were still able to use their wealth to buy control and influence over elected leaders.

The Roman Senate -

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Early forms of the Roman religion were animistic in nature, believing that spirits inhabited everything around them, people included.

The Romans adopted many of the Greek gods as their own.

Under this Greek influence, the Roman gods became more anthropomorphic – with the human characteristics of jealousy, love, hate, etc.

Cities adopted their own patron deities and performed their own rituals. Temples honoring the gods would be built throughout the empire; however, these temples were considered the “home” of the god; worship occurred outside the temple.

The most important god was Jupiter. He was the king of gods who ruled with his wife Juno, the goddess of the sky. Other gods were:

Mars | God of War

1. Mercury | The messenger of the gods

2. Nepture | God of the Sea

3. Janus | God of the Doorway

4. Diana | Goddess of Hunting

5. Vesta | Goddess of the Hearth

6. Minerva | Goddess of Healing and Wisdom

7. Venus | Goddess of Love

Gladiators (BEFORE CHRIST)

Back in  264 BC Gladiators were introduced to Rome. The Romans believed and worshiped many gods and goddesses, and would pray to the ones that would benefit them in there time of need.

Some Gladiators might pray to Pluto, the god of death, or Mars, the god of war. These two gods would be prayed to most because when the Gladiators are fighting they would want death to be summoned on to their victim. They would pray to Mars because they would want to win the fight.

Some other gods and goddesses they might have prayed to would be, Minerva, she was the goddess of wisdom and sponsor of arts, trade, and defense. Gladiators would pray for wisdom in their fighting skills and to give them more defense against the attacks from their enemy. Another goddess that they may have prayed to would be, Fortuna, she was the goddess of luck and fortune, praying for good luck would be a very good thing to do and praying for bad luck onto your enemy was also very bright. Nemesis was the goddess of chance, fortunes, and revenge, many would pray to her for those benefits.

When a Gladiator won a battle they would earn up to a year of a warriors pay, they could use this money to buy better luxuries for themselves including a worship statue for their prayers. When a fellow Gladiator was killed in the ring, the other Gladiators would bury them as if they were family.

Gladiators (AFTER CHRIST DIED)

In the year ACD 312, many things changed in Rome when it came to religion. The emperor Constantine the Great, said he had had a sign from the God of the Christians in a dream in the night before he had an important battle. The Emperor won this battle and showed his gratitude to the Christian God by turning the entire empire to this new religion. The Emperor Constantine was successful to where this empire stayed Christian forever. Constantine died in 337. Before his death, he was baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia. Following his baptism, Constantine refused to wear the imperial purple and died wearing the white baptismal robe. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles just days after he had dedicated it.

Before Christ died many of the roman people thought Jesus was a threat to them, to their religion, and to their empire. Shortly after Jesus died, Constantine had his dream from God and the Roman empire were now people of God. The reason that the Romans saw Jesus as a threat in the beginning was because, they saw that every one was following Jesus so they thought that soon they might try to take over. Also Jesus was saying that there is only one god which goes against what the Romans believed in. But as soon as the Romans Emperor saw fit to believing in Christ the entire empire decided to follow like lost puppies.

The Gladiator fights didn't stop until 404 ACD, so Gladiators stopped praying for the Gods and Goddesses and started praying to the Christian God. These fights mainly stopped because a Christian monk visiting Rome saw these savage brutal fights and ran into the ring, begging for this to stop. He was then stoned and killed, but the Emperor in charge saw his bravery and his love for Christ and declared these fights to come to an end.

The advent of Christianity led to a massive change of attitudes in the Roman Empire. The Roman culture changed from being antagonistic to becoming pacifistic. With the new Christian religion the morals, principles and values of the Roman people changed.

Their morals changed in a way to where it wasn't alright to sleep with just anyone, it was all in marriage, they had to flee from prostitution and temptation.

Their values changed from all about them to all about God, they wanted to live for God not for themselves. Because with the Romans gods and goddesses, they prayed for what they wanted personally for them, but when it came to the Christian God, he became their value.

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ARCH
An arch-shaped ceiling is known as a vault. Vaults come in various forms; the simplest is the tunnel vault (aka barrel vault), which can be described as a "continuous arch". The weight of such a vault demanded thick supportive walls with limited gaps. Moreover, since the height of a tunnel vault must increase along with its width, there was a practical limit on its size

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753 BC – Rome is founded

264 BC – The first recorded gladiator bout occurred in Rome.

218 BC – The Roman Forum is used as a stage for the gladiators to battle accord to Livy. Wooden stands were used to allowed for more citizens to view the gladiator battles.

174 BC – The death of the general Titus Quinctius Flaminius led to the munera for him and it is reported that 74 gladiators fought in his honour.

150 BC – The gladiator battles grow in popularity and the attendance in this periods increases dramatically. The construction of pop-up amphitheatres occurs to work with the growth in popularity.

105 BC – The first official gladiator contest occurs ,partially seen as a training exercise for the Roman military.

80 BC – The stone amphitheatre at Pompeii is built, but is actually called a Spectacula as the word amphitheatre is not in common use yet.

73 BC – Spartacus leads the gladiator revolt from Capua, looking to free all slaves in the Roman Empire. Along the way Spartacus and his gladiators amass a huge army that is big enough to withstand constant attacks from the Roman military.

71 BC – Spartacus is killed in battle.

65 BC – A set of Gladiator battles are held in honour of a munus from Julius Ceaser to his father who died 20 years previous. These fights were thought to total 320 gladiator battles, a huge number and a real feat of showmanship by Ceaser.

45 BC – Julius Ceaser is the first dictator of Rome marking the end of the Roman Republic.

44 BC – Julius Ceaser is assassinated by Marcus Brutus with the hope of returning Rome to a republic.

29 BC – The first stone amphitheatre is built in Rome by T. Statillius Taurus.

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14 AD – Estimated 5 million people live in the city of Rome at this point.

64 AD – The first stone amphitheatre built by T. Statillus Taurus burned down during the great fire of this year.

71 AD – The new Roman emperor Vespasian new construction the Colosseum begins work.

79 AD – Emperor Vespasian dies before he can see the eventual completion of the Colosseum of Rome.

80 AD – The inauguration of the Roman Colosseum occurs

108 AD – Emperor Trajan a military leader and former soldier on return from his military success in the Dacian Kingdom used what is reported to be over 10,000 gladiators over a period of 123 days of celebrations, causing future emperors like Marcus Aurelius to introduce legislation.

108-192 AD – The emperor of the time Commodus engaged in gladiator battles himself, but not without having an advantage over his opponents first. He is reported to have armed opponents with blunt or wooden weapons, and to have fought weak, injured or disabled opponents.

177 AD – Marcus Aurelius tries to introduce legislation to limit the number and time of any gladiator battle event. His son Commodus however completely ignore the legislation.

200 AD – Women are banned from fighting as gladiators.

217 AD – The Colosseum is struck by lightning and after first starts and burns for days.

222 AD – The Colosseum is rebuilt and inaugurated again by Emperor Alexander Severus after many years of work.

401 AD – During the gladiator games arranged by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, the Germanic prisoners refused to fight for the entertainment of the Roman crowds. Instead they strangled each other in their cells before they were due to fight.

399 AD – Emperor Honorius rules that the gladiator schools be shut down, for the growing Christian religious beliefs.

404 CE – With the Christian religion taking over the Empire, and the gladiator training schools already closed, a monk from Asia actually jumped in between two gladiators fighting, and the crowd thus stoned him to death for interrupting the bout. However Emperor Honorius saw this as the final straw and put an end to gladiator battles by prohibiting them.

410 AD – The city of Rome is overcome and sacked by the invading Germanic army of the Visigoths. The Visigoths led by Alaraic I were successful where many had failed, being the first to sack Rome in 800 years.

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An engaged column ("attached column"), the decorative version of a true column, has the appearance of being partly embedded in a wall. A flattened engaged column is called a pilaster. The decorative version of an arch is a blind arch: a shallow, arched depression in a wall.

The Pantheon, perhaps the most celebrated of all Roman buildings, is certainly the most famous vaulted Roman temple. It features a vast dome (the world's largest until the Renaissance, with the construction of Brunelleschi's dome) pierced with a circular skylight. The Pantheon is often upheld as the masterpiece of the Corinthian order; as such, it may be considered the final piece of the classical "set", along with the Parthenon (the Doric masterpiece) and Erechtheum (the Ionic masterpiece).

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Marcus Aurelius, empreror of Rome at the time, asks Maximus, his favorite general, to become emperor after his death and eventually restore the power to the senate. Commodus, the son of Aurelius, is jealous of Maximus and kills his father, afterwards asking Maximus for his loyalty. When Maximus refuses, Commodus attempts to have him and his family killed he succeeds in killing his family, but fails to kill him. Instead, Maximus, is captured by slave traders and becomes a gladiator, a job which lends itself to his leadership skills and warrior abilities. Throughout his career as a gladiator, Maximus's primary objectives are to save Rome from Commodus and to avenge the murder of his family.

Setting- Roman empire (germania africa and rome)

Point of view-It traces Maximus' fall from his prestigious career as a Roman general, to his enslavement, to his eventual resurrection as the premier gladiator in Rome

Genre-There are a lot of fast-paced (action) sequences in this film.