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"The 1950's could be described as a war between U.S. and soviet school systems." The federal government spent millions of dollars over the next decade for educational reforms. The National Defense Education Act of 1958 sponsored research and innovation in science, mathematics, modern foreign languages, and guidance. Teachers were trained in the use of new methods and materials, and schools were given funds for new equipment and research centers.

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In 1964, Congress extended the National Defense Education Act for 3 years and expanded Title lll of the act to include money for improving instruction in reading, English, geography, history, and civics. During the reform activity of the 1960's, public school enrollments rose dramatically from 25 million in 1950's to 36 million in the 1960's. However, as a result in decline in birth rate this trend stopped abruptly in the 1970's.

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During the 70's, there were drops in enrollment, test scores, and public confidence in our schools

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Many school systems had to deal with financial crises during the 70's, public and private school enrollment declined by nearly 5 million

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Parents became education activists, seeking and establishing alternative schools.

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People described the 80's as similar criticisms from the past two decades. It was a lot of "teacher bashing."

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In 1954 the Supreme Court rejected the " separate but equal"  doctrine. This did not bring an immediate end to segregation in schools.

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Many schools were failing miserably at meeting their goals. (A Nation at Risk)

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The administrations of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson funneled massive amounts of money into a War on Poverty. They developed methods, materials, and programs such as subsidized breakfast and lunch programs, and Head start.

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The administrations of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson funneled massive amounts of money into a War on Poverty.

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In April 1965 Congress passed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The act allocated funds on the basis of the number of poor children in school districts. In 1968 this act was amended with Title Vll, the Bilingual Education Act. This act provided federal aid to low-income children of " limited English-speaking ability."

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They worked to strength core curriculum in high schools, and tried to develop new ways to enhance student self-esteem.

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There were many challenges in education in the 90’s; such as greater diversity, greater international competition, less support for public education, and decentralization and deregulation of schools. The responses to these challenges were things like multicultural curriculum reform, greater accountability national goals and standards, school vouchers and school school choice, and school-based management.

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Some examples of changes in education that happened in the 90’s are Goals 2000 being unveiled and then signed into law, also the National Information Infrastructure encourages schools to become connected to the “information superhighway”. Also, President Bill Clinton launches the President’s Educational Technology Initiative and signs into law the Education Excellence for All Children Act.