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philosopher, author and economist famous for his theories about capitalism and communism.

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the process of making an area more urban.

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English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine

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systemof manufacturing based upon work done at home on materials supplied by merchant employers

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refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

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Why did workers organize into labor unions?

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Why did workers organize into labor unions?

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Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improvedworking conditions

• Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

• Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

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How did the Industrial Revolution affect slavery?

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How did the Industrial Revolution affect slavery?

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The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.

• The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

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How did the Industrial Revolution impact the lives of women, children, and the family? 

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How did the Industrial Revolution impact the lives of women, children, and the family? 

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Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system

• Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages

• Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high

• Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

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What were some theories opposed to capitalism

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What were some theories opposed to capitalism

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Socialism and communism

• Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital

• Response to the injustices of capitalism

• Importance to communists of redistribution of wealth

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What was the role of capitalism and market competition in the Industrial Revolution?

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What was the role of capitalism and market competition in the Industrial Revolution?

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Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

• Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities

• Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class

• Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

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How did the Industrial Revolution produce changes in culture and society?

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How did the Industrial Revolution produce changes in culture and society?

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Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution

• Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves

• Steam engine: James Watt

• Cotton gin: Eli Whitney

• Process for making steel: Henry Bessemer

Advancements in science and medicine

• Development of smallpox vaccination: Edward Jenner

• Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries

• Population increase

• Increased standards of living for many but not all

• Improved transportation

• Urbanization

• Environmental pollution

• Increased education

• Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions

• Growth of the middle class

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Why did the spread of industrialization to Europe and the United States accelerate colonialism and imperialism? 

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Why did the spread of industrialization to Europe and the United States accelerate colonialism and imperialism? 

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Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

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Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England? 

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Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England? 

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Originated in England because of its natural resources (e.g., coal, iron ore) and the invention and improvement of the steam engine

• Spread to Europe and the United States

• Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries

• Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement

• Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries

• Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world