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Research Title - How did President Trumps travel ban affect
travel to the USA?
Aims - To inform people about how the ban affected lives in the US.
To observe how the US overcame this problem.
Suggested method of data collection and why?
I am thinking about using questionnaires because i feel that i will recieve the best response from this. People will be more interested in expressing their opinions on paper and give honest opinions, and it will be quicker.
Three pieces of literature reviews - i dont know what this is, the link on moodle doesnt work.
Ethics - Ethics that i need to be aware of are consent. I need to be aware of triggering and harmful questions. Also, as it concerns religion and racism issues with the President, so i need to make sure the questions are not harmful to anyone. I also need to assure confidentitally and anonymity with all participants.
Sampling method - i would use the convience sampling because it recieves a good response rate and easy to use.

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It is extremely unethical to test on animals, no matter what. This is because they are able to feel pain and although people prefer to test on animals rather than humans, it is still not fair as monkeys/animals cannot control what is happening to them as they have no voice. Doing experiments on people is also unethical as they are often experimented on not voluntarily.

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Psychological experiments can be key to understanding what makes people tick, yet some individuals have gone about their research in rather unusual - and sometimes morally dubious - ways. Furthermore, while these researchers' findings may increase the sum of knowledge on human behavior, the methods that a number of psychologists have used in order to test theories have at times overstepped ethical boundaries or might even appear somewhat sadistic. Those taking part in such studies have not always escaped unscathed, either; in fact, as a result some have suffered lasting emotional damage - or worse. Here are ten bizarre psychology experiments that totally crossed the line.

10. Milgram Experiment (1961)
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Yale University social psychology professor Stanley Milgram embarked on his now infamous series of experiments in 1961. Prompted by the trial of high-ranking Nazi and Holocaust-coordinator Adolf Eichmann, Milgram wished to assess whether people really would carry out acts that clashed with their conscience if so directed by an authority figure. For each test, Milgram lined up three people, who were split into the roles of "experimenter" (or authority figure), "teacher" and "learner" (actually an actor). After that, the teacher - who was separated from the learner and told to comply with the experimenter - would attempt to tutor the learner in sets of word pairs. The penalty for wrong answers by the learner was shocking in more ways than one, as they pretended to receive painful and increasingly strong jolts of electricity that the teacher thought they were delivering. Even though no real shocks were inflicted, the ethics of the experiment came under close scrutiny owing to the severe psychological stress placed on its volunteer subjects.

9. Little Albert Experiment (1920)
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Things were different in 1920. Back then, you could take a healthy baby and scare it silly in the name of science - which is exactly what American psychologist John B. Watson did at Johns Hopkins University. Interested to learn if he would be able to condition a child to fear something ordinary - if coupled with something else that he supposed triggered inborn fear - Watson borrowed eight-month-old baby Albert for an experiment with seemingly dubious ethics. First, Watson introduced the child to a white rat. Observing that it didn't scare Albert, Watson then reintroduced the rat, only this time together with a sudden loud noise. Naturally, the noise frightened Albert. Watson then deliberately got Albert to associate the rat with the noise, until the baby couldn't even see the rat without bursting into tears. Essentially, the psychologist gave Albert a pretty unpleasant phobia. Moreover, Watson went on to make the infant distressed when seeing a rabbit, a dog and even the furry white beard of "Santa Claus." By the end of the experiment, Albert might well have been traumatized for life!

8. Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
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In August 1971 Stanford University psychology professor Philip Zimbardo decided to test the theory that conflict and ill-treatment involving prisoners and guards is chiefly down to individuals' personality traits. Zimbardo and his team set up a simulated prison in the Stanford psychology building and gave 24 volunteers the roles of either "prisoner" or "guard." The participants were then dressed according to their assigned roles, with Zimbardo handing himself the part of "superintendent." While Zimbardo had steered the guards towards creating "a sense of powerlessness" among the mock prisoners, what happened was pretty disturbing. Around four of the dozen guards became actively sadistic. Prisoners were stripped and humiliated, left in unsanitary conditions and forced to sleep on concrete floors. One was shut in a cupboard. Zimbardo himself was so immersed in his role that he didn't notice the severity of what was going on. After six days, his girlfriend's protests persuaded him to halt the experiment - but not before at least five of the prisoners had suffered emotional trauma.

7. Monkey Drug Trials (1969)
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While their findings may have shed light on the psychological aspect of drug addiction, three researchers at the University of Michigan Medical School arguably completely overstepped the mark in 1969 by getting macaque monkeys hooked on illegal substances. G.A. Deneau, T. Yanagita and M.H. Seevers injected the unwitting primates with drugs, including cocaine, amphetamines, morphine and alcohol. Why? In order to see if the animals would then go on to freely administer doses of the psychoactive and, in some cases, potentially deadly substances themselves. Many of the monkeys did, which the researchers claimed established a link between drug abuse and psychological dependence. Still, given the fact that the conclusions cannot necessarily be applied to humans, the experiment may have had questionable scientific value. Moreover, even if a link was determined, the method was quite possibly unethical and undoubtedly cruel - especially since some of the monkeys became a danger to themselves and died.

6. Bobo Doll Experiment (1961, 1963)
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In the early 1960s Stanford University psychologist Albert Bandura attempted to demonstrate that behavior - in this case violent behavior - can be learned through observation of reward and punishment. To do this, he acquired 72 nursery-age children together with a large, inflatable toy known as a Bobo doll. He then made a subset of the children watch an adult violently beating and verbally abusing the toy for around ten minutes. Alarmingly, Bandura found that out of the two-dozen children who witnessed this display, in many cases the behavior was imitated. Left alone in the room with the Bobo doll once the adult had gone, the children became verbally and physically aggressive towards the doll, attacking it with an intensity arguably frightening to see in ones so young. In 1963 Bandura carried out another Bobo doll experiment that yielded similar results. Nevertheless, the work has since come under fire on ethical grounds, seeing as its subjects were basically trained to act aggressively - with possible longer-term consequences.

5. Homosexual Aversion Therapy (1967)
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Aversion therapy to "cure" homosexuality was once a prominent subject of research at various universities. A study detailing attempts at "treating" a group of 43 homosexual men was published in the British Medical Journal in 1967. The study recounted researchers M.J. MacCulloch and M.P. Feldman's experiments in aversion therapy at Manchester, U.K.'s Crumpsall Hospital. The researchers' volunteers were shown slides of men that they were told to keep looking at for as long as they considered it appealing. After eight seconds of such a slide being shown, however, the test subjects were given an electric shock. Slides showing women were also presented, and the volunteers were able to look at them without any punishment involved. Although the researchers suggested that the trials had some success in "curing" their participants, in 1994 the American Psychological Association deemed homosexual aversion therapy dangerous and ineffective.

4. The Third Wave (1967)

"How was the Holocaust allowed to happen?" It's one of history's burning questions. And when Ron Jones, a teacher at Palo Alto's Cubberley High School, was struggling to answer it for his sophomore students in 1967, he resolved to show them instead. On the first day of his experiment, Jones created an authoritarian atmosphere in his class, positioning himself as a sort of supreme leader. But as the week progressed, Jones' one-man brand of fascism turned into a school-wide club. Students came up with their own insignia and adopted a Nazi-style salute. They were taught to firmly obey Jones' commands and become anti-democratic to the core, even "informing" on one another. Jones' new ideology - dubbed "The Third Wave" - spread like wildfire. By the fourth day, the teacher was concerned that the Nazi-like movement he'd unleashed was getting out of hand, and he brought the experiment to a halt. On the fifth day, he told the students that they had invoked a similar feeling of supremacy to that of the German people under the Nazi regime. Thankfully, there were no repercussions.

3. UCLA Schizophrenia Medication Experiment (1983-1994)
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From 1983 psychologist Keith H. Nuechterlein and psychiatrist Michael Gitlin from the UCLA Medical Center commenced a now controversial study into the mental processes of schizophrenia. Specifically, they were looking into the ways in which sufferers of the mental disorder relapse and were trying to find out if there are any predictors of psychosis. To achieve this, they had schizophrenics, from a group of hundreds involved in the program, taken off their medication. Such medication is not without its nasty side effects, and the research may hold important findings about the condition. Nevertheless, the experiment has been criticized for not sufficiently protecting the patients in the event of schizophrenic symptoms returning; nor did it clearly determine the point at which the patients should be treated again. What is more, this had tragic consequences in 1991 when former program participant Antonio Lamadrid killed himself by jumping from nine floors up - despite having been open about his suicidal state of mind and supposedly under the study's watch.

2. The Monster Study (1939)
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Appropriately branded the "Monster Study" by its contemporaries, psychologist Dr. Wendell Johnson's speech therapy experiment was at first kept a secret in case it damaged his professional reputation. The University of Iowa's Johnson drafted in graduate student Mary Tudor to carry out the 1939 experiment for her master's thesis, whilst Johnson himself supervised. Twenty-two orphaned children, ten of whom had issues with stuttering, were put into two groups, each containing a mix of those with and without speech disorders. One of the groups was given positive, encouraging feedback about their verbal communication, while the other was utterly disparaged for their - sometimes-non-existent - speech problems. The findings were recorded. This six-month study had a major impact even on those who had no prior talking difficulties, making some insecure and withdrawn. In 2007 half a dozen of the former subjects were given a large payout by the state of Iowa for what they had endured, with the claimants reporting "lifelong psychological and emotional scars."

1. David Reimer (1967-1977)
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Canadian David Reimer's life was changed drastically on account of one Johns Hopkins University professor. After a botched circumcision procedure left Reimer with disfiguring genital damage at six months old, his parents took him to be seen by John Money, a professor of medical psychology and pediatrics who advocated the theory of "gender neutrality" - arguing that gender identity is first and foremost learned socially from a young age. Money suggested that although Reiner's penis could not be repaired, he could and should undergo sex reassignment surgery and be raised as a female. In 1967 Reimer began the treatment that would turn him into "Brenda." However, despite further visits to Money over the next ten years, Reimer was never really able to identify himself as female and lived as a male from the age of 14. He would go on to have treatment to undo the sex reassignment, but the ongoing experiment had prompted extreme depression in him - an underlying factor that contributed to his 2004 suicide. John Money, meanwhile, was mired in controversy.

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10 Bizarre Psychology Experiments that Completely Crossed the Line

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Image Source Psychological experiments can be key to understanding what makes people tick, yet some individuals have gone about their research in rather unusual - and sometimes morally dubious - ways. Furthermore, while these researchers' findings may increase the sum of knowledge on

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Why would you use a questionnaire over an interview?

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Why would you use a questionnaire over an interview?

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Questionnaires are more efficient and sometimes can be seen as more honest as they can be anonymous. It is quicker to get people to fill out questionnaires then conduct 100 interviews. Also, opinions can be altered by the interviewees.

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What Is a Questionnaire and How Is It Used in Research?

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A questionnaire in research is a structured set of questions designed to gather information from respondents. It’s used to collect quantitative or qualitative data on subjects’ opinions, behaviors, or characteristics.

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It is incumbent on the researcher to clearly define the target population. There are no strict rules to follow, and the researcher must rely on logic and judgement. The population is defined in keeping with the objectives of the study.
Example 1 - Snowball sampling is a special non-probability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations.
Example 2 - Judgment sampling is a common nonprobability method. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling

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The research question begins with a research problem, an issue someone would like to know more about or a situation that needs to be changed or addressed, such as

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This review is a collection of views and advice on composing research questions from problem statements. It mostly reads as a list of tips and suggestions.

A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting.

The research question begins with a research problem, an issue someone would like to know more about or a situation that needs to be changed or addressed, such as:

Areas of concern

Conditions that could be improved

Difficulties that need to be eliminated

Questions seeking answers

A research problem leads to a hypothesis (H) and/or research question (RQ)

Questions should in some way. . .

Be worth investigating

Contribute knowledge & value to the field

Improve educational practice

Improve the human condition

Characteristics of a good research question:

The question is feasible.

The question is clear.

The question is significant.

The question is ethical.

From Research Problem to Research Questions and Purpose
Step 1. Draft a research question/hypothesis.
Example: What effects did 9/11/01 have on the future plans of students who were high school seniors at the time of the terrorist attacks?

Example (measurable) Questions: Did seniors consider enlisting in the military as a result of the attacks?, Did seniors consider colleges closer to home as a result?

Step 2. Draft a purpose statement.

Example: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the 9/11/01 tragedy on the future plans of high school seniors.
Step 3. Revise and rewrite the research question/hypothesis.
Example: What is the association between 9/11/01 and future plans of high school seniors?
Step 4. Revise andrewrite the research question/hypothesis.
Example: Purpose Statement (Declarative): The purpose of this study is to explore the association between 9/11/01 and future plans of high school seniors.

Note: Both are neutral; they do not presume an association, either negative or positive.

Notice that the above research question suggested an association or a relationship. When composing your own, it is helpful to determine which variables you would like to understand, and then word your question in such a way as to suggest how you will test your question. This is called operationalizing, referring to the actions, processes, or operations used to measure or identify variables.

Finally, you will want to be specific about whom you are studying. Using my example above, "students" is not specific, so I might revise to public high school seniors in the Midwest.

Expanding Simple Research Questions

You can expand your question by introducing additional variables or characteristics. We call these connecting, mediating, or moderating variables.

Example: What is the relationship between 9/11/01 and enlisting in the military?

Variables I might introduce to expand the question include:

Demographics (gender/age/ethnicity/religious preference)

Geographic location

Parent's educational level

Role of parent

Student's /parent's political affiliation

The Nobel Laureate (taking on your life's work)
Example: The Effects of 9/11/01 on K-12 students
The term paper (taking on too little)
Example: How many high school seniors enlisted in the military prior to 2002 graduation?
The Black Hole (taking on too much)
Example: The Effects of 9/11/01 on High School Seniors
1. When a relationship is expected among a certain type of subject, reference the population.
Example: Among young children, there is a positive relationship between level of psychomotor coordination and degree of self-esteem.

2. Make RQs and Hs as specific and succinct as possible.

OK: Administrators who provide wellness programs for their employees project positive effectiveness.

Bette r: Administrators who provide wellness programs for their employees receive higher employee ratings on selected leadership qualities than administrators who do not provide wellness programs.
3. Avoid words or terms that do not add to the meaning of RQs and Hs.
Rather than: Among elementary school teachers, those who are teaching in year-round schools will report having higher morale than those who are teaching in elementary schools that follow a more traditional school-year schedule.

Try: Among elementary school teachers, those who teach in year-round schools have higher morale than those who teach on a traditional schedule.
4. Stick to what will be studied, not implications or your value judgments.
Rather than: Religion is good for society.

Try: Regular attendance at religious services is inversely associated with cheating behavior while taking classroom tests.
5. Name the variables in the order in which they occur or will be measured.
Example. There is a positive relationship between College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores and first-semester grades earned in college.
6. Avoid the words significant or significance. 7. Avoid using the word "prove." 8. Avoid using two different terms to refer to the same variable.
* Note: "Wording" examples are attributed to Dr. Kathy Haywood, UMSL

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pdf version of this page This review is a collection of views and advice on composing research questions from problem statements. It mostly reads as a list of tips and suggestions. A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature.

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The demand for holidays is set to remain strong in 2018 according to ABTA's latest Travel Trends Report. Factors such as squeezed budgets, responsible travel and the desire to try new destinations are expected to impact travel trends over the next 12 months.

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ABTA's 2018 Travel Trends Report - launching on 27 December - will identify the key trends in travel and highlight 12 destinations to watch that are expected to capture our imagination in 2018.

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Why  do we have research in modern society?

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Why  do we have research in modern society?

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Research in modern society is needed because it helps us keep track of things happening in the world.
It expands knowledge and as we are constantly adapting, we are always demanding new things and new ways to do things. Research is the underlying cause of the human race further.

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IT Works recently offered a national scholarship essay contest, where entrants were asked to write about the importance of sponsored research. Over the next few months, IT Works will be publishing many of the student essays on our website.
Author: Cali Simboli

In today's world, we are constantly adapting. We are constantly demanding new things and new ways to do things. Without research, our demands would go completely unrecognized. Research is what gets us as the human race farther. Research is the product of curiosity, which is something we all have. We get curious, we question things, and then we want to know all that there is to know. So what comes next? The research. Without this curiosity and without this research, our society would fall flat. To gain knowledge is to thrive. Without research, our lives as we know it would be completely altered.

If the earliest of civilizations had not been curious about the dark sky, we would not have the knowledge of space we do now. Years and years of research done by men and women throughout history has led us to where we are today; a civilized society with the knowledge and tools to move forward. However, if we were to bring that research to a standstill, what would happen to us? We would become unaware. We would not further our minds to understanding all that there is to understand. Without research, we would not move. We could not go forward. We would be a bunch of curious humans who would leave this world without knowing the things we wanted to know. We would be a society of thoughtless people simply trying to compensate for the things we do not know. Without research, we could not say we were close to finding the cure for cancer, the disease that has taken the lives of too many. Without research, we could not find the most Eco-friendly way to light up our homes and offices. Without research, we could not know that, even though bees are not our favorites, they do a job that help us all. Without research, we could not possibly have survived as long as we all have.

And there are still millions of things that have yet to be discovered. There are diseases that have yet to be cured. There are waters that have yet to be explored. There are species that have yet to be found. All of this is possible with research. Anything is possible with research. Life without research is not a life I want to live in. I personally find research to be a big part of my life. I enjoy learning new things and so do many other young people. This generation is curious, and I believe that many research jobs will be filled in the next ten years. With schools becoming more and more concerned with science and technology, research is finding its place in the minds of students. Children of all ages are eager to be the one to invent the next big thing. They are ready and are even excited to research in their field of interest. Our society shouldn't be worried about not moving forward. We're going places, one research paper at a time.
The content of blog entries written for the scholarship competition is the responsibility of the student authors, not IT Works. For IT Works' copyright policy, please click here.

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The Importance of Research in the Advancement of Society | IT Works

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IT Works recently offered a national scholarship essay contest, where entrants were asked to write about the importance of sponsored research. Over the next few months, IT Works will be publishing many of the student essays on our website. Author: Cali Simboli In today's world, we are constantly adapting.