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gives Congress the power to provide for the carrying of the mail, postal routes, rail lines, air ways, and waters in the U.S. during the time mail is being carried on them

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1. Congress may propose amendments to the constitution by 2/3 vote in each house
2. State legislatures have petitioned congress for amendments-which would require congress to balance federal budget each year-such as: prohibiting flag burning, permit prayer in public schools, outlaw abortions, impose term limits limits on members of congress and prohibit same-sex marriage
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.12th Amendment states that if nobody receives majority vote of the electoral votes for president-House may be called to select a president.
2. Senate must choose VP if no candidate wins majority of the electoral votes
3. It has happened 2x that the House has had to choose a president
4. 25th Amendment provides filling of vacancy of vice presidency

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1. Constitution provides P, VP, and all civil officers of the US  may "be removed from office on Impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" (Article 2;Section 4)
2. The House has the sole power to impeach-accuse or bring charges. While as for the senate has sole power to try-judge or sit as a court
IMPEACHMENT ONLY REQUIRES A MAJORITY VOTE IN THE HOUSE
3. The Chief Justice presides over the senate when a President is to be tried, and the penalty for conviction is removal from office
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Bill Clinton was impeached in 1998. Two articles of impeachment were held against him--one being charged with perjury (lying under oath) & the other he was accused of obstruction of justice because he had withheld information about his affair with the intern
UNDER: CRIMES & MISDEMEANORS

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Appointments:
1. Major appointments made by president must be confirmed by senate by majority vote
2. Each of president's nominations is referred to appropriate standing committee of Senate, and that committee may hold hearings to decide if they make favorable recommendation
Treaties:
1. The President makes treaties "by and with the consent of the senate"
2. The senate may accept or reject treaties as it stands, or it may decide to offer amendments, reservations, or understandings to it

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Both houses may choose to conduct investigations and are held for reasons such as:
1. gather necessary information
2. oversee various operations of agencies in the executive branches
3. focus public attention on some matter
4. expose the questionable activities of some public official or private person/group
5. promote  interests on members of congress
--------------------------------------------------------------------------A recent investigation would include the Congressional Budget Office in which both houses rely heavily when it comes to taxing, spending, and other budgets

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Section 8 of Article 1:
"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing Powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the Government of the US, or in any Department or Officer thereof
STRICT vs. LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION
Strict Construction led by Thomas Jefferson argues ANTI-FEDS position from ratification period
Insisted Congress should Exercise :
1. expressed powers
2. only implied powers are necessary to carry out expressed
powers
3. T.J. was strict constructionist
Liberal Constructionists led by Alexander Hamilton
1. more power going to central government

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1. Congress shares powers with chief executive
2. President is commander in chief for armed forces
3.  Only congress can declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, and make rules for governing military
WAR POWERS RESOLUTION
stating chief executive can commit American military forces if..
1. Congress has declared war
2. Congress has authorized military action
3. when an attack on the US or any of its armed forces have occurred

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1. apart of checks & balances
2. Congress has power to set punishments that are imposed to those who violate the federal law

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Power to Tax: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1
"to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the US"
1. Articles of Confederation had not given Congress power to tax, it did have power to regulate funds. (beg for $)

2. taxes are supposed to raise money for public needs.

(i.e): military, public debt, veteran benefits, health, etc. Borrowing Power:  Article 1, Section 8, Clause 2
¨There are no constitutional limits on the amount of money congress may borrow¨
1. no restrictions
2. public debt is all money borrowed by Federal Gov that has not yet been repaid
3. Deficit Financing-spending more money than givin each year and borrowing to make up the difference
Currency Power: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 5
¨giving congress power to coin money and regulate value¨
1. Framers agreed on need for for single national system of ¨ḧard" money
2. congress gave first bank of the us power to issue bank notes-paper money
Legal Tender is any kind of money that a creditor must by law accept in payments for debts

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1. buying and selling of goods + services
2. congress is to regulate interstate and foreign trade -which is vital to welfare of nation
3. useful

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1. other know as "enumerated powers"
2. powers stated in the constitution
(i.e): power to regulate both foreign and interstate commerce

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-congress only has the powers i which are given to them
1. cannot create national public school system
2. cannot require those to vote or go to church
-Delegates powers in ways such as:
1. specific; expressed
2. reasonable deduction from expressed; implied
3. creating national gov. for us; inherent
In other words, powers such as expressed, implied, or inherent granted to national gov. by constitution